Dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium, including nine clades(A–I), mainly form mutualistic symbioses with corals. More than 100 Symbiodinium molecular types have been identified by the ITS2-based genotype method ...Dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium, including nine clades(A–I), mainly form mutualistic symbioses with corals. More than 100 Symbiodinium molecular types have been identified by the ITS2-based genotype method within any given clade, and specifically within Symbiodinium clade C. However, the genotype identification method using the ITS2 sequence is likely to lead to high diversity estimates due to the intra-genomic variations in the ITS2 space; thus, further validation is essential for a correct identification. In this study, the molecular diversity of Symbiodinium ITS2 sequences cloned from two stone corals, Acropora sp. SY-01 and Pocillopora sp. SY-05, and one soft coral, Sarcophyton sp. SY-07, living in the northern part of South China Sea(SCS), were analyzed and compared using the ITS2-based genotype identification method, coupled with ITS2-based secondary structural and phylogenetic analyses. As the result, 12 Symbiodinium ITS2 genotypes were identified, while only six and three Symbiodinium ITS2 genotypes were supported by ITS2-based secondary structural and phylogenetic analyses, respectively. In addition, no shared Symbiodinium ITS2 genotypes were observed among the three coral species, suggesting coral species-dependent Symbiodinium genotypes were within clade C. In summary, the present study provides a theoretical basis for validating the molecular diversity of Symbiodinium ITS2 genotypes in corals.展开更多
In the past decade,there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)infection in both animals and humans,however,few studies on epidemiology of avian influenza in Democratic Peo...In the past decade,there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)infection in both animals and humans,however,few studies on epidemiology of avian influenza in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK)were published.During the period 2013–2014,HPAI H5N1 viruses were detected with outbreaks in domestic poultry in DPRK.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hemagglutinin gene of all samples belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c with high homology.The HPAI H5N1 virus found in ducks at the Tudan Duck Farm in 2013 was might introduced by migratory birds and then led to the outbreaks on neighboring chicken farms in 2014.These data provide direct evidence for the transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild birds to waterfowl to terrestrial birds.Therefore,the monitoring and control of influenza virus in ducks must be given top priority,which are essential components to prevent and control HPAI.展开更多
A novel Clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 reassortant virus caused several outbreaks in wild birds in some regions of China from late 2014 to 2015.Based on the genetic and phylogenetic analyses,the viruses possess a stable gene con...A novel Clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 reassortant virus caused several outbreaks in wild birds in some regions of China from late 2014 to 2015.Based on the genetic and phylogenetic analyses,the viruses possess a stable gene constellation with a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA,a H9N2-derived PB2 gene and the other six genes of Asian H5N1-origin.The Clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 reassortants displayed a high genetic relationship to a human H5N1 strain(A/Alberta/01/2014).Further analysis showed that similar viruses have been circulating in wild birds in China,Russia,Dubai(Western Asia),Bulgaria and Romania(Europe),as well as domestic poultry in some regions of Africa.The affected areas include the Central Asian,East Asian-Australasian,West Asian-East African,and Black Sea/Mediterranean flyways.These results show that the novel Clade 2.3.2.1c reassortant viruses are circulating worldwide and may have gained a selective advantage in migratory birds,thus posing a serious threat to wild birds and potentially humans.展开更多
目的对不同疾病进展阶段的HIV-1B亚型毒株感染者Gag、Nef特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)应答进行研究,比较和分析不同患者群对不同肽段库应答比例的异同,探讨针对不同肽段库的特异性CTL应答在延缓病程进展中所起...目的对不同疾病进展阶段的HIV-1B亚型毒株感染者Gag、Nef特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)应答进行研究,比较和分析不同患者群对不同肽段库应答比例的异同,探讨针对不同肽段库的特异性CTL应答在延缓病程进展中所起的作用。方法选取56例未经抗病毒治疗的中国HIV-1B亚型毒株感染者。其中包括长期无进展者(long-term nonprogressors,LTNP)、HIV感染早中期患者和AIDS患者3组不同疾病进展阶段患者。以覆盖HIV-1 Gag全长和部分Nef的14个肽段库为刺激原,应用IFN-γELIDSPOT法测定3组患者的特异性CTL应答,并比较3组患者对不同肽段库的应答比例。结果3组不同进展阶段患者对14个肽段库总体的特异性CTL应答的平均反应宽度和强度间差异均无统计学意义。3组患者对14个肽段库的识别模式可分为两种类型：(1)对Gag-p24-1、Gag-p24-5、Gag-p2/7/1/6-1以及Gag-p2/7/1/6-3这4个肽段库的识别比例高低与病情进展情况相平行。3组患者对4个肽段库整体的识别比例间差异有统计学意义(P=0．041)；(2)对其他10个肽段库的识别与病情进展不平行,在HIV感染早中期患者中比例高,而在LTNP中低。结论针对不同肽段库的CTL应答可能在控制病毒复制过程中发挥不同的作用,对疾病进展的控制可能需要针对多个抗原表位的有效CTL应答。展开更多
Drought is a major abiotic stress that causes the yearly yield loss of maize, a crop cultured worldwide. Breeding drought-tolerant maize cultivars is a priority requirement of world agriculture. Clade A PP2C phosphata...Drought is a major abiotic stress that causes the yearly yield loss of maize, a crop cultured worldwide. Breeding drought-tolerant maize cultivars is a priority requirement of world agriculture. Clade A PP2C phosphatases （PP2C-A）, which are conserved in most plant species, play important roles in abscisic acid （ABA） signaling and plant drought response. However, natural variations of PP2C-A genes that are directly associated with drought tolerance remain to be elucidated. Here, we conducted a candidate gene association analysis of the ZmPP2C-A gene family in a maize panel consisting of 368 varieties collected worldwide, and identified a drought responsive gene ZmPP2C-AIO that is tightly associated with drought tolerance. We found that the degree of drought tolerance of maize cultivars negatively corre- lates with the expression levels of ZmPP2C-AIO. ZmPP2C-A10, like its Arabidopsis orthologs, interacts with ZmPYL ABA receptors and ZmSnRK2 kinases, suggesting that ZmPP2C-A10 is involved in mediating ABA signaling in maize. Transgenic studies in maize and Arabidopsis confirmed that ZmPP2C-A10 functions as a negative regulator of drought tolerance. Further, a causal natural variation, deletion allele-338, which bears a deletion of ERSE （endoplasmic reticulum stress response element） in the 51-UTR region of ZmPP2C-AIO, was detected. This deletion causes the loss of endoplasmic reticulum （ER） stress-induced expression of ZmPP2C-AIO, leading to increased plant drought tolerance. Our study provides direct evidence linking ER stress signaling with drought tolerance and genetic resources that can be used directly in breeding drought-tolerant maize cultivars.展开更多
基金supported by the Major National Scientific Research Project, China (No. 2013CB956103)the Minhang Leading Talent Project
文摘Dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium, including nine clades(A–I), mainly form mutualistic symbioses with corals. More than 100 Symbiodinium molecular types have been identified by the ITS2-based genotype method within any given clade, and specifically within Symbiodinium clade C. However, the genotype identification method using the ITS2 sequence is likely to lead to high diversity estimates due to the intra-genomic variations in the ITS2 space; thus, further validation is essential for a correct identification. In this study, the molecular diversity of Symbiodinium ITS2 sequences cloned from two stone corals, Acropora sp. SY-01 and Pocillopora sp. SY-05, and one soft coral, Sarcophyton sp. SY-07, living in the northern part of South China Sea(SCS), were analyzed and compared using the ITS2-based genotype identification method, coupled with ITS2-based secondary structural and phylogenetic analyses. As the result, 12 Symbiodinium ITS2 genotypes were identified, while only six and three Symbiodinium ITS2 genotypes were supported by ITS2-based secondary structural and phylogenetic analyses, respectively. In addition, no shared Symbiodinium ITS2 genotypes were observed among the three coral species, suggesting coral species-dependent Symbiodinium genotypes were within clade C. In summary, the present study provides a theoretical basis for validating the molecular diversity of Symbiodinium ITS2 genotypes in corals.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-41)。
文摘In the past decade,there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)infection in both animals and humans,however,few studies on epidemiology of avian influenza in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK)were published.During the period 2013–2014,HPAI H5N1 viruses were detected with outbreaks in domestic poultry in DPRK.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hemagglutinin gene of all samples belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c with high homology.The HPAI H5N1 virus found in ducks at the Tudan Duck Farm in 2013 was might introduced by migratory birds and then led to the outbreaks on neighboring chicken farms in 2014.These data provide direct evidence for the transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild birds to waterfowl to terrestrial birds.Therefore,the monitoring and control of influenza virus in ducks must be given top priority,which are essential components to prevent and control HPAI.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31311120063,81470096,31570026,31471253)the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Chinese-Russian project:RFMEFI61315X0045)+3 种基金the intramural special grant for influenza virus research from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJZD-EW-L09)the IDRCAPEIR program (106915-001)Special Project of Ministry of Science and Technology (2013FY113500)supported by the “Taishan Scholar” project of Shandong Province
文摘A novel Clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 reassortant virus caused several outbreaks in wild birds in some regions of China from late 2014 to 2015.Based on the genetic and phylogenetic analyses,the viruses possess a stable gene constellation with a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA,a H9N2-derived PB2 gene and the other six genes of Asian H5N1-origin.The Clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 reassortants displayed a high genetic relationship to a human H5N1 strain(A/Alberta/01/2014).Further analysis showed that similar viruses have been circulating in wild birds in China,Russia,Dubai(Western Asia),Bulgaria and Romania(Europe),as well as domestic poultry in some regions of Africa.The affected areas include the Central Asian,East Asian-Australasian,West Asian-East African,and Black Sea/Mediterranean flyways.These results show that the novel Clade 2.3.2.1c reassortant viruses are circulating worldwide and may have gained a selective advantage in migratory birds,thus posing a serious threat to wild birds and potentially humans.
文摘目的对不同疾病进展阶段的HIV-1B亚型毒株感染者Gag、Nef特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)应答进行研究,比较和分析不同患者群对不同肽段库应答比例的异同,探讨针对不同肽段库的特异性CTL应答在延缓病程进展中所起的作用。方法选取56例未经抗病毒治疗的中国HIV-1B亚型毒株感染者。其中包括长期无进展者(long-term nonprogressors,LTNP)、HIV感染早中期患者和AIDS患者3组不同疾病进展阶段患者。以覆盖HIV-1 Gag全长和部分Nef的14个肽段库为刺激原,应用IFN-γELIDSPOT法测定3组患者的特异性CTL应答,并比较3组患者对不同肽段库的应答比例。结果3组不同进展阶段患者对14个肽段库总体的特异性CTL应答的平均反应宽度和强度间差异均无统计学意义。3组患者对14个肽段库的识别模式可分为两种类型：(1)对Gag-p24-1、Gag-p24-5、Gag-p2/7/1/6-1以及Gag-p2/7/1/6-3这4个肽段库的识别比例高低与病情进展情况相平行。3组患者对4个肽段库整体的识别比例间差异有统计学意义(P=0．041)；(2)对其他10个肽段库的识别与病情进展不平行,在HIV感染早中期患者中比例高,而在LTNP中低。结论针对不同肽段库的CTL应答可能在控制病毒复制过程中发挥不同的作用,对疾病进展的控制可能需要针对多个抗原表位的有效CTL应答。
文摘Drought is a major abiotic stress that causes the yearly yield loss of maize, a crop cultured worldwide. Breeding drought-tolerant maize cultivars is a priority requirement of world agriculture. Clade A PP2C phosphatases （PP2C-A）, which are conserved in most plant species, play important roles in abscisic acid （ABA） signaling and plant drought response. However, natural variations of PP2C-A genes that are directly associated with drought tolerance remain to be elucidated. Here, we conducted a candidate gene association analysis of the ZmPP2C-A gene family in a maize panel consisting of 368 varieties collected worldwide, and identified a drought responsive gene ZmPP2C-AIO that is tightly associated with drought tolerance. We found that the degree of drought tolerance of maize cultivars negatively corre- lates with the expression levels of ZmPP2C-AIO. ZmPP2C-A10, like its Arabidopsis orthologs, interacts with ZmPYL ABA receptors and ZmSnRK2 kinases, suggesting that ZmPP2C-A10 is involved in mediating ABA signaling in maize. Transgenic studies in maize and Arabidopsis confirmed that ZmPP2C-A10 functions as a negative regulator of drought tolerance. Further, a causal natural variation, deletion allele-338, which bears a deletion of ERSE （endoplasmic reticulum stress response element） in the 51-UTR region of ZmPP2C-AIO, was detected. This deletion causes the loss of endoplasmic reticulum （ER） stress-induced expression of ZmPP2C-AIO, leading to increased plant drought tolerance. Our study provides direct evidence linking ER stress signaling with drought tolerance and genetic resources that can be used directly in breeding drought-tolerant maize cultivars.
