The Limits of the Intervention of Public Power in Individual Health Choices——From the Perspective of the Realization of the Right to Health in the Prevention and Control of Chronic Diseases

Noncommunicable chronic diseases have become the most important public health problem in the world today,so the focus of public health services should be shifted from the traditional area of communicable diseases to the prevention and control of chronic diseases.Since bad living habits are the most direct cause of chronic diseases,the most effective measure to prevent and control chronic diseases is to promote healthy lifestyles for the individual citizen.The theories of equal health opportunity,the right to health from the perspective of human rights,and determinants of a healthy society provide justified reasons for the intervention of public power in individual health choices.In the current legal system,the intervention of public power is limited to flexible measures such as health education,which shows respect for individual autonomy.However,it is inconsistent with the needs of current public health practice.We should expand diversified intervention means to encourage individuals to make healthy choices under the guidance of the management model.The“ladder of intervention”outlines a panoramic view of the intervention measures available.However,for the selection of specific measures,it is necessary to consider the public health objectives and the invasion of individual freedom,introduce the“legal reservation principle”and“proportionality principle”as policy analysis tools,and reasonably choose intervention measures at different levels on the ladder to properly handle the tension between public power and private rights.

我国慢性病防治人员素质分析

目的分析我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)慢性病防治人员素质及变化趋势,探讨我国慢性病防治人员素质的区域差异、变化原因及提升建议。方法收集1995—2017年所有涉及我国各省(自治区、直辖市)慢性病防治人力资源的文献,摘录慢性病防治人员素质的相关表述,综合计算慢性病防治人员素质适宜程度,描述2000—2017年我国各省(自治区、直辖市)慢性病防治人员素质的现状及变化趋势。结果从全国来看,2017年我国慢性病防治人员素质适宜程度的平均水平为40.3%,与适宜标准(85.0%)相差52.6%。从各省(自治区、直辖市)来看,东部地区慢性病防治人员的素质较高(适宜程度为42.3%),中西部地区慢性病防治人员素质的适宜程度在36.0%左右。2000—2017年我国各省(自治区、直辖市)慢性病防治人员素质大幅提升,适宜程度的平均水平提升了417.6%。结论我国慢性病防治人员素质存在区域差异。2000年以来防治人员素质稳步提升,但距适宜标准仍有较大差距。建设高素质慢性病防治人才队伍任重道远。

Influence of Probiotic Fermented Fruit and Vegetables on Human Health and the Related Industrial Development Trend

The paper briefly discusses the relationship between chronic diseases and gut health,and points out that an imbalance of intestinal microflora and an inadequate intake of dietary fiber are two important causes of chronic diseases.This paper also summarizes the research status of probiotic fermented fruit and vegetables,and discusses the main achievements of our group in this field and future developments of the related industry.The application of fermentation technology to fruit and vegetable processing and the development of a series of probiotic fermented fruit and vegetable products not only increase the added value of fruit and vegetables,but also organically combine probiotics and their active metabolites with prebiotics(dietary fiber,etc.),thereby promoting intestinal health as well as preventing and relieving chronic diseases.Fermentation technology provides a new approach to the study of the effect of probiotics on human health,and will have a revolutionary influence on probiotic application and on the fruit and vegetable processing industry.Thus,fruit and vegetable fermentation technology has excellent market potential.

Reflections on Human Longevity and Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases

Life Expectancy Study International geriatric life science community, including medical and scientific communities, currently considers human life expectancy to be about 120 years. This is in congruence with recordings from ＂Hong Fan-Book of Documents （Shang Shu Hong Fan）＂, and is also in general agreement with teachings from ＂Longevity-Yellow Emperor＇s Canon of Internal Medicine （Huang Di Nei Jing ~ Tian Nian）＂ where it is said ＇a man is to die at age of a hundred years＇ meaning ＇passing away after living a hundred years＇. Recently there is a report of people dying at the age of 150 years in England, I am afraid this is misinformed.

国内外慢性病防控从业者循证能力提升方案

目的了解国内外干预项目的内容及成果经验,为以后在我国慢性病防控从业群体中推广循证慢性病防控提供参考。方法检索知网、万方、维普、PubMed、Web of Science和Scopus数据库中1995年1月1日—2019年11月31日发表的与慢性病防控循证能力干预相关的文献,最终纳入45篇文献进行分析。结果国内极为缺乏针对提升公共卫生从业者慢性病防控循证能力的干预项目。发达国家较早实践提升医务人员慢性病能力的干预措施,包括各类面对面课程、研讨会、网络课程、书籍等,但干预课程设置普遍遇到的问题包括慢性病防控机构缺乏数据库权限,未对不同循证认知层次和工作环境的从业者进行有针对性的分类。结论我国应积极借鉴慢性病防控的国外经验,开发各类干预途径并加以推广和应用。