Impacts of Choerospondias axillaris Growth on Acidity of Udic Ferrosols in Subtropical China

Changes in acidity of Udic Ferrosols, caused by growth of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill, in comparison to wild grass, were investigated for pH distribution in the soil profile, exchangeable acidity, and cation status in the soil leachate of a simulated leaching experiment. Soils were sampled in profiles at 5 cm intervals to a depth of 100 cm. In the15-60 cm layer the soils with 10-year old C. axillaris had significantly lower pH (P ＜ 0.05), with the largest difference being 0.41; and in the 25-75 cm soil depths, especially in the 30-55 cm layer, the soils had a significantly higher exchangeable acidity, ranging 1.93 to 3.02 cmolc kg-1. There was also higher aluminum, potassium, and sodium contents in the soil leachate under C. axillaris than with wild grasses. This suggested that the growth of C. axillaris accelerated acidification of Udic Ferrosols and promoted soil clay mineral weathering.

A Summary of Studies on the Bark of a National Medicine Choerospondias axillaris

The bark of Choerospondias axillaris is not only an authentic medicine in Guangxi,but also one of the commonly used medicines of many ethnic minorities.This paper intends to study,summarize,and analyze the planting area,harvesting and processing,processing technology,chemical composition,pharmacological action and the establishment and evaluation of quality standard of C.axillaris,in order to provide more reference basis for the development,research and utilization of Zhuang medicine C.axillaris and the establishment of quality standard.

Value of Zhuang medicine choerospondias axillaris bark for evaluating the expression of PTEN,VEGF in chronic wounds rats

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of treating chronic wounds in rats by using Zhuang medicine choerospondias axillaris bark.Methods: The whole layer skin defection 40 rats were used and randomly divided into 4 groups: normal group, model group, MEBO group, choerospondias group. The normal group and model group were given external deposited normal saline external application. MEBO group used MEBT/MEBO. Choerospondias group was given external deposited choerospondias axillaris bark water decoction external application. Detected cell ultrastructure, PTEN、VEGF mRNA after 12 d.Results: The organelle structure in MEBO group and choerospondias group were restored. In 12 d, PTEN in MEBO group and choerospondias group were lower, VEGF were higher than 1 d (P<0.05). PTEN in MEBO group and choerospondias group were lower, VEGF were higher than model group (P<0.05). MEBO group had no difference with choerospondias group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Choerospondias axillaris bark water decoction could remarkably improve the cell ultrastructure in chronic wounds, regulate the PTEN signal conduction effect, and promote wound healing.

Investigation multi-target synergistic mechanism of Choerospondias axillaris in the treat of cerebral ischemia based on systems pharmacology and experimental verification

Background:Choerospondias axillaris(CA)is a traditional Mongolian medicine that has been proven to have a good therapeutic effect on cerebrovascular disease.Cerebral Ischemia(CI)is a severe and life-threatening cerebrovascular disease.However,the specific mechanism of action of CA in the treatment of CI is still unclear.Methods:In this study,the related targets and pathways of CA in the treatment of CI were first predicted by system pharmacology and then verified by relevant experiments.Results:The results showed that 12 active ingredients and 208 targets were selected.Further validation through protein-protein interaction(PPI)network analysis and active ingredients-target-pathway(A-T-P)network analysis has confirmed the pivotal roles of the main bioactive constituents,including quercetin,kaempferol,naringin,β-sitosterol,and gallic acid.These components exert their anti-ischemic effects by modulating key targets such as IL6,TNF,MAPK3,and CASP3,thereby regulating the PI3K-Akt,HIF-1,and MAPK signaling pathways,which are integral to processes like inflammation,apoptosis,and oxidative stress.More importantly,through experimental verification,this study confirmed our prediction that CAE significantly reduced neurological function scores,infarct volume,and the percentage of apoptosis neurons.Conclusion:This indicates that CA acts on CI through multi-target synergistic mechanism,and this study provides theoretical basis for the clinical application of CA.

南酸枣多糖的体外抗氧化、降血糖与降血脂作用

以南酸枣多糖体积分数40%乙醇沉淀组分CAP-40为研究对象,初步评价其体外抗氧化、降血糖与降血脂作用。分别利用高效液相凝胶渗透色谱及高效液相离子色谱测定CAP-40的分子量与单糖组成,同时测定其对DPPH·和ABTS+·的清除率,α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制率,甘氨胆酸钠和牛磺胆酸钠的结合率以及胰脂肪酶的抑制率。结果表明,CAP-40的洗脱曲线为单一对称峰,分子量约156206 Da,单糖主要由葡萄糖、半乳糖醛酸、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖组成,摩尔百分比分别为40.8%、40.7%、9.3%、5.1%、2.0%。CAP-40浓度为1 mg/mL时,对DPPH·和ABTS^(+)·的清除率分别为(88.85±0.49)%和(87.13±1.63)%。浓度为16 mg/mL时,CAP-40对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率为(71.28±2.34)%;在8 mg/mL处,对α-淀粉酶的抑制率为(72.29±4.85)%。此外,浓度为20 mg/mL时,CAP-40对胰脂肪酶的抑制率为(26.34±1.41)%;在5 mg/mL处,对甘氨胆酸钠和牛磺胆酸钠的结合率分别达到(31.87±4.53)%和(38.98±0.60)%。综上所述,南酸枣多糖CAP-40具有一定的体外抗氧化、降血糖与降血脂作用,为开发天然降糖、降脂功能食品提供理论依据,也为南酸枣资源的综合开发利用提供新的思路。

南酸枣染色体核型分析

为了给南酸枣育种提供细胞学依据,本文采用染色体常规压片法,结合显微摄影技术,对南酸枣的染色体进行检测分析。结果表明:南酸枣的染色体数目为2n=24,其核型公式为K(2n)=2x=24=22m+2sm,染色体相对长度组成为2L+10M2+8M1+4S,核不对称系数为55.77%,为二倍体,染色体主要由中部和近中部着丝点染色体组成,属于Stebbins核型分类中的“1B”型。

南酸枣花粉离体萌发及活力快速测定

【目的】筛选南酸枣花粉离体萌发适宜的培养条件和培养时间,研究其花粉活力快速检测方法,以期为南酸枣人工授粉和杂交育种工作提供参考。【方法】采集将要开放的南酸枣花穗,通过水培法获取成熟南酸枣花粉;设置不同浓度的蔗糖、硼酸、氯化钙,采用L16(43)正交试验设计和液体培养法进行花粉离体萌发培养,筛选最佳的南酸枣花粉离体培养条件和培养时间;分别采用I2-KI染色法、TTC染色法和红墨水染色法对花粉进行染色,结合最佳花粉离体萌发条件培养后所得出的萌发率,比较不同染色方法,找出适合南酸枣花粉活力快速检测的方法。【结果】蔗糖、硼酸、氯化钙对南酸枣花粉萌发率和花粉管长度具有显著影响(P<0.05)。三因素对南酸枣花粉萌发的影响由大到小依次为蔗糖(A)、氯化钙(C)和蔗糖(B)。正交试验结果表明:20%蔗糖、0.3%硼酸和0.03%氯化钙组合花粉萌发效果最好,花粉萌发率为91.41%,花粉管长度为250.91μm。由极差和方差分析结果得知,蔗糖20%、硼酸0.3%和氯化钙0.02%组合花粉萌发效果最好,经验证,花粉萌发率为93.27%,花粉管长度为296.34μm,结果优于20%蔗糖、0.3%硼酸和0.03%氯化钙组合。当花粉离体培养6 h时,花粉萌发率趋于稳定,花粉管长度适中、不堆叠,利于观察和统计数据。红墨水染色法与花粉离体萌发培养萌发率相近,两者间无显著差异(P>0.05),可以作为南酸枣花粉活力的快速检测方法。【结论】南酸枣花粉离体萌发最佳培养组合为20%蔗糖、0.3%硼酸和0.02%氯化钙,最适的培养时间为6 h,红墨水染色法适用于南酸枣花粉活力快速测定。

光照和季节对南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)家系叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以51个南酸枣家系为研究对象,研究光照及季节对幼苗叶片荧光参数的影响,采用叶绿素荧光参数指标Fv、Fm和Fv/Fm的变化对南酸枣家系进行综合评定。结果显示:南酸枣作为阳性乡土树种,其嫩叶/老叶在白天和晚上表现出不同的荧光强度变化,具体为:嫩叶>老叶,白天>晚上;不同家系的Fv、Fm均表现出极显著差异,两种参数综合表现最优家系是7号,无论光照或季节影响,现实光能吸收力和吸光潜力均位居前列;通过对光照变化影响下的光合转化效率Fv/Fm指标分析,其结果为白天>晚上,其中表现最优的5个家系是2号、42号、27号、13号和18号;通过对季节变化影响下的光合转化效率Fv/Fm指标的分析,其结果为雨季>旱季,表现最优的5个家系是2号、37号、13号、27号和23号;综合光照和季节影响下的Fv/Fm变化幅度,光能转换效率高且抗性优良的5个家系是40号、26号、18号、49号和42号,其中18号、26号和40号家系来自饶平种源,42号家系来自连山种源,49号家系来自全州种源,表明由于种质资源的分化,形成了不同家系的适应能力和抗性差异,这种差异有利于抗性育种。

南酸枣复合果泥配方与护色工艺的优化研究

为了改善以南酸枣为原料的复合果泥的褐变情况,在感官评价法确定复合果泥最佳配方的基础上,设计单因素试验和正交试验,以褐变度、色差、pH、抗坏血酸添加量和还原糖含量为指标,研究不同护色工艺对复合果泥贮藏期护色效果的影响。结果表明,南酸枣复合果泥最佳配方为南酸枣泥50%、苹果泥36%、柠檬汁添加量14%、麦芽糖添加量9%;最佳护色工艺为1.00%柠檬酸、0.70%抗坏血酸、0.01%植酸、85℃灭菌20 min。在此条件下贮藏24 d时,与空白组褐变度(0.399)增长28.30%相比,此时褐变度(0.264)最低增长5.18%,色差值低至3.33,V C保存率最高,为82.65%,有效抑制了还原糖的消耗,此结果对南酸枣相关产品的加工具有重要意义。

辐照方式对南酸枣糕品质及货架期的影响

目的:选择最佳辐照方式及辐照剂量处理南酸枣糕。方法:分别采用0~10 kGy梯度剂量^(60)Co-γ射线和电子束辐照处理南酸枣糕,测定其微生物负载、蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、L(+)-抗坏血酸、有机酸、pH值及感官品质等指标以及在常温贮藏期间品质的变化。结果:^(60)Co-γ射线和电子束辐照对南酸枣糕杀菌作用明显,4 kGy辐照后样品中微生物限量指标菌(菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌)和致病菌限量指标菌(沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)均未检出。不超过10 kGy的^(60)Co-γ射线和电子束辐照对南酸枣糕中蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、有机酸(以柠檬酸为主)、pH值及感官品质无显著影响,但辐照后南酸枣糕中L(+)-抗坏血酸含量与对照组相比显著降低(P<0.05),与辐照剂量呈负相关,且^(60)Co-γ射线辐照对其影响效应大于电子束辐照。设定4~10 kGy剂量^(60)Co-γ射线和电子束辐照处理南酸枣糕批量产品,在常温下贮藏0~360 d,产品的微生物限量指标菌(菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌)均<10 CFU/g。南酸枣糕的气味、滋味和组织状态无明显变化,但随着贮藏时间延长,其色泽会由于发生褐变而加深,贮藏270 d尚可接受。结论:^(60)Co-γ射线和电子束辐照是南酸枣糕杀菌贮存的有效方法,推荐南酸枣糕辐照杀菌的工艺剂量为4~10 kGy。

南酸枣叶原花青素的提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

本试验以南酸枣叶为原料,丙酮为溶剂,采用超声辅助提取法提取南酸枣叶中的原花青素,考察提取时间、料液比、温度和丙酮浓度四个因素对南酸枣叶原花青素得率的影响,结合正交试验优化南酸枣叶原花青素的提取工艺。最后对南酸枣叶原花青素的抗氧化能力进行测定。结果表明:南酸枣叶原花青素的最佳提取工艺为超声时间8 min、料液比1:25、温度45℃、丙酮体积分数0.7。该条件下,原花青素得率为16.85 mg/g。另外,南酸枣叶原花青素有一定的抗氧化活性,其对DPPH和OH自由基的IC50分别为0.83 mg/mL和1.50 mg/mL。

不同底物基质对南酸枣发酵饮料品质的影响

为得到营养成分含量较高、口感较佳的底物基质配方,以南酸枣泥为原料,添加复合乳酸菌(嗜酸乳杆菌+植物乳杆菌)进行发酵。以单因素实验为基础,通过正交优化实验确定最佳底物基质配比,通过对比氮源、碳源、碳氮比、固液比的不同,以理化(pH值、总酸、可溶性固形物)及功能性成分(总酚、总黄酮、Vc)及感官评分为指标,选出最佳发酵基质。最终得出南酸枣发酵饮料的最佳配方为:氮源—脱脂乳粉、碳源—红糖、氮源添加量1.2%、固液比(w/v)4∶5。此时感官评分为94.00,总酚含量为2.15 mg/mL、黄酮含量为0.63 mg/mL、Vc含量为2.98 mg/100 g,营养物质含量较高且口感绵密细腻,南酸枣果香味浓郁,酸甜适中,色泽鲜亮。本研究为南酸枣类产品的开发以及植物基乳酸菌饮料的工业化生产提供技术参考。

南酸枣和木荷的生长过程及其与相邻木的竞争关系研究

研究林木生长规律及其与相邻木间的竞争关系,有助于制定科学有效的林木经营措施。本文以南方两种典型的材用树种南酸枣和木荷为对象木,分析树干性状随年龄的变化趋势,并通过Hegyi简单竞争指数(SCI)和基于树冠因子的林木竞争指数(CCI)分析两种对象木受相邻木的竞争压力,旨在为两种树种的经营提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)两种对象木的胸径和树高总生长量呈快→慢趋势,而材积生长量呈慢→快趋势。(2)曲线拟合结果表明,二次曲线表征两种对象木的总生长量与树龄间的关系效果最佳(R^(2)>0.985)。(3)随着树龄的增加,两种对象木胸径、树高连年生长量和平均生长量变化差异较大,材积连年生长量和平均生长量曲线分别在45a和65a内均未相交。(4)由SCI和CCI分析可知,木荷材积性状受邻近木的竞争程度高于南酸枣。此外,相关性系数的显著性反映了SCI较CCI更能体现对象木与相邻树种的竞争关系。本研究为估算两种材用树种的总生长量提供了模型参考,并认为在该地区造林时可优先选择南酸枣,在林木经营中应及时疏伐以促进目标树快速生长。

Immunological Effects of Total Flavones from Leaves of Choerospondias axillaris on Mice

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of total flavones from the leaves of Choerospondias axillaris (TFLCA) on the immune function of normal mice and to provide the experimental basis for the reasonable application of C. axillaris.MethodsThe carbon clearance method, cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reaction method, serum hemolysin method, and index of immune organs were used to study the effect of TFLCA on the immune function of mice.ResultsTFLCA could enhance the phagocytic function of mononuclear macrophage and the cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reaction of mice, and increase the content of hemolysin antibody and the thymus index in mice.ConclusionTFLCA could improve the celiac macrophage activity and specific immunity of mice, and TFLCA, consisting with the total flavones of Choerospondiatis Fructus (TFCF), has the effect on the immune function of mice. So both TFLCA and TFCF have the regulatory effects on the immune function of mice.

An alternative perspective of an underutilized fruit tree Choerospondias axillaris in health promotion and disease prevention:A review

Many underutilized fruit plants are still obscure,in spite of possessing high medicinal and nutritional properties.Here,we reviewed one of the underutilized fruits tree(Choerospondias axillaris)and explored its occurrence,distribution,nutritional properties,phytochemicals,and medicinal value,along with associated challenges and prospects.Literature mining using scientific and common name of this plant species,yielded 77 articles,indicating limited availability of information.Various parts of the species including fruits,seeds and bark have the potential to be used in different daily needs and therapeutic activities.The core problem to underutilized fruit tree sustainability includes indiscrimination,lesser accessibility and acceptability,insufficient information on their growth and cultivation.The challenges for the production and marketing of C.axillaris fruits along with the opportunities of having a high source of income and health benefits from these plants have been discussed.A scheme for the enhancement of utility of this underutilized fruit plants has been suggested in this review.A collective effort of botanists,food scientists,government and international shareholders are needed for promoting its domestication and commercialization.C.axillaris fruits have been found to be a very promising resource in the areas of food and health industries,and possess great opportunity to flourish in the international market.

南酸枣苗木繁育技术研究进展

南酸枣集食用、药用、材用、观赏等价值于一身,为优良的经济与绿化树种。本文从种子繁殖、嫁接繁殖、扦插繁殖、组织培养4种繁育技术出发进行综述。首先对南酸枣繁殖相关文献进行分析,其次归纳4种育苗技术及影响因素,分析应用现状并给出建议,为南酸枣育苗工作提供参考。

基于网络药理学预测五眼果活性成分、作用靶点及疾病谱

目的 运用网络药理学方法预测五眼果活性成分、作用靶点及可能干预的疾病。方法 通过文献检索五眼果果核的活性成分,利用Chemdraw绘制化学结构,并运用SwissADME筛选有效活性成分,经TCMSP、Swiss Target Prediction预测活性成分的潜在作用靶点,使用STRING平台构建靶点相互作用(PPI)网络,在Metascape数据库对潜在作用靶点进行GO及KEGG通路富集分析,利用DAVID数据库进行疾病分析,然后运用Cytoscape 3.8.0软件构建“成分-靶点”“成分-靶点-疾病”网络,提取核心成分并预测可能干预的疾病。结果 共得到15个有效成分对应167个靶点。以“成分-靶点-疾病”网络及PPI网络分析结果显示,鞣花酸、柚皮素、β-谷甾醇、没食子酸、棕榈油酸、原儿茶酸可能是发挥药效的主要物质基础;相关度较高的靶点为AKT1、TP53、MAPK3、CASP3、SRC等。GO和KEGG富集分析结果表明,其潜在靶点具有抗炎、抗氧化、调节蛋白激酶、脂质代谢过程的作用,并且对癌症、代谢性疾病、肾脏疾病、精神疾病、呼吸系统疾病等影响较大。结论 该研究初步揭示了五眼果果核具有多成分-多靶点的特点,体现了其协同发挥药理作用,为进一步推广药物研发、临床应用研究以及实验研究提供了新的依据。

南酸枣大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育过程研究

[目的]观察南酸枣雌雄配子的发育过程,初步探究南酸枣雌雄蕊败育的发生原因。[方法]利用石蜡切片观察法研究南酸枣的大小孢子和雌雄配子体的发育过程。[结果](1)南酸枣雌雄异株、单性花,雄花无子房,雌花具退化雄蕊;雄花纵长大于3 mm时,花药成熟,子房纵长达3.5 mm时,胚囊成熟;(2)雄花成熟花药壁共分5层,由外向内为1层表皮、1层药室内壁、2层中层、1层绒毡层,发育形式属基本型;(3)小孢子母细胞分裂形式属同时型,四面体型小孢子四分体,2-细胞型花粉,见3个萌发孔胞质囊;(4)双珠被、厚珠心;胚囊发育类型为蓼型,后期倒转;(5)雌花退化雄蕊的花药壁5层,雌花具左右对称型小孢子四分体,小孢子期绒毡层解体,小孢子解体后花药空囊,药室内壁略纤维状加厚,表皮此时退化;(6)南酸枣雄花从现蕾到散粉约25 d时间,雌花从现蕾到胚囊成熟约24 d时间。[结论]南酸枣雌雄配子发育模式与漆树科大多数种一致;雄花无雌蕊,系花芽发育过程中雌蕊原基退化所致;南酸枣未见退化胚珠,雌花退化雄蕊具正常的小孢子母细胞、异常的小孢子四分体和小孢子,且绒毡层不正常解体,花药空囊,无花粉粒。

不同乳酸菌发酵对南酸枣饮料理化指标及功能成分的影响

为获得具有良好发酵特性的乳酸菌菌株,选取7种不同乳酸菌单菌及其混菌组合分别发酵南酸枣汁制备南酸枣饮料,对其pH值、总酸、总酚、总黄酮、VC以及可溶性固形物含量进行测定。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌+植物乳杆菌(1∶1)混菌发酵的南酸枣汁总酸、总酚以及总黄酮含量最高,在5 h时达最大值,分别为2.80 g/L、1.76 mg/m L、0.46 mg/m L;植物乳杆菌(LP)单菌发酵的南酸枣汁VC含量最高,发酵终止时为2.43 mg/100 g;植物乳杆菌+副干酪乳杆菌(1∶1)混菌发酵南酸枣汁对可溶性固形物的消耗能力最强,发酵终止时为26.82%。嗜酸乳杆菌+植物乳杆菌(1∶1)混菌发酵在南酸枣饮料中综合发酵能力最优。

火龙果南酸枣复合果泥配方优化及香气分析

以苹果基料、火龙果和南酸枣泥为主要原料,以感官评分、褐变度A420 nm、可溶性固形物含量、抗坏血酸含量、总酚含量为综合考核因素,采用单因素试验和响应面方法优化火龙果南酸枣复合果泥配方,并通过GC-MS方法分析南酸枣复合果泥的风味物质构成。试验优化配方为南酸枣31.2%、火龙果31.2%、苹果15.6%、糖22%(质量分数),以该优化配方所制得的复合样品的感官评分为87分,可溶性固形物含量为33.22°Brix,pH值为3.17,亮度值(L^(*))、红绿值(a^(*))和黄蓝值(b^(*))分别为31.28,16.40,3.06,颜色桃红诱人,口感酸甜细腻,余味清爽均衡。风味物质构成分析表明,5种果泥的香气成分有烷烃类、醇类、烯萜类、酯类、醛类、酸类、酮类、萘类等挥发性物质,可赋予复合果泥青草、柠檬、苹果、花香和薄荷等香味。南酸枣泥经复合后酸涩的口感和乙醇味显著降低,复合果泥还产生了相对含量为16.08%的异辛醇,可为复合果泥提供淡淡的花香味。果泥复合后解决了南酸枣泥口感酸涩的问题,使果泥产品的香气更加丰富均衡,为果泥制品的研发提供了参考。