As an energy-intensive industry,the chlor-alkali process has caused numerous environmental issues due to heavy electricity consumption and pollution.Chlor-alkali industry has been upgraded from mercury,diaphragm elect...As an energy-intensive industry,the chlor-alkali process has caused numerous environmental issues due to heavy electricity consumption and pollution.Chlor-alkali industry has been upgraded from mercury,diaphragm electrolytic cell,to ion exchange membrane(IEM)electrolytic cells.However,several challenges,such as the selectivity of the anodic reaction,sluggish kinetics of alkaline hydrogen evolution,degradation of membranes,the reasonable design of electrolytic cell structure,remain to be addressed.For these reasons,this paper mainly reviews the research progress of the chlor-alkali industry from materials to devices,including hydrogen evolution anode,chlorine evolution cathode,IEM,and electrolytic cell system.Finally,the research directions and prospects in the chlor-alkali industry are proposed for its further improvement.展开更多
Application of an oxygen-depolarized cathode will contribute to energy saving in chlor-alkali electrolysis. For this purpose, the development of high-performance cathode with the best electrocatalyst is essential. Usi...Application of an oxygen-depolarized cathode will contribute to energy saving in chlor-alkali electrolysis. For this purpose, the development of high-performance cathode with the best electrocatalyst is essential. Using bimetallic Pt-based alloy electrocatalysts including PtPd and PtAg carbon-supported in oxygen-depolarized cathode chlor-alkali cell has been shown to have the high cell performance. This study presents application of PtRu carbon supported electrocatalyst oxygen-depolarized cathode and performance comparison of cells with carbon-supported PtRu, PtPd and PtAg electrocatalysts cathodes using the same DSA-Cl2 anode. Results show that there are quite similarity between the effects of various factors on the caustic current efficiency (CCE) in a zero-gap oxygen-depolarized chlor-alkali cells employing carbon-supported PtPd, PtRu and PtAg electrocatalysts. Besides, it seems that the PtPd/C electrocatalyst cathode has relatively higher performance than the other cathodes with PtAg/C and PtRu/C electrocatalysts in zero-gap chlor-alkali cells.展开更多
Mercury contamination was found to be widespread in soils at a property in Upstate New York. Historical site use suggested that the mercury did not result from prior industrial use of the property. Soil contamination ...Mercury contamination was found to be widespread in soils at a property in Upstate New York. Historical site use suggested that the mercury did not result from prior industrial use of the property. Soil contamination may have resulted from atmospheric deposition of mercury released from properties in close proximity to the contaminated property. The purpose of this forensics investigation was to examine to what extent atmospheric deposition of elemental mercury may have influenced mercury levels found in surficial soils on the contaminated property and further to identify the source(s) of the mercury. Work efforts included an examination of historical records available for a chlor-alkali plant (CAP) upwind of the contaminated property to establish historical use and disposal practices for elemental mercury. Mercury emissions test data from the Upstate New York chlor-alkali facility were modeled (USEPA ISC3) as a means of estimating impacts on ambient air and soils vicinal to the facility. Mercury emissions from the facility were modeled as both a point source and volume source. For example, at a location 305 meters to the east and 30 meters to the north of the modeled source centerline elemental mercury concentrations in ambient air were estimated at 270 ng/m<sup>3</sup> (average results based upon 5 years of meteorological data). This value is contrasted to a background concentration of 1.6 ng/m<sup>3</sup> (USEPA Report to Congress 1997). As a result of the modeling data in combination with findings related to mercury use and disposal practices at the NY CAP documented from the records review, it was concluded that emissions from the CAP facility during the period of operation (1897-1991) most likely accounted for the concentrations of elemental mercury found in surficial soils at properties situated downwind of the CAP. These findings were further corroborated by information available in the open literature for CAPs world-wide.展开更多
基金The work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.2193800 and 22078232)the Science and Technology Major Project of Tianjin(Nos.18ZXJMTG00180 and 19ZXNCGX00030).
文摘As an energy-intensive industry,the chlor-alkali process has caused numerous environmental issues due to heavy electricity consumption and pollution.Chlor-alkali industry has been upgraded from mercury,diaphragm electrolytic cell,to ion exchange membrane(IEM)electrolytic cells.However,several challenges,such as the selectivity of the anodic reaction,sluggish kinetics of alkaline hydrogen evolution,degradation of membranes,the reasonable design of electrolytic cell structure,remain to be addressed.For these reasons,this paper mainly reviews the research progress of the chlor-alkali industry from materials to devices,including hydrogen evolution anode,chlorine evolution cathode,IEM,and electrolytic cell system.Finally,the research directions and prospects in the chlor-alkali industry are proposed for its further improvement.
文摘Application of an oxygen-depolarized cathode will contribute to energy saving in chlor-alkali electrolysis. For this purpose, the development of high-performance cathode with the best electrocatalyst is essential. Using bimetallic Pt-based alloy electrocatalysts including PtPd and PtAg carbon-supported in oxygen-depolarized cathode chlor-alkali cell has been shown to have the high cell performance. This study presents application of PtRu carbon supported electrocatalyst oxygen-depolarized cathode and performance comparison of cells with carbon-supported PtRu, PtPd and PtAg electrocatalysts cathodes using the same DSA-Cl2 anode. Results show that there are quite similarity between the effects of various factors on the caustic current efficiency (CCE) in a zero-gap oxygen-depolarized chlor-alkali cells employing carbon-supported PtPd, PtRu and PtAg electrocatalysts. Besides, it seems that the PtPd/C electrocatalyst cathode has relatively higher performance than the other cathodes with PtAg/C and PtRu/C electrocatalysts in zero-gap chlor-alkali cells.
文摘Mercury contamination was found to be widespread in soils at a property in Upstate New York. Historical site use suggested that the mercury did not result from prior industrial use of the property. Soil contamination may have resulted from atmospheric deposition of mercury released from properties in close proximity to the contaminated property. The purpose of this forensics investigation was to examine to what extent atmospheric deposition of elemental mercury may have influenced mercury levels found in surficial soils on the contaminated property and further to identify the source(s) of the mercury. Work efforts included an examination of historical records available for a chlor-alkali plant (CAP) upwind of the contaminated property to establish historical use and disposal practices for elemental mercury. Mercury emissions test data from the Upstate New York chlor-alkali facility were modeled (USEPA ISC3) as a means of estimating impacts on ambient air and soils vicinal to the facility. Mercury emissions from the facility were modeled as both a point source and volume source. For example, at a location 305 meters to the east and 30 meters to the north of the modeled source centerline elemental mercury concentrations in ambient air were estimated at 270 ng/m<sup>3</sup> (average results based upon 5 years of meteorological data). This value is contrasted to a background concentration of 1.6 ng/m<sup>3</sup> (USEPA Report to Congress 1997). As a result of the modeling data in combination with findings related to mercury use and disposal practices at the NY CAP documented from the records review, it was concluded that emissions from the CAP facility during the period of operation (1897-1991) most likely accounted for the concentrations of elemental mercury found in surficial soils at properties situated downwind of the CAP. These findings were further corroborated by information available in the open literature for CAPs world-wide.
