CHANGES OF ENDOGENOUS HORMONE CONTENTS DURING FLORAL BUD AND VEGETATIVE BUD DIF FERENTIATION IN THIN CELL LAYER CULTURE OF CICHORIUM INTYBUS L. EXPLANT

The sectioned thin cell layers (TCL) of flower stalk of Cichorium intybus L. were cultured in MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA or IAA and BA where floral and vegetative buds were developed from the explant. Endogenous IAA, DHZ+DHZR, iPA increased significantly during the floral bud formation, while Z+ZR remained changed. The levels of cytokinins, DHZ+DHZR, iPA, and Z+ZR all increased significantly during the vegetative bud formation, however IAA level was reduced during the first 7 days of culture and increased to two thirds of initial values on the day when the bud primordia were formed. The results suggested that the initiation of floral buds was associated with a high IAA/CTK ratio, whereas the induction of vegetative bud differentiation was related to a low IAA/CTK ratio.

Anti-insect Bioactivity of the Extracts from Cichorium intybus L. Leaves

In order to develop a new plant-source insecticide,some active components from Cichorium intybus L.were extracted with mineral ether,ethyl ether,ethyl acetate,respectively.It were testified the effects of the components on the development of Mythimna separate Walker and anti-feeding by feeding and weighting method.The results showed that the body weight of the larvae fed by the extracts with organic solvents was significantly lower than the control;the body weight of the larvae fed by the extracts with organic solvents was significantly different in different solvents in 3-5 days.The corrected mortality of the ethyl acetate treatment was the highest（52.05%）,and the development period of the larvae treated by ethyl acetate was about 4-10 days longer than the control and the corresponding pupating rate was the lowest（43.30%）.Therefore,the effect of ethyl acetate extract was most significant.Moreover,the pupa weight of the treatments was little more than the control.The extracts from Cichorium intybus L.leaves had highest bioactivity mainly in anti-feeding activity on Mythimna separate Walker.

Effects of Dairy Cattle Manure and Chemical Fertilizers on Fertility of Soils Grown with Cichorium intybus

[Objective] The aim was to explore recycling utilization of manure of dairy cattle through returning of manures into fields. [Method] Effects of dairy cattle ma- nure and chemical fertilizer on fertility of soils grown with Cichorium intybus were in- vestigated through a pot experiment. [Result] After manure of dairy cattle was ap- plied, it can be concluded that organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable ni- trogen, available P, activities of urease and invertase in soils increased by 0.14-1.28 times, 43.8%-79.7%, 17.4%-30.8%, 147%-188%, 7 times, 17.2%-38.5%, and 1.36%- 3.34%, respectively. Furthermore, organic matter, total N. urease and invertase activi- ties in group of M7F3 increased most; total P and available P achieved the best in group of M3F7. These indicated that the applied manures of dairy cattle would maintain and improve soil fertility, providing better soils for Cichorium intybus. [Conclusion] The research provides reference for recycling of cattle manures and construction of ecological cyclical pattern of ＂grass planting-cattle breeding-methane fermentation-returning of manures into fields＂.

Hepatoprotective effect of Cichorium intybus L.,a traditional Uighur medicine,against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats

AIM: To investigate the hepatoprotective effect of a Cichorium intybus L. extract (CIE) on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats.

Effects of chicory(Cichorium intybus L.)on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

There is a dramatic increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which is slowly turning into apandemic as well as a major challenge across the world. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is described as a range ofliver conditions such as fat accumulation, hepatic steatosis, or end-stage liver disease. Patients with nonalcoholicfatty liver disease are asymptomatic and their mortality is higher than people without nonalcoholic fatty liverdisease. The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has not been clearly determined yet. The “two hits”hypothesis is designed to explain the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dyslipidemia, oxidativestress, insulin resistance, obesity, and chronic inflammation are some of the morbidities involved in the progressionof nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is an herbaceous perennial, known as chicory.Chicory contains various compounds, such as vitamins, sonchuside A, caffeic acid derivatives,fructo-oligosaccharides, chlorogenic acid, magnolialide, polysaccharides, coumarins, phenolic acids, terpenoids,flavonoids, polyphenol, cichoriosides, ixerisosides, eudesmanolides, inulin, bitter sesquiterpene lactones, andalkaloids. Current research has revealed that chicory supplementation might be effective in the treatment ofnonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic,antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant properties of chicory provide plausible mechanisms by which chicory mayaffect the various steps of disease progression and severity. Existing studies have shown that chicorysupplementation has beneficial effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, but the existence of only one humanstudy and possible side effects of chicory necessitate further studies.

Change in Activities of Protective Enzymes in New Strains of Cichorium intybus L. Mutated in Outer Space under Water Stress

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of space mutation on the activities of protective enzymes in different strains of Cichorium intybus L. and provide theoretical basis for screening drought-tolerant plants in southern karst area. [Method] C. intybus seeds were sent into outer space by ＇Shijian No.8＇ seed- breeding satellite. The new strains and original variety of C. intybus L. were used as experimental materials to determine the activities of catalase （CAT）, peroxidase （POD）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and malondialdehyde （MDA） content. [Result] The results showed that MDA content in PA-82, Puna chicory and PA-43 increased gradually with the increase of water stress duration, which was enhanced by 0.575, 0.72 and 0.844 μmol/g respectively at 12 days. In addition, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT increased rapidly; at 9 days, the activities of SOD in PA-82, Puna chicory and PA-43 were enhanced by 878.9, 809.2 and 711.1 U/g, with the increas- ing range of 139.1%, 136.7% and 121.1%, respectively; the activities of POD were enhanced by 4 397, 3 754 and 2 767 U/（g ·min）, with the increasing range of 265.84%, 257.65% and 204.06%, respectively; the activities of CAT were enhanced by 402.1, 277.1 and 170.9 KU/L, with the increasing range of 73.08%, 39.69% and 26.20%, respectively; subsequently, the activities of these three protective enzymes were reduced significantly; at 12 days, the activities of SOD in PA-82, Puna chicory and PA-43 were reduced to 1206.5, 1144.7 and 1108.6 U/g, respectively; the activi- ties of POD were reduced to 3 145, 2 876 and 2 753 U/（g·min） , respectively; the activities of CAT were reduced to 587.2, 698.1 and 584.1 KU/L, respectively. [Con- clusion] According to the results of comprehensive evaluation, drought resistance in three C. intybus varieties exhibited a descending order of PA-82 〉 Puna chicory 〉 PA-43.

Advances in Research of Cichorium intybus L.in Preventing and Treating Hyperuricemia

With the rapid social development,people s living habits have undergone great changes.Fast-paced lifestyles have led to an increase in people s unhealthy living habits,especially in diet,such as unreasonable dietary structure and irregular diet.In this situation,the number of patients with hyperuricemia has also been increasing,and the hyperuricemia trend is becoming younger.Clinically,western medicines for lowering uric acid are commonly used,which are not safe and have the risk of injuring the liver and kidney functions.Cichorium intybus L.as a medicinal and edible material,plays an important role in treating the hyperuricemia.Recent studies have shown that C.intybus has significant effect of lowering the uric acid.This paper reviewed the experimental studies of C.intybus inhibiting uric acid production and promoting uric acid excretion,discussed its therapeutic effects and action mechanism,to provide a reference for the development of C.intybus drugs for lowering the uric acid.

菊苣的基因组大小估算及基因组调查测序

菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)是一种多年生、药食同源的植物,既可作为蔬菜种植,也可作为优质牧草推广应用。本研究对‘将军’(K042)这一具有较高饲用价值的菊苣牧草品种展开物种鉴定、染色体计数、基因组大小估算、调查测序及初步组装研究。系统进化分析表明,K042跟生菜的亲缘关系较近。染色体计数结果显示,K042体细胞有18条染色体(2n=18);流式细胞术实验结果显示,K042的基因组大小约为1170.00 Mb;二代Illumina HiSeq测序分析进一步估算K042基因组大小约为1424.00 Mb。K042基因组的杂合率为1.12%,重复序列含量为73.56%。K042基因组具有高重复、高杂合的复杂特征。根据基因组测序结果对K042展开基因组组装工作,组装后基因组大小为823.36 Mb,重叠群N50长度约为1.03 kb,本研究结果可为将来菊苣分子生物学和遗传育种研究提供重要的基因组学基础参考数据。

菊苣种子中五种生物活性成分检测分析

采用加热回流法提取菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)种子中的总多糖、总黄酮、总多酚、总皂苷、总生物碱的含量,利用紫外可见分光光度计测定其吸光度,计算活性成分含量率。结果表明,菊苣种子中菊苣总多糖(29%)、总黄酮(19%)含量较高,总多酚(11%)、总皂苷(8%)含量相近,总生物碱含量最低(2%)。该方法提取工艺简便,重现性好,具有一定的参考价值。

Chemical constituents and their pharmacological activities of plants from Cichorium genus

Plants of genus Cichorium are famous due to their therapeutic and medicinal properties.They are used as traditional medicine and edible food.To date,several scholars concentrated on compounds belonging to coumarins,flavonoids,sesquiterpenoids,triterpenoids,steroids,organic acids and other chemical constituents.Pharmacological effects such as photo-protective,hepatoprotective,anti-diabetic and lipid lowering,antioxidant,anti-inflammation,antifungal,antimalarial,increased bone mineral density,as well as vasorelaxant and antitumour activity were wildly reported.In this study,botanical resources,ethnopharmacological application,chemical constituents and bioactivities,as well as safety and toxicity of clinical applications of genus Cichorium were reviewed,which may provide a reliable basis for further development and utilization of Cichorium genetic resources.

氮素和微生物菌剂对菊苣粗蛋白含量和粗纤维含量的影响

为探讨氮素和微生物菌剂对牧草粗蛋白含量和粗纤维含量的影响,选用‘将军’菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)作为试验品种,采用盆栽和定量分析的方法,研究了菊苣经氮素和微生物菌剂处理后粗纤维和粗蛋白含量以及叶绿素的变化。试验结果证明氮素和微生物菌剂处理显著提高‘将军’菊苣的粗纤维和粗蛋白的含量,平均达到11.84%和10.25%;茎叶部粗蛋白和粗纤维含量平均达到10.08%和13.14%,根部粗蛋白和粗纤维含量平均达到7.56%和13.1%;短期内菊苣粗蛋白质含量均在8.56%以上,短期内菊苣粗纤维含量均在12.61%以上。氮素和微生物菌剂共同施用的效果优于只施氮素或只施微生物菌剂,氮素和微生物菌剂配施能显著提高‘将军’菊苣的营养成分和品质。

Forage yield and nutritive value of plantain and chicory for livestock feed at high altitudes in Peru

Background:Evaluation of forage resources is vital for the sustainability of livestock farming in the South American Andes,especially under conditions of low water availability for irrigation and acid soils.Methods:We evaluated the productivity and nutritive value of two cultivars of chicory(Cichorium intybus L.)and one of plantain(Plantago lanceolata L.)in three high-altitude sites(AL)of the northern highlands of Peru:AL-Ⅰ:2300–2800 m.a.s.l,AL-Ⅱ:2801–3300 m.a.s.l.and AL-Ⅲ:3301–3800 m.a.s.l.,for 1 year.The parameters evaluated were dry matter yield(DMY),plant height(PH),growth rate(GR)and nutritional value.Results:Plantain achieved the greatest annual DMY(ADMY),PH and GR compared to the two chicory cultivars(9.34,9.56 and 13.39 Mg ha−1 for Puna Ⅱ and Sese 100 chicory and Tonic plantain,respectively;p=0.0019).The greatest ADMY and GR occurred at AL-Ⅰ.Regarding nutritional value,differences were observed only for in vitro digestibility of dry matter and metabolisable energy with chicory cultivars higher than plantain.Conclusions:The results indicate that the three cultivars evaluated may be used as a nutritional supplement in cattle feed,associated with grasses because they have high nutritive value suitable for milk production in the mountain regions of Peru.