A paired basin study in the upper Santa Fe River watershed following forest thinning and prescribed burns successfully measured water budget components in a treated and an untreated (control) basin. The paired basin s...A paired basin study in the upper Santa Fe River watershed following forest thinning and prescribed burns successfully measured water budget components in a treated and an untreated (control) basin. The paired basin study was established to investigate questions that have arisen regarding changes in water yield from forest treatments. Precipitation, stream flow, soil moisture, and chloride concentrations in precipitation and stream flow were measured to quantify the water budget components. The results from eleven years of data collection and analysis have a high degree of confidence with respect to measuring the water budget components based on the mass balance of water and chloride. The differences in the geologic structure and topography between the two paired basins appeared to impact the water budgets more than the forest treatments, except during periods when winter precipitation and snowmelt represented a significant component of inflow. Although this paired basin study was not able to portray a simple relationship between forest thinning and water yield, the chloride concentration methodology used to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) was successful. These detailed observations of chloride deposition and transport characteristics may be relevant for other researchers working in forested basins with substantial ET. ET rates were estimated by examining the cycle of chloride entering and exiting each basin over six integration periods. ET was estimated to be about 90% to 94% of precipitation in the treated basin and 77% to 86% in the control basin. The higher ET in the treated basin both before and after forest treatments may be due to the much greater area of west-facing hillslopes in the treated basin, which receive warm afternoon sun, and the greater area of rock cover in the control basin. Variation in the chloride concentration of collected precipitation samples from different sites indicates that horizontal precipitation of chloride in the tree canopy is an important consideration when using the chloride mass balance approach to calculate water budget components.展开更多
In order to identify the day and night pollution sources of PM10 in ambient air in Longyan City,the authors analyzed the elemental composition of respirable particulate matters in the day and night ambient air samples...In order to identify the day and night pollution sources of PM10 in ambient air in Longyan City,the authors analyzed the elemental composition of respirable particulate matters in the day and night ambient air samples and various pollution sources which were collected in January 2010 in Longyan with inductivity coupled plasma-mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）.Then chemical mass balance（CMB） model and factor analysis（FA） method were applied to comparatively study the inorganic components in the sources and receptor samples.The results of factor analysis show that the major sources were road dust,waste incineration and mixed sources which contained automobile exhaust,soil dust/secondary dust and coal dust during the daytime in Longyan City,China.There are two major sources of pollution which are soil dust and mixture sources of automobile exhaust and secondary dust during the night in Longyan.The results of CMB show that the major sources are secondary dust,automobile exhaust and road dust during the daytime in Longyan.The major sources are secondary dust,soil dust and automobile exhaust during the night in Longyan.The results of the two methods are similar to each other and the results will guide us to plan to control the PM10 pollution sources in Longyan.展开更多
文章综合运用多种源解析技术针对合肥市颗粒物来源进行研究。以化学质量平衡(chemical mass balance,CMB)模型和化学质量平衡嵌套迭代(chemical mass balance-iteration,CMB-Iteration)模型为主解析一次排放源和二次源(包括硫酸盐、硝...文章综合运用多种源解析技术针对合肥市颗粒物来源进行研究。以化学质量平衡(chemical mass balance,CMB)模型和化学质量平衡嵌套迭代(chemical mass balance-iteration,CMB-Iteration)模型为主解析一次排放源和二次源(包括硫酸盐、硝酸盐、二次有机物等,简称“二次源”)对PM2.5的贡献,将排放源清单法和CMB模型结果相结合解析二次粒子前体物排放源的贡献,采用空气质量模型评估区域影响的贡献,按照行业排放清单,综合得到燃煤、工业生产、机动车及其他源类对PM2.5的贡献,并运用正定矩阵因子法(positive matrix factorization,PMF)进行源类识别。研究结果显示:合肥市全年PM2.5中主要组分占比由高到低依次为SO42-、NO3-、有机碳(organic carbon,OC)、NH4+、元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)、Si、Ca、Al、Fe,SO42-占比最高(20.50%),碳组分(OC+EC)次之(19.59%),NO3-居于第3位(16.45%);采样期间PM2.5的全年本地各源类分担率从大到小依次为燃煤尘(21.7%)、二次硫酸盐(18.0%)、二次硝酸盐(16.7%)、城市扬尘(16.6%)、其他(12.6%)、机动车尾气尘(11.0%)、建筑尘(2.3%)、钢铁尘(1.1%,此处仅为钢铁制造工艺排放的贡献)。PM2.5本地来源综合源解析结果显示,机动车尾气尘占比为16.0%、工业生产(指工业锅炉与窑炉、生产工艺过程等排放)为31.0%、燃煤尘(指电厂燃煤、居民散烧等)为21.5%、扬尘(指裸露表面、建筑施工、道路扬尘、土壤风沙等排放)为18.9%、其他(指生物质燃烧、餐饮、农业生产等排放)为12.6%。PMF模型解析结果显示,PM2.5中的二次源(指二次硫酸盐和二次硝酸盐)、燃煤尘、机动车尾气尘及地壳尘等4个因子占比达到了96.3%。展开更多
文摘A paired basin study in the upper Santa Fe River watershed following forest thinning and prescribed burns successfully measured water budget components in a treated and an untreated (control) basin. The paired basin study was established to investigate questions that have arisen regarding changes in water yield from forest treatments. Precipitation, stream flow, soil moisture, and chloride concentrations in precipitation and stream flow were measured to quantify the water budget components. The results from eleven years of data collection and analysis have a high degree of confidence with respect to measuring the water budget components based on the mass balance of water and chloride. The differences in the geologic structure and topography between the two paired basins appeared to impact the water budgets more than the forest treatments, except during periods when winter precipitation and snowmelt represented a significant component of inflow. Although this paired basin study was not able to portray a simple relationship between forest thinning and water yield, the chloride concentration methodology used to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) was successful. These detailed observations of chloride deposition and transport characteristics may be relevant for other researchers working in forested basins with substantial ET. ET rates were estimated by examining the cycle of chloride entering and exiting each basin over six integration periods. ET was estimated to be about 90% to 94% of precipitation in the treated basin and 77% to 86% in the control basin. The higher ET in the treated basin both before and after forest treatments may be due to the much greater area of west-facing hillslopes in the treated basin, which receive warm afternoon sun, and the greater area of rock cover in the control basin. Variation in the chloride concentration of collected precipitation samples from different sites indicates that horizontal precipitation of chloride in the tree canopy is an important consideration when using the chloride mass balance approach to calculate water budget components.
基金Supported by the Natural Basic Research Program of China(No.2005CB422207)the Fund of Eco-enviromental Impacts and Protection in Devoloping and Utilizing of Oil-shale Resources(No.OSR-01-06)
文摘In order to identify the day and night pollution sources of PM10 in ambient air in Longyan City,the authors analyzed the elemental composition of respirable particulate matters in the day and night ambient air samples and various pollution sources which were collected in January 2010 in Longyan with inductivity coupled plasma-mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）.Then chemical mass balance（CMB） model and factor analysis（FA） method were applied to comparatively study the inorganic components in the sources and receptor samples.The results of factor analysis show that the major sources were road dust,waste incineration and mixed sources which contained automobile exhaust,soil dust/secondary dust and coal dust during the daytime in Longyan City,China.There are two major sources of pollution which are soil dust and mixture sources of automobile exhaust and secondary dust during the night in Longyan.The results of CMB show that the major sources are secondary dust,automobile exhaust and road dust during the daytime in Longyan.The major sources are secondary dust,soil dust and automobile exhaust during the night in Longyan.The results of the two methods are similar to each other and the results will guide us to plan to control the PM10 pollution sources in Longyan.
文摘文章综合运用多种源解析技术针对合肥市颗粒物来源进行研究。以化学质量平衡(chemical mass balance,CMB)模型和化学质量平衡嵌套迭代(chemical mass balance-iteration,CMB-Iteration)模型为主解析一次排放源和二次源(包括硫酸盐、硝酸盐、二次有机物等,简称“二次源”)对PM2.5的贡献,将排放源清单法和CMB模型结果相结合解析二次粒子前体物排放源的贡献,采用空气质量模型评估区域影响的贡献,按照行业排放清单,综合得到燃煤、工业生产、机动车及其他源类对PM2.5的贡献,并运用正定矩阵因子法(positive matrix factorization,PMF)进行源类识别。研究结果显示:合肥市全年PM2.5中主要组分占比由高到低依次为SO42-、NO3-、有机碳(organic carbon,OC)、NH4+、元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)、Si、Ca、Al、Fe,SO42-占比最高(20.50%),碳组分(OC+EC)次之(19.59%),NO3-居于第3位(16.45%);采样期间PM2.5的全年本地各源类分担率从大到小依次为燃煤尘(21.7%)、二次硫酸盐(18.0%)、二次硝酸盐(16.7%)、城市扬尘(16.6%)、其他(12.6%)、机动车尾气尘(11.0%)、建筑尘(2.3%)、钢铁尘(1.1%,此处仅为钢铁制造工艺排放的贡献)。PM2.5本地来源综合源解析结果显示,机动车尾气尘占比为16.0%、工业生产(指工业锅炉与窑炉、生产工艺过程等排放)为31.0%、燃煤尘(指电厂燃煤、居民散烧等)为21.5%、扬尘(指裸露表面、建筑施工、道路扬尘、土壤风沙等排放)为18.9%、其他(指生物质燃烧、餐饮、农业生产等排放)为12.6%。PMF模型解析结果显示,PM2.5中的二次源(指二次硫酸盐和二次硝酸盐)、燃煤尘、机动车尾气尘及地壳尘等4个因子占比达到了96.3%。
