Twenty Years of the Implementation of the Human Rights Clause in the Constitution:Achievements,Implications,and Research Topics

On March 14,2004,the Second Session of the 10th National People’s Congress of China adopted the fourth amendment to the Chinese Constitution,the most noticeable highlight of which is the addition of the paragraph“the state respects and protects human rights”as the third clause in Article 33 of Chapter II“Basic Rights and Obligations of Citizens”in the Constitution.The inclusion of the clause of human rights in the Constitution is considered an important milestone in the history of human rights development in the People’s Republic of China.The implementation of the human rights clause not only showcases the values of the Party and the state in respecting and protecting human rights,but also promotes the development of human rights,shapes the culture of human rights,and endows the rule of law with a rich humanistic spirit.Over the past 20 years,the publicity,research and practice of the human rights clause have made the Chi-nese people realize that human rights are not only a“great term”,but also a common value shared by mankind.Amid the once-in-a-century changes of the world,although the development of human rights is facing various challenges,the humanistic spirit contained in the hu-man rights clause has become the internal driving force for building consensus in the whole of society.Reinterpreting the significance and value of the human rights clause can help us conscientiously draw on the experience in the implementation of the clause over the past 20 years and contribute Chinese wisdom and experience to global human rights governance with a more open mind and inclusive attitude.

The Connotations of the Constitutional Clause on Human Rights Protection From the Perspective of Foreign-related Rule of Law

The inclusion of the human rights clause in the Chi-nese Constitution is the core normative manifestation of the constitu-tionalization of human rights,and points to the relationship between international law and the Constitution in the sense of positive law.The inclusion of the human rights clauses in the Chinese Constitution itself is an inherent part of the development of China’s socialist constitution,and socialism has already contributed valuable concepts and practices of human rights protection to the modern world in its early stage.The constitutionalization of human rights protection does not necessarily lead to the superiority of international law over the constitutional order of a country,but rather to the convergence of international law and domestic law through the constitutional order.The relevant rules of international law will be effective only when they are transformed into domestic law through the Constitution and the human rights clause in the Constitution.Correspondingly,the domestic legal order is brought into line with the international legal order through the Con-stitution and its human rights clause.Behind the system of fundamen-tal rights in the constitutional order is the value foundation of the en-tire legal system.The advancement of foreign-related rule of law has brought new opportunities for China’s judicial practice to further pro-mote the protection of human rights.In the future,we should further integrate the human rights values embedded in socialism into China’s constitutional practice,enhance human rights protection around the country,and take a more active part in global human rights gover-nance.

When-clause的涵义、特殊用法及翻译

试图全面梳理、分析连词when-clause的用法:when-clause,除了表示"当……时候",意为:during the time that之外,在具体语境中还有许多其他隐含义:时间先后、因果、转折、条件等逻辑关系,有时具有"突然性、巧合性及矛盾性"含义。

Research on the Constitutional,Historical and Practical Logic of the Chinese Path of Human Rights Development——From the Perspective of the Inclusion of Human Rights Clause in the Constitution

The inclusion of the human rights clause in the Chi-nese Constitution is a concern and expression of the spirit of the Con-stitution,which has laid the institutional regulations of the fundamen-tal law for the development of human rights in China,provided the principles and value norms of the highest level of effectiveness for the legal protection of human rights,and built a profound constitutional basis for the formation and improvement of the Chinese path of human rights development.The human rights clause is not only a summariza-tion and affirmation of the historical practice of Chinese human rights development under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,but also a new starting point for the development of human rights in China under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.It marks that the development of human rights in China has entered a new era.The Party and the state have finally embarked on a path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics by formulating and implementing the Human Rights Action Plan of China,eliminating ab-solute poverty through the national poverty alleviation campaign,and promoting human rights protection through the rule of law.

CLAUS尾气处理技术的选用

讨论了当前所采用的各种Claus尾气处理工艺技术 ,对传统的焚烧工艺进行了分析 ,并比较了尾气处理的Claus工艺法 (干床亚露工艺 )、Claus工艺法 (液相亚露工艺 )、SO2 回收工艺法、H2 S回收工艺法 ,直接氧化法等几种工艺的特点和效能 ,具体工艺的选择应根据所在地环保标准、投资规模。

Claus硫回收工艺在煤化工装置中的应用

从工艺特点、流程等方面结合国内硫回收工艺现状分析SuperClaus和EuroClaus两种工艺在煤化工装置应用的可行性及其局限性，介绍SCOT和Cansolv两种新工艺的概况，提出对未来硫回收工艺发展的展望。

LS-951催化剂在Claus尾气加氢装置上的应用

以氢氧化铝干胶为主要原材料,经改性制备成三叶草型载体,采用钴钼共浸液浸渍制备硫磺尾气加氢LS-951催化剂。考察了LS-951催化剂的物化性质、尾气处理工艺流程及所用尾气加氢催化剂LS-951的装填、预处理过程及工业应用情况。结果表明,催化剂具有良好的低温活性,完全能满足硫磺回收装置尾气处理工艺的要求,经净化后的尾气总硫排放量一般在100mg/m3以下。

Cansolv工艺在Claus硫回收装置尾气深度处理中的应用

兖州煤业榆林能化有限公司一期600kt/a甲醇项目配套硫回收装置采用荷兰荷丰SuperClaus工艺,二期500kt/a聚甲氧基二甲醚(DMMn)项目配套甲醇项目之硫回收装置采用二级Claus工艺,2套硫回收装置排放尾气中SO2含量均不能满足最新环保要求,Claus硫回收装置尾气必须进行深度处理。经过对Claus+Cansolv工艺与Claus+SCOT工艺的综合对比与分析,榆林能化二期硫回收装置设计之初决定采用二级Claus+Cansolv工艺(一期、二期硫回收装置尾气一同送入Cansolv系统处理)。简介Cansolv工艺的基本原理与工艺流程,阐述深度脱硫技改的必要性及Cansolv工艺的技术创新点,详细介绍Cansolv系统的操作控制要点及其运行情况。实践表明,Cansolv工艺具有投资及运行成本低、操作简便且操作弹性大、运行稳定、维修费用小等优点,与传统技术(SCOT工艺)相比,硫回收率更高、排放尾气中SO2浓度更低,在煤化工项目Claus硫回收装置尾气深度处理方面具有较好的推广应用价值。

湿混捏法CoMo/Al_2O_3催化剂用于Claus反应尾气加氢转化反应

采用湿混捏法制备了Claus反应尾气加氢CoMo/Al2O3催化剂;以SO2的加氢反应和CS2的水解反应为指标反应,考察了CoMo/Al2O3催化剂对Claus反应尾气的加氢转化活性,并与浸渍法CoMo/Al2O3催化剂进行对比;考察了湿混捏法CoMo/Al2O3催化剂的Co和Mo含量及反应条件对Claus反应尾气加氢转化活性的影响.实验结果表明,在同等金属含量的条件下,湿混捏法CoMo/Al2O3催化剂的SO2加氢和CS2水解活性比浸渍法CoMo/Al2O3催化剂的活性高;湿混捏法CoMo/Al2O3催化剂较适宜的MoO3的质量分数为10.0%、CoO的质量分数为2.0%;较适宜的Claus反应尾气加氢转化反应温度为260～300℃,空速为1 250～1 750 h-1.在此条件下,SO2加氢和CS2水解转化率可达100%.

Claus尾气处理技术的分析

讨论了当前所采用的各种Claus尾气处理工艺技术,对传统的焚烧工艺进行了分析,并比较了尾气处理的Claus工艺法(干床亚露点工艺)、Claus工艺法(液相亚露点工艺)、SO2回收工艺法、H2S回收工艺法,直接氧化法等几种工艺的特点和效能,具体工艺的选择应根据所在地环保标准、投资规模、操作费用综合考虑。

基于HYSYS的Claus硫磺回收过程模拟

在HYSYS软件中通过自定义硫磺回收装置各工艺过程的化学反应,结合装置内各设备特点,建立全套Claus硫磺回收装置模拟计算模型。采用该模型进行模拟计算的结果具有一定的准确性,可作为工程应用上的参考。

过渡金属氧化物催化剂上NH_3分解Claus反应机理研究(英文)

运用浸渍法制备了七种过渡金属氧化物催化剂 .对于NH3 分解反应均可获得很高的NH3 转化率 ;对于NH3 分解Claus反应则可以获得较高的SO2 转化率和单质硫选择性 .通过比较发现Co3 O4 TiO2 和Fe2 O3 TiO2 催化剂的低温活性比较高 .经过XRD表征发现 ,在NH3 分解Claus反应中 ,催化剂的活性相可能是过渡金属硫化物 .结合活性评价和XRD表征结果提出了NH3 分解Claus反应的机理 .

硫磺回收装置停工过程Claus催化剂飞温的处理

硫磺回收装置停工过程中Claus反应器严重飞温可导致催化剂失活,因此在停工过程中及时处理Claus反应器飞温是保护催化剂,减少生产事故和经济损失的重要途径。文章针对扬子石化硫磺回收装置在2012年停工过程中Claus反应器的一次飞温事件,分析飞温原因,并根据所使用的富氧烧嘴采取了酸气燃烧炉降低配风比、向Claus反应器内吹N2,酸气燃烧炉降温同时进行Claus催化剂钝化等处理措施,有效地保护了反应器内的CT6-4B硫磺回收催化剂。

LS-951T新型Claus尾气加氢催化剂的工业应用

介绍了LS-951TClaus尾气加氢催化剂的特点、物化性质、工业应用情况等。工业应用结果表明,LS-951T催化剂具有良好的低温加氢活性,与国内其他同类催化剂相比,反应器入口温度可降至237～262℃。加氢后尾气中非H2S的含硫化合物仅为55.2mg/m3,优于国内外同类加氢催化剂。

Study of Taiwan Residents children＇s application of noun and relative clauses in their oral responses

Over the past years studies have pointed out that 5 to 6-year-old children are able to use complex sentences in their oral language. Complex sentences may contain different kinds of subordinate or embedded clauses such as noun clauses, adverbial clauses or relative clauses, which again may be respectively divided into smaller units in terms of function and form. It is interesting therefore to investigate how subordinate clauses are applied by 5 to 6-year-old Chinese-speaking children. The present study, which is based on the verbal responses of 10 Taiwan Residents upper-level kindergarteners aged from 5.5 to 6.5 years, aims to investigate specifically how two kinds of subordinate clauses, namely noun and relative clauses, are applied in children＇s speech. Data analysis shows that of the 4 kinds of noun clauses, only object noun clauses are applied by the child-respondents. With their much more complex syntactic constructions, noun clauses, compliment noun clauses and appositive noun clauses do not appear in their oral responses at all. Concerning relative clauses and their derived participle phrases, none of the respondents apply any V＋的＋N construction in their verbal responses. The VO＋的＋N construction is used by 7 respondents, while the S＋的＋N construction is used by 5 respondents.

影响Claus尾气加氢催化剂性能的动力学研究

实验室通过对低温Claus尾气加氢催化剂动力学研究,考察了Claus尾气含硫化合物加氢反应的规律。通过对影响Claus尾气加氢催化剂性能的主要因素分析,阐述了过程气中烃类反应导致的催化剂积炭速率与烃含量、催化剂使用温度、催化剂运转时间的关系;通过使用XRD、SEM等技术手段,对热老化前后Claus尾气加氢催化剂晶相、金属分散、孔结构等性质进行测试和表征。从不同角度研究、探讨影响催化剂性能的因素,对于低温Claus尾气加氢催化剂及其配套工艺的开发和应用具有指导意义。

Claus尾气加氢脱硫催化剂的制备及性能评价

结合工业C laus尾气催化加氢脱硫工艺,设计了C laus尾气加氢脱硫催化剂CoMo/-γA l2O3的制备、结构表征及其性能评价的综合实验,实验内容涉及化学、化工、环境等多个学科,体现了综合性和较强的实用性。

Claus硫磺回收燃烧器旋流结构对反应特性影响研究

针对某炼化厂硫磺炉炉内的燃烧特性进行了三维数值模拟。构建了炉膛的三维全尺寸模型,采用FLUENT软件进行求解。主要考察了硫磺燃烧器中空气旋流角度与酸性气体旋流角度差对硫磺炉炉内燃烧反应特性的影响。计算表明,针对该硫磺炉炉型,当旋流角度差值为+15°时,酸性气与空气在燃烧器出口附近具有较大的切向滑移速度,在流场边界处形成较强的湍流混合区域,两股气流混合的速率最快,沿炉膛轴向距离最短。旋流角度差值大于或小于该范围都将对燃烧工况造成不利的影响。在最佳结构下,燃烧产生的火焰长度短,炉膛后部温度均匀,生成的SO2组分浓度分布均匀,有利于SO2与H2S的进一步反应。计算结果为新型高效硫磺燃烧器的设计提供了理论依据。

煤化工Claus尾气循环处理技术方案探讨

介绍了Claus尾气循环至低温甲醇洗工艺进行煤化工Claus尾气处理技术方案的技术特点及原理,并以某煤化工项目为例,分别从工艺流程、主要设备、公用工程消耗、催化剂和化学品消耗、"三废"排放以及对低温甲醇洗单元的影响等方面进行了论述。

SCOT和Beavon法处理Claus尾气的加氢反应和加氢催化剂

SCOT和比文(Beavon)法处理Claus尾气可使排放的尾气中的SO_2含量控制在250ppm(v)以下,总硫收率达到99.9%。这两种工艺的加氢转化段基本上是一致的,加氢催化剂亦可以通用。使用的加氢催化剂必须同时具有使SO_2和元素硫加氢还原成H_2S、COS 和CS_2水解转化成H_2S 和CO,变换反应生成氢气的性能。1982年国际硫磺会议公布了SCOT 工艺专用的加氢催化剂。我国的SCOT 工艺专用催化剂目前还处于开发阶段。