Wonderful Use of Cinnamomi Cortex to Conduct the Fire Back to the Origin

Cinnamomi Cortex(Rougui)has a lot of functions,including dissipating cold,relieving pain,benefiting joints,tonifying fire and assisting yang,warming blood vessels,dispersing abscesses and nodules and vaporizing fluid and humor.Among all functions,the wonderful use of Cinnamomi Cortex is in conducting the fire back to the origin.It can conduct the fire of triple energizers,which is not possessed by other drugs and is unique to Cinnamomi Cortex.Through observations and practices of some special medical records,it is found that the fire conducting of Cinnamomi Cortex can play a key and decisive role.

The quality control and hypoglycemic effect of Cinnamomi Cortex aqueous extract

Cinnamomi Cortex was a material as medicinal and edible resources and it has been demonstrated that Cinnamomi Cortex aqueous extract(CCAE)possess hypoglycemic effect,but there were no active compounds identified as quality standard of CCAE to be used in the investigate of hypoglycemic activity.Hence,in this study,the quality standard and the hypoglycemic effect of CCAE were investigated.Cinnamaldehyde and coumarin as the quality control in CCAE were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method.The results showed that the average yield of extraction was 10.06%.The concentration of coumarin was linear with peak area ranging from 0.02–1.00μg/mL(r=0.9996,n=6)and that of cinnamaldehyde also demonstrated a good linear relationship with peak area in the range of 1.05–52.50μg/mL(r=0.9997,n=6).The average recovery rate of coumarin and cinnamaldehyde was 99.42%and 100.11%,respectively.The investigation of hypoglycemic effect revealed that CCAE could improve weight loss,lower liver and pancreas indices,improve organ damage caused by diabetes,and lower fasting blood glucose,glycosylated serum protein(GSP)and total cholesterol(TC)levels.The results showed that CCAE can reduce fasting blood glucose and blood lipid levels in diabetic mice.

Quantification of seven phenylpropanoid compounds in Chinese Cinnamomi Cortex and Ramulus by HPLC

In the present study, we developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of seven phenylpropanoid compounds （2-hydroxyl cinnamaldehyde, coumarin, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, 2-methoxy cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde and 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde） in Cinnamomi Cortex and Cinnamomi Ramulus. The levels of seven phenylpropanoid compounds in Cinnamomi Cortex and Cinnamomi Ramulus were compared using this method. A total of 48 samples （27 Cinnamomi Cortex and 21 Cinnamomi Ramulus） were purchased in China and analyzed. Quantities of seven phenylpropanoid compounds ranged from 17.5 to 61.6 mg/g in Cinnamomi Cortex and ranged from 9.91 to 23.4 mg/g in Ciunamomi Ramulus. The level of 2-methoxy cinnamic acid in the Cinnamomi Cortex samples was below the LOD, whereas it ranged from 0 to 0.119 mg/g in the Cinnamomi Ramulus samples. The （cinnamyl alcohol＋cinnamic acid）/cinnamaldehyde ratios （R346） of Ciunamomi Cortex and Cinnamomi Ramulus ranged from 0.0121 to 0.0467 and 0.0598 to 0.182, respectively. This ratio could be used to discriminate Cinnamomi Cortex （〈0.05） and Cinnamomi Ramulus （〉0.05）. The extraction rates （Dn） of seven compounds in boiling water were different, with the lowest dissolution for cinnamaldehyde （〈3%） and the highest for cinnamic acid （about 60%）.

Comparison and Quality Assessment of Cassia Bark (Cortex Cinnamomi) by Thin Layer Chromatography

Aim To differentiate the genuine cassia bark from its substitutes and adulterants. Methods Six components, phenylpropyl acetate, cinnamyl acetate, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, coumarin, and cinnamic acid were used as characteristic markers, and an optimized TLC method was developed. Results The TLC profile of cassia bark is similar to its closely related variety Cinnamomum cassia Presl var. macrophyllum Chu but significantly different from other six Cinnamomum species. High content of phenylpropyl acet...

Cortex cinnamomi extract prevents streptozotocin- and cytokine-induced β-cell damage by inhibiting NF-κB

AIM： To clarify the mechanism underlying the antidiabetic activities of cortex cinnamomi extract （CCE）. METHODS： To induce in vivo diabetes, mice were injected with streptozotocin （STZ） via a tail vein （100 mg STZ/kg body weight）. To determine the effects of CCE, mice were administered CCE twice daily for 7 d by oral gavage starting 1 wk before the STZ injection. Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentration were measured as an index of diabetes. Also, to induce cytotoxicity of RINm5F cells, we treated with cytokines （IL-1β （2.0 ng/mL） and IFN-γ （100 U/mL））. Cell viability and nitric oxide production were measured colorimetrically. Inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） mRNA and protein expression were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The activation of NF-κβ was assayed by using gel mobility shift assays of nuclear extracts. RESULTS： Treatment of mice with STZ resulted in hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia, which was further evidenced by immunohistochemical staining of islets. However, the diabetogenic effects of STZ were completely prevented when mice were pretreated with CCE. The inhibitory effect of CCE on STZ-induced hyperglycemia was mediated through the suppression of iNOS expression. In rat insulinoma RINm5F cells,CCE completely protected against interleukin-1β and interferon-y-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, RINm5F cells incubated with CCE showed significant reductions in interleukin-1β and interferon-y-induced nitric oxide production and in iNOS mRNA and protein expression, and these findings correlated well with in vivo observations. CONCLUSION： The molecular mechanism by which CCE inhibits iNOS gene expression appears to involve the inhibition of NF-κβ activation, These results reveal the possible therapeutic value of CCE for the prevention of diabetes mellitus progression,

基于一测多评法多成分定量结合多元统计分析技术评价不同产地肉桂品质

目的建立同步检测肉桂中14个成分含量的方法,并采用多元统计分析技术对不同产地肉桂品质进行综合评价。方法采用HPLC,以原儿茶酸为内参,建立13个待测成分香豆酸、香豆素、肉桂醇、桂皮酸、邻甲氧基肉桂酸、桂皮醛、邻甲氧基肉桂醛、香草酸、丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸、原花青素B2、表儿茶素和原花青素C1的相对校正因子,计算各成分含量,采用外标法对一测多评法(QAMS)进行验证,结合主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘-判别分析(OPLS-DA)及熵权TOPSIS对肉桂质量进行综合评价。结果外标法方法学验证结果均符合要求;以原儿茶酸为内参建立的相对校正因子在不同试验条件下耐用性良好,各成分含量外标法计算结果与QAMS无明显差异(P>0.05);多元统计分析显示,前2个主成分累计方差贡献率为90.312%,桂皮醛、邻甲氧基肉桂醛、原花青素B2和对羟基苯甲酸对肉桂品质影响较大;熵权TOPSIS结果显示,16批肉桂的Pi值为0.1472~0.7681,不同产地肉桂的品质差异较大,其中广西产地肉桂整体质量最好,其次为广东和云南产地样品,福建产地样品相对较差。结论本研究建立的QAMS多成分定量结合多元统计分析技术可用于肉桂品质的综合评价。

基于“阴阳交感”及临床药理探讨“黄连-肉桂”对失眠的治疗

药物配伍是中医的魂之所在,用药如用兵,善用方者,必善药之配伍,执简驭繁。失眠皆因阳盛阴衰,阴阳失交所致,而临床上心肾不交型失眠尤为多见。黄连,味苦性寒,有泻火之功,当属阴药;肉桂,味辛甘、性大热,有补火助阳、引火归元之功,当属阳药。“黄连-肉桂”配伍,交通心肾阴阳二气,可治阴阳失调、心肾不交所致失眠之症。“黄连-肉桂”联用效果更显著,一种可能是由于两药联用后会使有效成分的溶出率更高,还有一种可能是会增多或抑制相关蛋白的表达。通过探讨“黄连-肉桂”所体现的阴阳交感的中医思想,不仅可以为治疗阴阳失调提供新的思路,也可以通过现代药理研究预测出治疗失眠的新机制,并通过实验进行药效验证,为中西医结合治疗失眠打开新思路。

不同产地肉桂质量及炮制过程成分变化研究

建立了肉桂指纹图谱和5种有效成分的含量测定方法,对不同产地28批肉桂药材差异及炮制前后的成分变化进行了研究。采用超高效液相色谱法建立了肉桂指纹图谱并对共有峰进行了指认,采用OriginPro 2023软件对28批样品指纹图谱进行了聚类分析和主成分分析,聚类分析的样本和共有峰分类情况与主成分分析情况相近,其中阳春市、肇庆市高要区、防城港市和贵港市样本分类较为集中,采用SIMCA14.1软件进行了正交偏最小二乘判别分析,可实现对广东、广西两省/自治区肉桂的有效区分。通过香豆素、肉桂醇、肉桂酸、桂皮醛、2-甲氧基桂皮醛及挥发油的含量测定对炮制前后的肉桂样本进行对比分析,结果表明,药材与饮片5个成分和挥发油含量均值较为相近,肉桂炮制过程的成分差异较小;且各批次间桂皮醛、肉桂酸和肉桂醇的整体变化趋势相近,2-甲氧基桂皮醛和香豆素的变化趋势相近,与化学计量学分析结果一致。本研究可为肉桂产地选择、质量研究提供参考。

滋肾通关方中肉桂反佐配伍对黄柏-知母药对在大鼠体内活性成分组织分布的影响

目的探讨滋肾通关方中肉桂反佐配伍对黄柏-知母药对的活性成分在正常大鼠体内组织分布的影响及其作用机制。方法将56只Wistar大鼠随机分为空白组(等量生理盐水),滋肾通关方低、中、高剂量组(5,10,20 g/kg),黄柏-知母药对低、中、高剂量组(5,10,20 g/kg),各8只。分别灌胃相应药物1 h后取大鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾组织并制备匀浆液,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定大鼠体内组织匀浆液中黄柏碱和知母皂苷AⅢ的含量。结果与黄柏-知母药对低、中、高剂量组比较,滋肾通关方低、中、高剂量组大鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾组织匀浆液中黄柏碱和知母皂苷AⅢ的含量整体更高;滋肾通关方高剂量组大鼠肺组织匀浆液中黄柏碱和知母皂苷AⅢ的含量显著高于黄柏-知母药对高剂量组(P<0.05),滋肾通关方低剂量组大鼠心组织中黄柏碱的含量显著高于黄柏-知母药对低剂量组(P<0.05)。结论滋肾通关方中肉桂反佐配伍黄柏-知母药对的作用机制可能与改变药对中活性成分在组织中的分布有关。

肉桂穴位贴敷联合塞来昔布胶囊治疗急性痛风性关节炎临床研究

目的:观察肉桂穴位贴敷联合塞来昔布胶囊治疗风寒湿痹型急性痛风性关节炎的临床疗效。方法:选取106例风寒湿痹型急性痛风性关节炎患者,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各53例。对照组给予塞来昔布胶囊口服,观察组在对照组基础上加用肉桂穴位贴敷,2组均治疗14 d。评价2组临床疗效,比较2组治疗前后中医证候积分、关节疼痛及肿胀评分及血沉(ESR)、血尿酸(BUA)、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平,并观察不良反应发生情况。结果:观察组总有效率为92.45%,高于对照组75.47%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组中医证候积分、关节疼痛评分及关节肿胀评分较治疗前降低(P<0.05);且观察组中医证候积分、关节疼痛评分及关节肿胀评分低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组ESR、BUA、hs-CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平较治疗前降低(P<0.05);且观察组ESR、BUA、hs-CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组比较不良反应发生率,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:肉桂穴位贴敷联合塞来昔布胶囊治疗风寒湿痹型急性痛风性关节炎可以通过调节机体炎症反应,提高临床疗效,改善临床症状,安全性良好。

肉桂对肾阳虚大鼠下丘脑-垂体-靶腺轴相关mRNA表达及组织病理变化的影响

为探讨肉桂补肾助阳的作用机制,对连续灌胃肉桂后的肾阳虚大鼠下丘脑-垂体-靶腺轴相关mRNA表达及组织病理变化进行了考察。采用腹腔注射氢化可的松复制肾阳虚证大鼠模型,将大鼠分为对照组(CON组)、肾阳虚模型组(MOD组)、低剂量肉桂组(RGL组)和高剂量肉桂组(RGH组)。RGH组和RGL组大鼠分别连续4周灌胃不同剂量的肉桂提取液(8.1 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)和4.05 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)),CON组和MOD组给予相同体积生理盐水。实验结束后,分别检测血液生化指标和下丘脑-垂体-靶腺轴相关腺体脏器指数、血浆激素水平、mRNA表达,及相关组织的病理变化。结果显示,与CON组比,MOD组下丘脑指数、肾上腺指数、胸腺指数、甲状腺指数和睾丸指数均显著降低(P<0.01),垂体指数有降低趋势但无显著性差异;大鼠血浆促肾上腺激素(ACTH)、皮质酮(CORT)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)、睾酮(T)水平和下丘脑促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)mRNA、促性腺激素释放激素(Gn-RH)mRNA表达水平均显著降低(P<0.05),血浆雌二醇(E2)水平下丘脑促肾上腺激素释放激素(CRH)mRNA表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05),下丘脑、肾上腺、胸腺、睾丸病理组织形态也发生病理改变;与MOD组相比,RGL组和RGH组各项指标均显著降低(P>0.05),病理损伤有所减轻。实验验证了肉桂对肾阳虚大鼠的改善作用,其机制与下丘脑-垂体-靶腺轴的全面调控作用相关。研究可为揭示肉桂补肾作用机制,为肾阳虚证的临床防治奠定基础。

金匮肾气丸历史演变考证

查阅历代医方著作、本草典籍,对金匮肾气丸名称以及药物组成演变进行考证。考证发现:金匮肾气丸因出自《金匮要略》而得名,其组成应为八味。在元代时期有部分医家认为金匮肾气丸组成为六味,并将其与六味地黄丸等同,显然这种认识是错误的。明清时期有部分医家认为金匮肾气丸组成为十味,对现代制药产生了较大的影响,但经考证发现,现代十味药物组成的金匮肾气丸是由济生肾气丸演变而来,并非金匮肾气丸原方。所以现在《中药成方制剂》规定金匮肾气丸药物组成为十味并不合理。历代医方著作所载金匮肾气丸多以八味肾气丸、八味丸、桂附地黄丸等名称出现,其药物组成中“地黄”经历了“地黄→熟干地黄→熟地黄”的变化,“桂”经历了“桂→桂心→肉桂”的变化,体现了历代医家中药炮制技术以及中药材分部位用药认识的进步。

不同部位桂枝与肉桂对佐剂关节炎大鼠抗凝血作用的影响

目的:以不同部位桂枝和肉桂为研究对象,研究其对佐剂关节炎大鼠抗凝血作用,以期发现不同部位桂枝和肉桂药效的异同及为其活血化瘀作用机理提供前期基础。方法:参照《中国药典》(2020年版)对桂枝直径描述,设计按横切面直径选取不同取材直径的桂枝(A:0.3 cm以下;B:0.3~1 cm;C:1~4 cm);肉桂药材根据药典规定剥取、加工获得。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取3组桂枝和肉桂中挥发性成分。除正常组外,其余大鼠注射弗氏完全佐剂(FCA)复制佐剂关节炎(AA)模型。5天后,选取80只造模成功大鼠随机分为8组,包括模型组,雷公藤多苷片组(20 mg/kg),桂枝挥发油A、B、C组(0.1 mL/kg)和肉桂挥发油3个剂量组(0.05,0.1和0.2 mL/kg),另取10只大鼠编入正常组。正常组和模型组给予橄榄油(5 mL/kg),其他组分别给予不同试药,1次/d,连续灌胃给药16 d,采用玻片法和玻璃毛细管法检测凝血时间。结果:不同部位桂枝和肉桂均可延长大鼠玻片法和玻璃毛细管法凝血时间,其中以桂枝B、C挥发油和肉桂挥发油0.1 mL/kg剂量组作用最显著。结论:不同部位桂枝和肉桂对佐剂关节炎大鼠都有抗凝血作用,桂枝B、C组和肉桂高剂量组具有明显的抗凝血作用。

桂枝、肉桂挥发油化学成分GC-MS分析

以水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取桂枝、肉桂中的挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用对其化学成分进行分析。肉桂挥发油中10种成分在桂枝油中未检出,而桂枝挥发油中16种成分在肉桂油中未检出。

HS-SPME-GC-MS联用分析不同产地肉桂挥发性成分

目的:分析比较不同产地肉桂挥发性成分的组成。方法:采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(HS-SPME-GC-MS)联用技术,对不同产地的肉桂中挥发性化学成分进行定性分析,以峰面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量,并通过主成分分析和聚类分析对数据进行处理。结果:4个产地肉桂的总离子流图整体上相似,12个批次的样本在聚类和主成分空间中聚集成为不同的类别,基本实现不同产地肉桂的鉴别,此外,在一定程度上,样本分布疏密度反映样本的亲缘关系。结论:本实验方法稳定可靠,适用于肉桂挥发性成分的快速分析,可鉴别不同产地肉桂,并且能反映不同产地肉桂挥发性成分含量的差异,为肉桂的质量评价提供一定的科学依据。

桂枝、干姜、肉桂、辛夷混合挥发油提取及包合工艺研究

目的优选桂枝、干姜、肉桂、辛夷混合油提取及β-环糊精(β-CD)包合的最佳工艺。方法以挥发油得率为指标,单因素试验考察混合油的提取工艺;采用饱和水溶液法,以挥发油包合率为评价指标,正交设计考察混合油与β-CD投料比、包合温度、包合时间对包合工艺的影响;通过X射线衍射法、红外光谱法对包合物进行表征。结果挥发油提取最优工艺为饮片不浸泡,加8倍量水,提取10 h;最佳包合工艺为混合油与β-CD的比例为1∶8,包合温度为40℃,包合3 h;X射线衍射法、红外光谱法均表明混合油包合物已形成。结论优选的提取、包合工艺稳定可行,可为制剂提供一定依据。

交泰丸中肉桂对黄连小檗碱在大鼠体内药动学的影响

目的考察肉桂挥发油和水提液对黄连小檗碱在大鼠体内药动学的影响。方法将20只大鼠随机分为4组,分别灌服黄连提取物、黄连提取物加肉桂总提物、黄连提取物加肉桂挥发油、黄连提取物加肉桂水提液,采用HPLC测定大鼠血浆中小檗碱的质量浓度。结果黄连配伍肉桂总提物后小檗碱的Cmax和AUC均明显增大,达峰时间提前;肉桂水提液对黄连小檗碱的药动学参数影响不显著,而肉桂挥发油使小檗碱的Cmax和AUC显著增大,但增加的幅度小于肉桂总提物。结论交泰丸中黄连、肉桂配伍,肉桂能提高黄连小檗碱的的生物利用度,其中肉桂挥发油是小檗碱药动学参数变化的影响因素之一。

肉桂油对胰岛素抵抗小鼠糖脂代谢的影响

目的:研究肉桂油对胰岛素抵抗小鼠糖脂代谢的影响,探讨其作用机制.方法:采用高脂饲料喂养建立小鼠胰岛素抵抗模型,经肉桂油治疗后测定口服糖耐量及胰岛素耐受,观察体质量、血糖、血清胰岛素、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、瘦素、抵抗素、脂联素的变化.结果:肉桂油能降低胰岛素抵抗小鼠的体质量(30.3±3.6vs34.6±3.1,P<0.05)、血糖(7.6±2.2vs9.2±1.3,P<0.05)、血清胰岛素(1.3±0.1vs1.7±0.2,P<0.05)、甘油三酯(70.1±10.9vs65.4±19.5,P<0.05)、总胆固醇(93.2±13.8vs102.3±21.5,P<0.05)、瘦素、抵抗素水平,同时改善口服糖耐量,降低胰岛素抵抗.结论:肉桂油能有效改善胰岛素抵抗小鼠糖脂代谢,其作用与降低血清瘦素、抵抗素水平,增加胰岛素敏感性有关.

肉桂体外抑菌作用研究

目的 :探讨肉桂的体外抑菌作用。方法 :用 K-B纸片扩散法 10 0 %肉桂水浸出液滤纸片对大肠杆菌、痢疾杆菌、伤寒杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌及白色念珠抑菌作用进行了研究。结果 :肉桂对以上细菌均有明显的抑菌作用。结论 :肉桂在体外有明显的抑菌作用及抗真菌作用。

HPLC测定佳蓉片中丹皮酚和桂皮醛的研究

目的:建立佳蓉片中的丹皮酚和桂皮醛的HPLC测定方法。方法:Krom asil C18(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)不锈钢色谱柱,流动相:甲醇-水(65∶35),检测波长:288 nm,流速:1.0 mL/m in。结果:桂皮醛进样量在0.003 683至0.018 412μg,丹皮酚进样量在0.097 92至0.489 6μg范围内线性关系良好。结论:所建立的方法准确可靠,适用于该制剂的质量控制。