Research on the Circulation Problems of Contractual Management Right of Rural Land

Based on the judicial explanation of the contractual management right of land, the thesis elaborates the definition of main body of contractual management right of rural land; right of possession, use right, usufruct of contractual management right of land; autonomy of production and operation; disposition of the products; expropriation and occupation compensation authority of contractual land respectively, in order to demonstrate the connotation of land contractual management. The thesis also analyzes perspicaciously the phenomenon of non-agricultural-use land and proclaiming phenomenon of contractual management right of land. We should establish normalized rural land property rights register system to perfect contractual management right of land. Proclaiming of agriculture land right also should adopt registration effectiveness so as to guarantee the legality of transference of agricultural land to non-agricultural land in terms of system. We should perfect rural land circulation in terms of normalizing land circulation laws and normalizing contractual farmers fees: in terms of the movable agricultural land right, we should further perfect the types and content of circulation and lessen non-legal form restrictions of circulation; in terms of contractual fees, we should normalize contractual fees of land in order to preclude the contradiction between the contractees and contractors arising from blank space of laws.

Contract System for Circulation of the Right to Rural Land Contractual Management

From the perspective of civil subject theory,law of value,comparative law and history of laws,the thesis expounds that the contract on the transfer of the contractual right of rural lands is in nature a civil contract instead of an administrative one.Then it explores the defects in the contract from the viewpoint of legal value goal,contract law and legal sociology,that is,the relevant provisions in Rural Land Contract Law and Explanations of Supreme People's Court about the Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Rural Land Contracting go against the principle of free contracting and run counter to the legal value goal of justice,so they do not achieve good implementing effect.Finally,the thesis demonstrates and makes some practical legislative proposals to perfect the contract system for circulation of the right to operate constructed rural lands,aiming at improving the circulation rate through perfecting the contract of the right to rural land contractual management,solving the disputes in rural lands circulation and safeguarding the legitimate rights of the farmers.

Disputes over Circulation of Rural Land Contractual Management Right and Control Countermeasures

On the basis of current situations of disputes over rural land contractual management right,this paper analyzes causes of disputes from four aspects. It states that controlling disputes,regulating and strengthening land circulation in accordance with laws are core works of new socialist countryside construction and rural reform. Finally,it presents five control countermeasures,including improving laws and regulations on circulation of rural land contractual management right,strengthening popularization and guidance of relevant laws and regulations,government departments administering in accordance with laws,stressing management of land contractual management right circulation contract,and establishing and perfecting land circulation intermediaries to realize market-oriented circulation.

The Transfer of Land Contractual Management Rights in Ethnic Village--A Case Study of Ya'ergou Village in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Based on field survey in Ya'ergou Village,Yuanzhou District,Guyuan City,the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,we analyze the status quo of the transfer of land contractual management rights in this village,and study the basic information,form,characteristics,and problems concerning the transfer of land contractual management rights in this nationality village.Then corresponding countermeasures are put forward for promoting the transfer of land contractual management rights in ethnic village as follows:strengthening the publicity of the policy in order to improve farmers' ideological understanding;raising the rent in order to promote the transfer of the land contractual management rights;diverting the governmental investment to the talented people within village;consolidating management and resolving disputes in the transfer timely and effectively.

Empirical Analysis on Transfer and Limitation of Land Contractual Management Right

Existing laws have three limitations on transfer of land contractual management right. The survey of 506 farmer households in Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Guangxi provinces indicates that most farmers have the consistent knowledge of limitation on " transfer being approved by the party giving out the contract in advance" with legislative requirements,but it is not effectively implemented in actual operation. As to limitation on transferee,no matter in cognition of farmers,or in real transfer process,the transferee is not totally limited to farmers engaged in agricultural production and management. For the constraint that the transferor should have stable non-agricultural occupation or stable income source, most farmers agree,but more than half of the farmers have not confirmed the transfer action in practice.

Analysis on Mortgage of Farmland Contractual Management Right and Countermeasures

In recent years, a series of pilot projects in mortgage of farmland contractual management right have been carried out in some regions. However, there is considerable dispute over whether the farmland contractual management right can be mortgaged in the practice of China's legislation on land circulation. We firstly introduced current situations of mortgage of farmland contractual management right in China. Then, we analyzed existing problems in mortgage of farmland contractual management right. Finally, we put forward corresponding countermeasures and recommendations, to bring into full play land use efficiency, more rationally distribute land resource, and further promote development of rural economy.

The Innovation and Plights of Farmland Property Rights System Reform in Chongqing Municipality

Based on the background of national urban and rural comprehensive reform pilot area and the introduction of the profiles of research region and the data obtained by on-the-spot interview survey,the innovative models of farmland property rights system reform in Chongqing are introduced by applying participatory rural appraisal methods and examples. The innovative models cover buying shares of contract management rights,transforming from farmers to townspeople and mortgaging contract management rights. The plights exist in the reform are analyzed,among which the plights of buying shares of contract management rights are introduced from the following five aspects:the conflict with the present land contract laws,the possible new round of massive scale land loses,the confounded functions of government and enterprise caused by risk transference and the difficulties of handling assets when the contract management rights expired. Besides,the plights of the transforming from rural residents to urban residents are analyzed from four aspects,which include the particularity of reform,high financial pressure,emergence of interbedded people and difficulties of payoff of village-based companies. From the facets of limited mortgage area,risks of reimbursing the loan,legal risks of mortgage. The results show that the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights reveals the capital value of land and the model is of theoretical and practical significance in law and economics. However,the social security system is not perfect,so the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights can not be expanded. In addition,the participation of more famers and the expansion of enterprises are limited as well. The land comprehensive reform model of transforming from rural residents to urban residents is of positive significance to the comprehensive exploration of farmland property system reform,but this kind of model should be supported by strong economy. The stock purchasing model of contractual management rights is of significance to perfect the contractual management rights,but it conflicts with the existing laws and financial systems.

Issues concerning Farmland Transfer in the Development of China's Agricultural Modernization——Based on the Survey of Farmers in 21 Townships of Sichuan Province

Based on the actual survey of 724 rural households in 21 townships of Sichuan Province,this article analyzes the basic information,basic characteristics and problems in current China's farmland transfer.The results show that the rural land contractual management right is relatively stable;in farmland transfer market,the degree of development of farmland transfer-out market is higher than that of farmland transfer-in market;at the same time,there are many problems,such as fragmentation of rural land resources allocation,incomplete land property rights system,too powerful land security function,single land transfer pattern and unsound transfer system.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:unifying urban and rural planning,and adjusting distribution pattern of rural land in concert with the course of urbanization;improving land property rights system,so that the farmers have the land contractual management right with real right tendency;strengthening the legal construction of land transfer,regulating the land transfer process,and guiding regularized and legalized development of land transfer;promoting farmers' cognitive level,and establishing the intermediary platform to provide land transfer information,ensuring information symmetry between both sides of transfer;providing more non-agricultural jobs,establishing and improving social security system for farmers,and diluting the social security function of land.

论农业适度规模经营视野下的承包地细碎化治理

发展农业适度规模经营是中国式农业农村现代化的必由之路,而承包地细碎化治理是发展农业适度规模经营中的关键一环。承包地细碎化治理模式中,“承包权不动,经营权连片”在法律上的技术路径是三权分置之下的土地经营权流转;“承包权互换,承包地连片”在法律上的技术路径是两权分离之下的土地承包经营权互换。农村集体经济组织在承包地细碎化治理中发挥着统筹协调、组织服务等功能,按照法定的程序形成集体意志,还可以充当承包农户在土地经营权外部流转时的代理人,以破除集体行动困境。承包地的调整仅限于个别农户之间,并在符合法定条件的前提之下按照法定程序进行,不得以承包地细碎化治理为由扩大承包地调整的适用范围而进行“打乱重分”。

数据产权刑法保护模式的构建

数据产权是一种具有财产权属性的新型权利,该权利与虚拟财产权和知识产权具有明显差异。数据产权属于刑法保护的公法益范畴,其应归属于市场经济秩序法益之中。现行刑法有关财产犯罪、知识产权犯罪和数据犯罪的规定均无法实现对数据产权的全面保护。刑法对数据产权的保护应以促进数据流通为主要目标,且应当覆盖数据处理的各流程阶段。对侵犯数据产权行为进行刑法规制时,应对“未经同意”获取数据行为审慎入罪。应增设妨害数据流通管理秩序罪,对“情节严重的”妨害数据流通管理秩序行为予以刑法规制。

集体土地征收中用益物权独立补偿否定论

《民法典》第三百二十七条并不当然含有对用益物权独立补偿的意思。相反,因用益物权内容具有个别性,价值难以统一量化,故对用益物权独立补偿存在技术障碍。并且,对用益物权作独立补偿还面临体系评价的矛盾,会诱发当事人骗取补偿和双重补偿等问题。与土地私有制国家不同,我国集体土地所有制在事实上限制了用益物权的处分与收益权能,故对用益物权作独立补偿可能会导致用益物权合同当事人间的不公,涉嫌侵害其他集体成员利益,甚至背离集体所有制的改革底线。因此,维护被征地农民权益的目标应在维持用益物权非独立补偿的前提下,通过强化集体经济组织法人的内部治理等改革来逐步实现。

“三权分置”下土地流转瓶颈及对策——基于四川富顺县的案例研究

农村土地流转是新世纪以来中国农村经济发展到一定阶段的产物,“三权分置”作为新发展阶段中国土地制度的重大创新,通过鼓励土地流转可以实现规模农业、提高农民收入及实现乡村振兴等多重目标。本研究以四川富顺县为例,在“三权分置”背景下对农村土地流转的现实瓶颈进行深入分析发现,当前仍存在土地流转实施中农民合法权益易受损、土地流转过程中耕地地力易遭到破坏、土地流转政策执行中的政府和市场失灵、传统观念固化下土地流转集中连片难等问题。基于此,应建立和完善相关的法律法规、搭建土地流转信息交流平台、突出政府职能加强监督力度、培育现代农民提升综合素质等,以更好地推动中国农村土地流转和保护农民土地权益。

农村土地第三轮承包中“承包地调整”的规范逻辑

农村土地第三轮承包应坚持延包原则,通过有限的“承包地调整”实现农业集约化经营与承包地公平分配的平衡。农村土地集体所有制需对接《民法典》的私权秩序,农户是利用承包地的农业生产经营单位,农民集体成员才是土地承包经营权的权利主体,“承包地调整”的前提是承包地利用秩序的“大稳定”,通过有限的收回“整户消亡”和“进城落户”农民的承包地给新生人口、交回承包地的返乡农民以及嫁入妇女(入赘男)实现“小调整”。另外,以保障农民集体成员的生存利益为前提,将承包地“三权分置”后土地经营权流转作为补充手段,通过“确权不确地”“调利不调地”等,并结合农村集体经济组织统筹功能弥补土地延包中承包地调整的不足。

土地承包经营权效用衰退研究——兼评乡村振兴背景下土地产权制度的必然演变

土地是重要的稀缺资源,不容闲置浪费。在坚持土地集体所有制的前提下,农地经营使用权的主体随生产力发展而呈现出向外延伸、不断下沉的趋势。土地承包经营权设立之初的确在全国范围内改善了粮食生产能力,但如今无法再适应现代农业发展需求,这决定了改革农地产权制度,流转经营权的现实必要性。注重政治功能和社会功能的土地产权制度难以实现对土地资源的优化配置和充分利用,必须显化土地资源作为生产要素的经济功能和增值效益。三权分置改革通过细化土地产权、促进产权流转来激活农村生产力,为中国式现代化提供了有效的制度供给,是对农地经营制度的重大完善。

农地二轮延包实施进路——基于贵州省XF县的调查研究

第二轮土地承包到期后农地顺利延包是促进乡村振兴之根本。当前我国第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年面临“有人无地种,有地无人种”与“保持农户承包地稳定”的现行政策相矛盾、无地少地农民以及“两头占”“两头空”“外嫁女”等特殊群体的利益处理这两大突出问题,制定具体农地延包方案迫在眉睫。基于贵州省XF县“第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年”试点的调研发现,二轮延包中存在着确权收尾工作难完成、延包主体资格难认定、土地细碎化难处理、延包协议难签订等困境。解决这些困境的实践逻辑为建立登记颁证机制、农户自愿有偿退出承包和未承包地管理机制、缺地少地农户承包地调整机制、矛盾纠纷化解机制、农地承包经营权长效管理机制。具体而言,农地二轮延包的实施路径包括:完成土地确权工作;化解延包矛盾纠纷;承包地退出、收回与管理;数字化赋能农地承包经营权长效管理;政府组织成立专班予以落实。

农村土地承包经营权纳入不动产统一登记研究——以四川省为例

在农村土地承包经营权被纳入不动产统一登记的背景下,土地承包经营权的流转与保护成为社会关注的焦点。为推动不动产统一确权登记工作的全面实施、优化土地资源配置、进一步促进农村经济发展及城乡一体化进程,本文以四川省为例,通过实地调研深入分析农村土地承包经营权被纳入不动产统一登记的已有工作基础和存在的典型问题;在此基础上,针对性地提出将农村土地承包经营权纳入不动产统一登记的工作流程和工作步骤。选取部分村组数据开展汇交和整合入库的试点工作,对成果资料整理与移交、数据整合与建库、存量登记发证与实际调查差异处理关键技术进行总结。

土地承包经营权流转内涵界定研究

目前,理论上和实践中对土地承包经营权流转内涵重要理论问题学界尚未达成共识,存在以"保留(土地)承包权、转移土地经营权(土地使用权)"、"转移(或者让渡)部分或者全部土地承包经营权","土地承包经营权的变动"等为实质内容或依据界定土地承包经营权流转内涵的不同观点,其内容差异大,且都存在明显不足。统一采用法定的"土地承包经营权流转"名称是界定其内涵的关键。依据土地承包经营权流转包括物权性质土地承包经营权让渡型流转和物权性质土地承包经营权保留型流转这一客观事实,应以"移转(或者转移)物权性质土地承包经营权或者物权性质土地承包经营权中的部分权能"为实质内容界定土地承包经营权流转内涵。

土地承包经营权转让刍议

土地承包经营权在物权效力方面存在先天不足,其流转问题也存在二难悖论。对于土地承包经营权流转,应该以发展的眼光审视和解读问题,破除种种不合理的限制,使承包经营权由死水一潭变成汩汩活水。在配套制度方面,土地征收制度需要进一步严格化,土地调整制度应当废止。

土地经营权的权利属性探析——兼评新修订《农村土地承包法》的相关规定

土地经营权是承包地"三权分置"政策中提出的概念,新修订的《农村土地承包法》将其法定化,但未明确其权利属性是物权、债权或者物权化债权。土地经营权的债权说、物权化债权说在解释论视角下无法全面实现"三权分置"政策的预设功能,用益物权说可弥补二者的不足,因而具有理论优势。土地经营权应定性为不动产用益物权,以出租等方式产生的债权性农地利用权不属于土地经营权。借助于民法典物权编立法之机,应当明确土地经营权的用益物权属性。