INFLUENCE OF SO_4^(2-) AND Cl-ON THE CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF COPPER TUBE IN AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

The influence of chloride or sulphur dioxide on the corrosion behavior of copper tube in the air-conditioning system was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersion spectrometer (EDS) and cyclic polarization techniques. The results showed that the corrosion of copper tube are mainly caused by the SO42- and Cl- ions in the circulating water, and the former is mainly responsible for the general corrosion of the copper tube whilst the latter for the pitting corrosion. The different influences of SG42- and Cl- ions on the corrosion type of copper tube may be attributed to that the radius of SO42- ion is much larger than that of Cl- ion. Meanwhile the results also indicated that SO42- inhibits the pitting corrosion caused by Cl- and Cl- inhibits the general corrosion initiated by SO42- due to their competitive adsorption on the copper matrix.

Separation of indium(Ⅲ), gallium(Ⅲ), and zinc(Ⅱ) with Levextrel resin containing di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (CL-P204): Part Ⅱ. Mechanism and kinetics of adsorbing indium(Ⅲ)

The mechanism of adsorbing indium(Ⅲ) from sulfate solutions with CL-P204Levextrel resin containing di(-2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid was examined by batch operation andinfrared spectra. The results showed that the P204 adsorbed on the resin behaved in the similar wayto solvent extraction except that it was as a monomer in resin adsorbing but in dimeric form insolvent extraction. Three factors including temperature, indium(Ⅲ) concentration of solution, andthe size of resin particles which influence the In^(3+)/H^+ exchange on CL-P204 Levextrel resin wereinvestigated by the modified limited batch technique in order to determine the kinetics ofIn^(3+)/H^+ exchange. It was found that the rate of ion exchange increased with the temperature andthe concentration of solution increasing and with the size of the resin particles decreasing.According to the expression developed by Boyd et al., the controlling factor of In^(3+)/H^+ exchangeon CL-P204 Levextrel resin was the diffusion through the resin particles. The effective diffusioncoefficient, activation energy, and entropy of activation in the particle-diffusion were determinedas 1.57 x 10^(-10) m^2/s, 11.9 kJ/mol, -84.1 J/(mol·K), respectively.

CL-P204萃淋树脂吸萃铟(Ⅲ)的离子交换动力学

为确定CL P2 0 4萃淋树脂 (内含二 ( 2 乙基己基 )磷酸萃取剂 )在硫酸介质内吸萃铟 (Ⅲ )过程中In3+ H+ 的离子交换动力学 ,以有限浴法考察了影响In3+ H+ 进行离子交换的三个因素 :温度、树脂的粒度和铟 (Ⅲ )离子的浓度。结果表明 ,在实验范围内 ,其交换速度随温度的升高、铟 (Ⅲ )离子浓度的增大和树脂粒度的减小而增大。根据Body理论模型可推知 :粒内扩散是CL P2 0 4萃淋树脂在硫酸介质中吸萃铟 (Ⅲ )过程中In3+ H+ 交换的主控步骤。求得了In3+ H+ 离子交换过程中铟 (Ⅲ )离子在树脂上扩散的有效扩散常数、表观扩散活化能和活化熵 ,分别为 1 5 7× 10 - 1 0 m2 ·s- 1 ,11 9kJ·mol- 1 ,-84 1J·(mol·K) - 1 。

Behavior of Cl^- Ions in Ag(SO_3)_2^(3-) Solution

l- ions behavior in Ag(SO_3)3-2 solution was studied. The mechanism of Ag particles formation in the solution was discussed, and factors affecting its formation were investigated.

Corrosion characteristics and mechanism of the S135 drill pipes in slurry

The corrosion mechanism of the S135 drill pipes was investigated through observation of the corrosion morphology and analysis of the corrosion products by scanning electronic microscope （ SEM）, energy dispersive spectrum （EDS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results show that the localized corrosion on the outer surface of the drill pipes was caused by oxygen corrosion due to the action of retained slurry. Cl - contained in slurry accelerated the corrosion and promoted the development of corrosion pits. Suggestions for mitigating or preventing such corrosion of the drill pipes are proposed based on the research results.

离子色谱法测定油田水中Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)含量不确定度的评定及改进

利用离子色谱法进行油田水中无机离子含量的测定操作简便,分析结果准确,在油田化学行业检测实验室中得到了广泛应用。但测试过程中不可避免地会引入不确定度。依据CNAS-CL01:2018《检测和校准实验室能力认可准则》的要求,所有从事检测的实验室都必须进行测量不确定度的评定。本研究参考了CNAS-GL006:2019《化学分析中不确定度的评估指南》建立离子色谱法测定油田水中Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)含量的不确定度评定方法。依据SY/T 5523-2016《油田水分析方法》进行采样、运输和保存,依据GB/T 14642-2009进行油田水中Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)的测定,建立测量模型,确定不确定度来源,对各个不确定度分量进行评定,并计算合成标准不确定度。在95%置信区间下,油田水样品检测结果显示:Cl^(-)含量为(10.99±0.10)mg·L^(-1),SO_(4)^(2-)含量为(14.05±0.08)mg·L^(-1)。标准溶液配制过程中引入的相对标准不确定度和平行样重复性测定引入的相对标准不确定度较大,是提高该测定结果准确度的关键。

NH_4Cl-NaY固相交换动力学

根据分子表面扩散理论提出了NH_4Cl与NaY固相离子交换过程的机理,推导了固相离子交换过程中界面扩散过程和粒内扩散过程的动力学模型。本研究将NH_4Cl-NaY机械研磨混合物在一定温度下进行固相离子交换,采用^(23)Na核磁共振法测定固相离子交换度,分别考察了在100℃、150℃、200℃下进行固相离子交换时,固相离子交换度与时间的关系,得出固相离子交换动力学曲线,根据理论分析的动力学模型对固相离子交换动力学曲线进行拟合,得出了NH_4Cl-NaY固相离子交换在反应初期由界面扩散控制、在交换反应中后期由粒内扩散控制的结论。

Effects of Hemp seed soft capsule on colonic ion transport in rats

AIM To investigate the effect of Hemp seed soft capsule(HSCC) on colonic ion transport and its related mechanisms in constipation rats.METHODS Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal group, constipation group and HSSC group. Rats in the constipation and HSSC groups were administrated loperamide 3 mg/kg per day orally for 12 d to induce the constipation model. Then, the HSSC group was given HSSC 0.126 g/kg per day by gavage for 7 d. The normal and constipation groups were treated with distilled water. After the treatment, the fecal wet weight and water content were measured. The basal short-circuit current(Isc) and resistance were measured by an Ussing Chamber. Besides the in vivo drug delivery experiment above, an in vitro drug application experiment was also conducted. The accumulative concentrations of HSSC(0.1 mg/m L, 0.5 mg/m L, 1.0 mg/m L, 2.5 mg/m L, 5.0 mg/m L, 10.0 mg/m L and 25.0 mg/m L) were added to the normal isolatedcolonic mucosa and the Isc was recorded. Further, after the application of either ion(Cl^-or HCO_3^-) substitution, ion channel-related inhibitor(N-phenylanthranilic acid, glybenclamide, 4,4-diisothiocyano-2,2-stilbenedisulfonic acid or bumetanide) or neural pathway inhibitor [tetrodotoxin(TTX), atropine, or hexamethonium], the Isc induced by HSSC was also measured. RESULTS In the constipation group, the fecal wet weight and the water content were decreased in comparison with the normal group(P < 0.01). After the treatment with HSSC, the fecal wet weight and the water content in the HSSC group were increased, compared with the constipation group(P < 0.01). In the constipation group, the basal Isc was decreased and resistance was increased, in comparison with the normal group(P < 0.01). After the treatment with HSSC, the basal Isc was increased(P < 0.05) and resistance was decreased(P < 0.01) in the HSSC group compared with the constipation group. In the in vitro experiment, beginning with the concentration of 1.0 mg/m L, differences in Isc were found between the experimental mucosa(with HSSC added) and control mucosa. The Isc of experimental mucosa was higher than that of control mucosa under the same concentration(1.0 mg/m L, P < 0.05; 2.5-25 mg/m L, P < 0.01). After the Cl^-or HCO_3^-removal and pretreated with different inhibitors(c AMPdependent and Ca^(2+)-dependent Cl^-channels, Na^+-K^+-2 Cl^-cotransporter(NKCC), Na^+-HCO_3^-cotransporter or Cl^-/HCO_3^-exchanger inhibitor), there were differences between experimental mucosa and control mucosa; the Isc of experimental mucosa was lower than that of control mucosa under the same concentration(P < 0.05). Meanwhile, after pretreatment with neural pathway inhibitor(TTX, atropine, or hexamethonium), there were no differences between experimental mucosa and control mucosa under the same concentration(P > 0.05).CONCLUSION HSSC ameliorates constipation by increasing colonic secretion, which is mediated via the coaction of c AMPdependent and Ca^(2+)-dependent Cl^-channels, NKCC, Na^+-HCO_3^-cotransporter or Cl^-/HCO_3^-exchanger.

Corrosion behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy in simulated acid rain solution

The corrosion mechanism of AZ31 magnesium alloy used as automobile components and the influence of the concentration of Cl- ion in simulated acid rain(SAR)were studied by electrochemical tests and SEM.The results show that pitting corrosion happens around the AlMn phases locating at the grain boundary.The corrosion of AZ31 magnesium alloy in SAR is controlled by the rate of anodic dissolution and hydrogen evolution,and the corrosion rate of AZ31 increases with increasing concentration of Cl- ion.However,the Cl- ion in SAR is not the main influencing factor inducing the pitting corrosion.

Electrolytic Passivation of Nitinol Shape Memory Alloy in Different Electrolytes

The corrosion behavior of the nitinol alloy was studied in various corrosion media of different Cl^- ion concentrations. The results demonstrate that the Cl^- ion concentration has significant influences on the corrosion behavior of the nitinol alloy. In order to enhance the corrosion resistance, protective films were generated on the surface of the nitinol alloy by means of the electrochemical passivation method, for which five different electrolytic solutions were investigated. The surface analysis indicates full growth of all samples passivated in the different electrolytic solutions with layers, however, showing different morphological features. Without any defects like micro-cracks and pores, the surface of the samples passivated in the molybdate solution turns out smoother and denser than those passivated in other solutions. It is shown that the electro-chemical passivation will reduce Ni content but increase Ti content in the surface, reaching the Mole ratio of Ti：Ni = 9.01：1 on the outermost surface. Potentiodynamic polarization test demonstrates that the samples electrochemically passivated in the molybdate solution present a significant increase in breakdown potential due to titanium enrichment on the outermost surface.

离子色谱法测定墓葬壁画土壤中4种阴离子

对离子色谱法快速测定墓葬壁画土壤中4种阴离子(F^(-)、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-))的测定方法进行了优化。采用L_(9)(3^(4))正交实验确定了样品预处理的最佳参数:准确称取1.000 g样品加入20 mL超纯水,在振荡温度20℃,振荡转速180 r/min条件下提取40 min。淋洗液为25 mmol/L的KOH溶液,分析柱为Ion Pac AS11-SH(250 mm×4.0 mm),净化后的滤液通过电导检测器测定。在此方法下,各离子的检出限为0.066~0.078 mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.77%~2.23%(n=7),回收率为95.9%~105.8%。

CL-20晶型转变行为及转晶机理研究进展

从六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20,HNIW)的晶型特征、转晶方式、转晶影响因素、转晶机理等4个方面总结了其晶型转变的国内外研究进展。指出影响CL-20转晶的因素主要有溶剂、温度等;转晶的方向主要由各种晶型之间的吉布斯自由能决定;转晶机理主要通过Ostwald规则和溶液介导相变(SMPT)两个方面进行解释。指出今后转晶研究发展的重点是转晶的热动力学和抑制技术。附参考文献45篇。

氮氯共掺杂石墨烯量子点的合成及其对汞离子检测

以果糖、乙二胺、盐酸为原料,采用水热法将N、Cl原子掺杂在石墨烯量子点上,制备出氮氯共掺杂石墨烯量子点(N,Cl-GQDs),利用透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱等手段对其结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明:合成的N,Cl-GQDs为分散效果良好的球形,与单独氮掺杂及未掺杂的石墨烯量子点相比,双元素掺杂石墨烯量子点具有更好的光学性能。同时利用电化学发光淬灭原理构建了传感器,实现了对汞离子的检测,计算得出检测限为0.03ng/mL。

沿海湿热气候环境中1Cr13母线闸刀连杆球铰的断裂原因

沿海湿热气候条件下,某220 kV变电站母线闸刀驱动杆的连杆球铰发生完全断裂,闸刀无法操纵。为明确故障原因,使用体视显微镜、光学显微镜、直读光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜以及能谱分析仪等设备对连杆球铰进行了分析。结果表明:受海洋性气候影响,断裂的连杆球铰断面上存在腐蚀性元素Cl。综合来看,连杆球铰断裂的直接原因是在沿海湿热环境中,Cl离子破坏了1Cr13不锈钢表面的钝化膜,进而诱发了不锈钢的电化学腐蚀。腐蚀发展到一定程度后,与磨损交互作用,最终导致断裂。

NaCl胁迫下沙枣幼苗的离子代谢特性

沙枣（Elaeagnus angustifolia L.）是胡颓子科（Elaeagnaceae）胡颓子属（Elaeagnus Lnn.）的落叶小乔木,主要分布于我国西北五省,在新疆塔里木河、玛纳斯河、甘肃疏勒河、内蒙古的额济纳河两岸有天然的沙枣林分布,在北京、天津和山东等地也开展了引种栽培[1-2]。沙枣的果实、叶片、花和种子等在食品加工、药物提炼和饲用开发等领域具有较高的价值,沙枣木材也是高级家具和工艺品制作的良材[1];同时,沙枣具有耐旱、耐盐碱和抗风沙的特性,并且沙枣根系上有固氮根瘤菌,能提高土壤肥力,改善土壤环境,因此,

医用NiTi形状记忆合金的腐蚀特性

研究了0.9%NaCl生理液、Hank's模拟体液和Tyrode's模拟血液的pH值和Cl^-离子浓度对医用NiTi形状记忆合金Ni离子腐蚀溶出的影响.结果表明,三种模拟体液的氧化还原电位不同,使Ni离子释放呈现出差异,Tyrode's模拟血液中Ni离子释放量较高;随着pH值的增大Ni的Flade电位降低,从而使Ni离子释放量降低;随着Cl^-浓度增加,Ni离子释放量增大,呈现出较强的Ni选择性腐蚀行为,而Ti的腐蚀微弱,点蚀是其主要的腐蚀形式.

磷灰石结构通道离子对晶胞参数的影响

磷灰石晶胞参数受其结构中 Ca多面体、磷氧四面体及结构通道位置上的类质同象替换的影响。本文讨论了 5 4个磷灰石样品的晶胞参数与结构通道离子 F,OH,Cl相对含量的关系 ,发现 Cl的取代是影响岩浆型磷灰石晶胞参数的主要因素 ,每原子 /晶胞的Cl使 a增大 0 .12 11(6 ) nm,而 c减少 0 .0 6 33(3) nm。根据成分与结构的经验关系式 ,可以验证电子探针对 F的分析结果。

钙对NaCl胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗离子吸收、分布的影响

【目的】马铃薯是对盐分较敏感的农作物,土壤盐渍化会严重影响马铃薯的生长发育及其产量和品质。有关钙对Na Cl胁迫下马铃薯离子吸收、分布的研究较少。本文通过研究不同浓度Ca Cl2对Na Cl胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗离子吸收、分布和运输的影响,探讨钙对Na Cl胁迫下马铃薯的调控机制,为盐渍土上马铃薯的生产提供理论依据与技术支持。【方法】以‘克新一号’马铃薯品种为试验材料,采用组织培养方法,将0、5、10、15和20 mmol/L Ca Cl2与0、25、50和75 mmol/L Na Cl分别添加到MS+2mg/L B9+3%蔗糖+0.9%琼脂培养基中,制成不同处理组合的培养基。将继代培养的脱毒苗按单节茎段剪切接种到培养基中进行培养。接种30天时调查脱毒苗生物量和Na+、Cl-、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、P积累量,并分析Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+比值及根系与茎叶的SK、Na、SMg、Na和SCa、Na值,探讨离子吸收、运输及分布情况。【结果】Na Cl胁迫抑制马铃薯脱毒苗的生长,随Na Cl胁迫浓度的增加,马铃薯脱毒苗鲜重、干重显著下降,各器官Na+和Cl-含量极显著增加,K+含量显著下降,Ca2+和Mg2+含量减少,茎、叶中P含量降低而根中P含量增加。Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+比值随Na Cl胁迫浓度的增加而升高。随Na Cl胁迫浓度的增加,马铃薯脱毒苗根系与茎叶的SK、Na和SMg、Na值逐渐降低,SCa、Na值呈先升高后降低趋势。0、25和50 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫浓度下,以10 mmol/L Ca Cl2处理的马铃薯脱毒苗根、茎叶鲜重和干重最高,75 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下以15 mmol/L Ca Cl2处理的马铃薯脱毒苗生物量最高。各Na Cl胁迫浓度下,添加Ca Cl2后,马铃薯脱毒苗各器官Na+含量明显降低,Cl-含量显著增加,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量升高,P含量先降低后升高。0、25、50和75 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫浓度下,添加适量Ca Cl2可明显降低马铃薯脱毒苗各器官Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+比值,提高SK、Na、SMg、Na和SCa、Na值,增强K+、Ca2+、Mg2+向地上部的选择运输能力,抑制Na+向地上部的选择运输能力,维持细胞内离子平衡,缓解盐胁迫造成的营养亏缺。【结论】Na Cl胁迫下添加外源钙,能够有效改善马铃薯脱毒苗体内的离子平衡,促进营养吸收,Na+向叶片选择运输能力降低,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+向地上部的选择运输能力增强,离子在各器官水平上的区域化分布发生改变是钙缓解盐胁迫的重要生理机制之一。

氯对TiAl基合金高温氧化行为的影响

研究了表面喷涂少量ＭｎＣｌ２及离子注入氯对ＴｉＡｌ基合金９５０℃恒温氧化行为的影响．ＴｉＡｌ合金９５０℃氧化后氧化膜为ＴｉＯ２及Ａｌ２Ｏ３的混合物．表面涂少量ＭｎＣｌ２后，合金氧化速率降低了４个数量级，氧化膜的成分主要为Ａｌ２Ｏ３．离子注入Ｃｌ在氧化初期也显著降低了氧化速率，延迟了ＴｉＯ２形成时间．

沿海地区混凝土结构的钢筋锈蚀与防护

由Cl-引发的钢筋锈蚀是导致沿海地区混凝土结构破坏的主要因素。论述了Cl-的侵入过程及其去钝机理,分析了钢筋的电化学锈蚀机理和锈蚀破坏的四个阶段,介绍了保护钢筋的基本措施与附加措施。