Antifungal Activity of Extracts from Clerodendrum Bungei Leaves against Two Species of Phytopathogens

The test was undertaken to reveal the antifungal activity of extracts from Clerodendrum bungei leaves against Pestalotia and Rhizoctonia solani, the results showed that optimal condition for best antifungal activity of extracts against pestalotia and Rhizoctonia solani are as follows： material-liquid ratio of 1：6,75% ethanol as extracting solvent, reflux at 90℃ for 1.5 h. The substances with good dissolubility in ethanol and water solution such as organic acid, bioflavonoid and alkaloid are main antifungal bioactive substances in Clerodendrun bungei.

α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity-guided Identification of Compounds from Clerodendrum bungei Steud by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS

Objective To identify the compounds withα-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Clerodendrum bungei Steud(Chou Mu Dan,臭牡丹)using HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS.Methods The ethanol extracts of Clerodendrum bungei Steud(Chou Mu Dan,臭牡丹)were partitioned with petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,n-butanol,and water.The assay forα-glucosidase inhibitory activity revealed strongα-glucosidase inhibitory activity in the ethyl acetate fraction,and the bioactive compounds present in this fraction were identified by the HPLCESI-QTOF-MS/MS method.Results A total of 29 compounds were determined,among the identified bioactive components;these included 12 phenylethanoid glycosides(compounds 5,6,17,20-22,24),7 flavonoids(compounds 10,19,23,25-28),5 phenolic acids(compounds 2-4,7,9),and 5 other compounds.Compounds 2-4,7,9-10,12-13,15,19,and 26,with a potentialα-glucosidase inhibitory activity,have been reported previously.Conclusions Our results show that the methodology used in this study is feasible,credible,and rapid in identifying known compounds and also for characterizing new natural glucosidase inhibitory candidates from Clerodendrum bungei Steud(Chou Mu Dan,臭牡丹).

Anorectal Pharmacodynamics and In Vitro Drug Release of Clerodendrum bungei Steud.Extract Gel

[Objectives]To determine the optimal preparation technology of Clerodendrum bungei Steud.extract gel by orthogonal test and gel quality test method in General Rule 0114 of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Volume IV,2020 Edition),and to study its anorectal pharmacodynamics and drug release in vitro.[Methods]Carbomer 940,propylene glycol and absolute ethyl alcohol were selected as the main factors,and the preparation technology of C.bungei Steud.extract gel was optimized by orthogonal test.The mouse model of ulcerative hemorrhoids was established with glacial acetic acid(HAC)and compared with Ma Yinglong musk hemorrhoids ointment.The recovery of trauma was compared between the two groups.At the same time,porcine small intestine was used as semi-permeable membrane to make diffusion cell to simulate anal environment,and the drug release in vitro was studied.[Results]The C.bungei Steud.extract gel was smooth in appearance and good in stability.It could effectively treat anal ulcer in mice and release quickly in vitro.[Conclusions]The formula is reasonable,and the effect of animal experiment is remarkable,which can provide a new treatment plan for ulcerative hemorrhoids.

Study on the Antimicrobial Effect of the Extracts of Clerodendron bungei Roots

[ Objective ] The aim was to research the antimicrobial effect of the extracts of Clerodendron bungei roots with different solvents on the common plant microbes. [ Method] The bacteria cake method was used to study the antimicrobial capability of Clerodendron bungei roots. [ Result ] The extracts have anti-bacterial action on Rhixoctonia cerealis V. Hoeven, Fusarium graminearum, Rhizoctonia solani and Setosphaeria turcica, especially the extract from distilled water has the strongest anti-bacterial action on Rhixoctonia cerealis V. Hoeven and Fusarium graminearum, the extract from ether has the strongest anti-bacterial action on Fusarium graminearum, the MIC all were 10 mg/ml. The extracts had different antimicrobial effect when pH value was from 5 to 8[ Conclusion] The extracts of Clerodendron bungei roots could inhibit the 4 pathogenic microorganism, and the antibacterial activity was affected by pH value greatly.

中国楸树(Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey)种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用简单序列重复区间标记法(ISSR)分子标记技术,对中国楸树(Catalpa bungeiC.A.Mey)10个类型156个单株进行了遗传多样性分析。从46个简单重复序列引物中筛选出的14个引物共扩增出190条稳定的谱带,其中多态性谱带186条,多态性条带百分率达97.89%。在物种水平上,Nei′s基因多样性指数(H)为0.290 9,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.446 3,基因多样度(Ht)为0.296 7,基因分化系数(Gst)为0.397 1,基因流(Nm)为0.759 2。分析结果表明,楸树各类型间变异占总变异的39.71%,类型内的变异占总变异的60.29%,约为类型间变异的1.5倍,说明中国楸树类型内的变异在其遗传变异中占主导地位。楸树类型间的遗传相似系数介于0.668 4和0.984 9之间,平均为0.863 7。基于遗传相似系数的UPGMA聚类分析,可将楸树10个类型分为4类。

Effects of Drought Stress on Osmotic Regulation Substances of Five Catalpa bungei Clones

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress on osmotic regulation substances of Catalpa bungei clones. [Method] Potting experimental was carried out with plastic film sealing method, to differentiate the degrees of drought stress based on changes in soil water content and leaf water potential and investigate variations in contents of osmotic regulation substances（free proline,soluble sugar and soluble protein） in leaves of five Catalpa bungei clones under different degrees of drought stresses. [Result] According to changes in soil water content and leaf water potential, the whole process of drought stress was divided into normal level（CK, with soil water content of 97.49% and leaf water potential of-0.54MPa）, light drought（LD with soil water content of 59.96% and leaf water potential of-1.28 MPa）, mediate drought（MD with soil water content of 34.19% and leaf water potential of-2.32 MPa） and severe drought（SD with soil water content of 14.52%and leaf water potential of-2.99 MPa）. The soil water content and leaf water potential of five Catalpa bungei clones reached the highest correlation in exponential fitting, with an average R2of 0.989 3（P0.001）. The free proline content in leaves of five Catalpa bungei clones increased rapidly with the increasing degree of drought stress（P 0.001）. To be specific, free proline contents of Catalpa bungei clones015-1 and 7080 were 34.39 and 33.41 times of the normal level under severe drought conditions, which reached an extremely significant level（P0.001）; the free proline content of Catalpa bungei clone 1-3 rapidly increased to（855.46±227.52） μg/g Fw under light drought conditions. The soluble protein content in leaves showed different variation trends. To be specific, the soluble protein content of Catalpa bungei clone 7080 was the lowest at various drought stages and reached（1.644 ±0.137）mg/g Fw under normal conditions; the soluble protein content of Catalpa bungei clone 1-3 was relatively high under normal conditions and was reduced rapidly under light drought conditions, showing different response patterns. [Conclusion] Osmotic regulation substances in leaves of five Catalpa bungei clones all have certain response to drought stress. Free proline is the most important osmotic regulation substance, followed by soluble protein, while soluble sugar makes no significant contribution. According to changes in content of osmotic regulation substances, Catalpa bungei clone 7080 has relatively high capacity and good drought resistance, while Catalpa bungei clone 1-3 has the rapidest response to drought stress.

Comparative Study on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Different Catalpa bungei Clones

[Objective] This study aimed to provide scientific basis for the early selec-tion and breeding of excellent Catalpa bungei clones. [Method] The Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system was used to analyze the photosynthetic characteristics of five Catalpa bungei clones （1-3, 1-4, 004-1, 015-1 and 7080）. [Result] Al five Catalpa bungei clones had similar change trends of light response curves, but their maxi-mum net photosynthetic rates （Pmax） were in the order of 1-3＆gt;7080＆gt;015-1＆gt;004-1＆gt;1-4, showing that clone 1-3 and clone 7080 had strong light environmental adapt-ability with the light saturation points （LSP） of 1 147.97 μmol/m2＆#183;s and 1 196.31μmol/m2＆#183;s, respectively, while clone 1-4 had the narrowest range of adaptation to light. There were differences in the total photosynthetic amount per area among the five clones that clone 1-4 was the best of 433 974.24 μmol/m2, fol owed by clone 1-3 of 401 290.20 μmol/m2. The transpiration rates （Tr） and stomatal conductances （Cond） of the five clones presented the same change trend. And the diurnal varia-tion curves of net photosynthetic rate （Pn） of clone 1-3, 1-4 and 015-1 showed two typical peaks with obvious midday depression, while clone 004-1 and 7080 didn’t. [Concluson] Considering a variety of photosynthetic characteristics of indica-tors, photosynthetic capacity of clone 1-3 was the best among the five Catalpa bungei clones.

5个楸树(Catalpa bungei)无性系耗水特性比较

水是西北造林育种需要考虑的关键环境因子,速生树种高耗水现象是西北造林中亟待解决的问题。为筛选适宜造林的楸树无性系,本研究利用盆栽称重法及Li-6400XT便携式光合作用分析系统（Li-cor,U.S.）对于5个楸树无性系（004-1、015-1、7080、1-3、1-4）进行比较。结果显示：试验地甘肃天水地区午间14：00时气温达全天最高,为41.1±1.86℃,湿度仅为39.21±2.65%。在此条件下,5个楸树无性系耗水量及耗水速率均出现＂单峰变化＂,可归为＂非蒸腾午休型＂。其中无性系1-3午间耗水速率最大,达到7.9691±0.1367 mmol·m^-2·s^-1;楸树无性系全天耗水量较高,在1630.42±38.27-2089.95±34.14 g·d^-1,平均为1709.30±52.38 g·d^-1,但其日间生产能力较高,日间耗水速率占全天耗水速率92.78%,显著高于毛白杨。与其他4个无性系相比,无性系004-1水分利用效率出现＂双峰＂现象,分别在12：00时及16：00时出现两个峰,全天水分利用效率总和达到15.723±1.231μmol·mmol-1。因此,楸树耗水速率与普通植物相当,耗水量较高的原因与其较大的叶面积有关;无性系004-1较其他4个无性系,具有更高的苗高、地径,且整株叶面积达1.9907±0.032 m^2;在水分利用效率、耗水速率上也表现出良好的水分利用能力和生长能力,可作为当地丰产速生林的优质无性系进行种植。

海州常山(Clerodendrum trichotomum)提取液对凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)生长的抑制作用

研究海州常山(Clerodendrum trichotomum)的2种提取液对入侵性水生杂草凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)叶片的抑制作用,并通过测定凤眼莲叶片的叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶活性和丙二醛含量分析其抑制机制。结果表明:与空白组和对照组相比,喷施海州常山提取液的凤眼莲健康叶片比例低于1%(P<0.01),死亡叶片比例高于85%(P<0.01),凤眼莲叶片的叶绿素含量显著降低(P<0.05),过氧化氢酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),丙二醛含量极显著增加(P<0.01)。由于海州常山提取液作用于凤眼莲叶片,造成叶片的叶绿素含量降低,活性氧积累,生物膜系统受到损伤,从而导致凤眼莲叶片干枯腐烂甚至衰亡。说明海州常山提取液对凤眼莲的生长具有明显的抑制作用,为生物防治凤眼莲提供了一种新途径。

A New Phenylpropanoid Glycoside: Serratumoside A from Clerodendrum serratum

A new phenylpropanoid glycoside, serratumoside A, was isolated from the aerial parts of Clerodendrum serratum var. amplexifolium Moldenke. Its structure was determined by spectral and chemical methods.

Two New Iridoid Glucosides from Clerodendrum serratum

Two new iridoid glucosides, serratoside A and serratoside B, were isolated from the aerial parts of Clerodendrum serratum var. amplexifolium Moldenke. Their structures were elucidated by spectral and chemical methods.

Two New Iridoid Glucosides from Clerodendrum serratum

Two new iridoid glucosides, named 7 beta -coumaroyloxyugandoside (1) and 7 beta - cinnamoyloxyugandoside (2) were isolated from the leaves of Clerodendrum serratum, and their structures were elucidated by spectral means.

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Clerodendrum trichotomum Thumb. Responses to Drought, Salt and Water-logging Stresses

In order to reveal the photosynthetic characteristics of C. trichotomum responses to drought, salt and water-logging stresses, one-year-old potted seedlings were taken as materials, and the several stresses including natural drought, submergence stress, water-logging and different salt treatments （0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% NaCl） were carried out on August 15, 2012. The morphological and photosynthetic characteristics were observed and determined. The results showed that adverse enviromental stress had a significant effect on the morphological changes and photosynthetic characteristics of C. trichotomum. On the 14th day after natural drought, the leaves wilted and could not recovery at night, and 60% of the seedlings could recover after re-watering. From the 7th day to the 10th day after submergence stress treatment, the 2nd and the 3rd leaves at the base of 60% seedling turned yellow and the lenticels were observed. At the early stage of water-logging stress, white lenticels appeared at the base of seedlings, and the leaves wilted, chlorina and fallen off on the 8th day. A large number of leaves fallen off under 0.6% NaCl or more salt stress, and even the whole plant died. The chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and transpiration rate （Tr） decreased gradually with the stress process, such as 8 days after natural drought, less than 0.4% salt stress and water-logging stress, but the changes were not significant compared with those of the control. With the increase of the stress intensity and the prolonged time, the changes of photosynthetic index were significant. All the results indicated that C. trichotomum had a certain degree of tolerance to drought, water and salt, but it was not suitable for living, in water-logging condition for a long time.

Process Optimization and Content Determination of Total Flavonoids of Zhuang Medicine Clerodendrum japonicum(Thumb.)Sweet

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids of Zhuang medicine Clerodendrum japonicum(Thumb.)Sweet and establish a method for its extraction and content determination.[Methods]The total flavonoids of C.japonicum were extracted by reflux extraction method.Through a single factor experiment,the effects of extraction method,extraction solvent concentration,extraction volume and extraction time on the total flavonoids content of medicinal materials were investigated to select the optimal extraction process of the total flavonoids of C.japonicum.[Results]The optimal extraction process of the total flavonoids of C.japonicum was 75%ethanol,1∶20 solid-to-liquid ratio,and 50 min reflux extraction time.[Conclusions]This method can effectively determine the content of total flavonoids in C.japonicum and provide a certain scientific basis for the study of the quality standard of this Zhuang medicine.This method has high reproducibility.It is stable and feasible in extraction of total flavonoids from Zhuang medicine C.japonicum.

Two New C_(29) Sterols from Clerodendrum colebrookianum

From the aerial parts of Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp., two new C_29 sterols colebrin A and colebrin B, were isolated, along with a known compound, clerosterol. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence.

Two New Diterpenoid Glucosides from Clerodendrum serratum

Two new diterpenoid glucosides, cleroserroside A and cleroserroside B, were isolatedfrom the aerial pans of Clerodendrum serratum var. amplexghlium Moldenke. Their structureswere characterized by spectral and chemical methods.

Protective effects of Radix Cynanchum bungei on ischemia-induced neuronal and cognitive impairment in mice

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Radix Cynanchum bungei extract(RCBE) on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) and acute cerebral ischemia induced impairment in mice.METHODS I/R model was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion(BCAO)-reperfusion method and Y-maze learning and memory performance was assessed after reperfusion. Na^+-K^+-ATPase,Ca^(2+)-ATPase and SOD activity,as well as MDA content in mouse brain tissue were measured. Numbers of mouth-opening breaths of the isolated mouse head were observed in acute cerebral ischemia mice.RESULTS Learning and memory ability in mice with RCBE were improved significantly compared with model group. The activity of SOD,Na^+-K^+-ATPase and Ca^(2+)-ATPase were increased,while MDA contents decreased after RCBE(0.5,1.0 and 2.0 g·kg^(-1)) and piracetam(0.5 g·kg^(-1)) treatment compared with the model group. RCBE at all concentrations significantly prolonged the number of mouth-opening breaths of the isolated mouse head. CONCLUSION RCBE preconditioning exerts a marked neuroprotective effect on the ischemia brain,which is related to improve the learning and memory via regulating energy metabolism and anti-oxidation.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Catalpa bungei Clones and Estimation of the Properties by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Air-dry density,modulus of rupture(MOR),modulus of elasticity(MOE),compressive strength parallel to grain,and hardness of Catalpa bungei clones were investigated in this study with feasibility of predicting these properties by near infrared(NIR)spectroscopy.The best candidate Luoqiu 3'has been selected from three clones based on wood physical and mechanical property indices.Lower values of wood physical and mechanical properties have been found in the corewood compared to the outerwood.There were significant positive correlations between the air-dry density and mechanical properties.Information from Cross section for air dry density,compressive strength parallel to grain,and hardness yielded prediction models with better effects,along with the best MOR and MOE modeling effects resulted from average sections'spectra collection.Multiplicative scatter correction(MSC)+Savitzky-Golay(S-G)smoothing method has been proved to be the most applicable way.In addition,the predictions from five point sampling method were slightly better than three point one.Overall,results suggest NIR spectroscopy was viable to predict the physical and mechanical properties of C bungei dones with methods developed in this study proved effective in preliminary screening.

Global Lysine Acetylome Analysis of Flower Bud Development in Catalpa bungei

Lysine acetylation,a reversible and dynamic post-translational modification,plays pivotal roles in regulating many biological processes in plants.However,the information of lysine acetylation during flower development of woody angiosperm remains unclear.Herein,we identified a total of 667 lysine acetylation sites in 467 proteins in flower buds of Catalpa Bungei.The acetylated proteins were mainly involved in the pathways of carbon metabolism,glycometabolism and oxidative phosphorylation.Using functional enrichment analysis,61 and 13 acetylated proteins were involved in the glycometabolism and oxidative phosphorylation pathways,respectively.This suggests that lysine acetylated proteins play critical roles in the energy metabolism pathways.Accordingly,the protein–protein interactions were also highly enriched in the carbon metabolic pathway.Integrative analysis of lysine acetylome and transcriptome showed that transcript level changes of seven key lysine-acetylated proteins/genes involved in energy metabolism were significant different during floral transition.Importantly,compared with the normal flowering variety,the expression levels of phosphoribulokinase,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,ATP synthase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex genes were significantly up-regulated at the stages of vegetative and transition buds during early flowering of C.bungei.These data represent the first lysine acetylome in the C.bungei flowers,and can serve as an essential basis for exploring the function of lysine acetylated proteins in the flower bud development of plants.

Study on the Chemical Constituents of Clerodendrum japonicum,a Zhuang Medicine

[Objectives]To make a preliminary study on the chemical constituents of Clerodendrum japonicum,a Zhuang medicine,so as to provide theoretical support and scientific basis for exploring its medicinal value and comprehensive development and utilization.[Methods]The compounds were separated by macroporous adsorption resin,silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,ODS chromatographic column and preparative high performance liquid chromatography,and their structures were identified by NMR and MS data.[Results]8 compounds were isolated and identified from Clerodendrum japonicum extract with 80%ethanol solution:(1)fumaric acid,(2)trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid,(3)cis-p-hydroxycinnamic acid,(4)ethyl caffeate,(5)acteoside,(6)kaempferol,(7)apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,(8)caffeic acid.[Conclusions]8 compounds were isolated and purified from the ethanol extract of Clerodendrum japonicum.