Antifungal Activity of Extracts from Clerodendrum Bungei Leaves against Two Species of Phytopathogens

The test was undertaken to reveal the antifungal activity of extracts from Clerodendrum bungei leaves against Pestalotia and Rhizoctonia solani, the results showed that optimal condition for best antifungal activity of extracts against pestalotia and Rhizoctonia solani are as follows： material-liquid ratio of 1：6,75% ethanol as extracting solvent, reflux at 90℃ for 1.5 h. The substances with good dissolubility in ethanol and water solution such as organic acid, bioflavonoid and alkaloid are main antifungal bioactive substances in Clerodendrun bungei.

海州常山(Clerodendrum trichotomum)提取液对凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)生长的抑制作用

研究海州常山(Clerodendrum trichotomum)的2种提取液对入侵性水生杂草凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)叶片的抑制作用,并通过测定凤眼莲叶片的叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶活性和丙二醛含量分析其抑制机制。结果表明:与空白组和对照组相比,喷施海州常山提取液的凤眼莲健康叶片比例低于1%(P<0.01),死亡叶片比例高于85%(P<0.01),凤眼莲叶片的叶绿素含量显著降低(P<0.05),过氧化氢酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),丙二醛含量极显著增加(P<0.01)。由于海州常山提取液作用于凤眼莲叶片,造成叶片的叶绿素含量降低,活性氧积累,生物膜系统受到损伤,从而导致凤眼莲叶片干枯腐烂甚至衰亡。说明海州常山提取液对凤眼莲的生长具有明显的抑制作用,为生物防治凤眼莲提供了一种新途径。

A New Phenylpropanoid Glycoside: Serratumoside A from Clerodendrum serratum

A new phenylpropanoid glycoside, serratumoside A, was isolated from the aerial parts of Clerodendrum serratum var. amplexifolium Moldenke. Its structure was determined by spectral and chemical methods.

Two New Iridoid Glucosides from Clerodendrum serratum

Two new iridoid glucosides, serratoside A and serratoside B, were isolated from the aerial parts of Clerodendrum serratum var. amplexifolium Moldenke. Their structures were elucidated by spectral and chemical methods.

Two New Iridoid Glucosides from Clerodendrum serratum

Two new iridoid glucosides, named 7 beta -coumaroyloxyugandoside (1) and 7 beta - cinnamoyloxyugandoside (2) were isolated from the leaves of Clerodendrum serratum, and their structures were elucidated by spectral means.

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Clerodendrum trichotomum Thumb. Responses to Drought, Salt and Water-logging Stresses

In order to reveal the photosynthetic characteristics of C. trichotomum responses to drought, salt and water-logging stresses, one-year-old potted seedlings were taken as materials, and the several stresses including natural drought, submergence stress, water-logging and different salt treatments （0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% NaCl） were carried out on August 15, 2012. The morphological and photosynthetic characteristics were observed and determined. The results showed that adverse enviromental stress had a significant effect on the morphological changes and photosynthetic characteristics of C. trichotomum. On the 14th day after natural drought, the leaves wilted and could not recovery at night, and 60% of the seedlings could recover after re-watering. From the 7th day to the 10th day after submergence stress treatment, the 2nd and the 3rd leaves at the base of 60% seedling turned yellow and the lenticels were observed. At the early stage of water-logging stress, white lenticels appeared at the base of seedlings, and the leaves wilted, chlorina and fallen off on the 8th day. A large number of leaves fallen off under 0.6% NaCl or more salt stress, and even the whole plant died. The chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and transpiration rate （Tr） decreased gradually with the stress process, such as 8 days after natural drought, less than 0.4% salt stress and water-logging stress, but the changes were not significant compared with those of the control. With the increase of the stress intensity and the prolonged time, the changes of photosynthetic index were significant. All the results indicated that C. trichotomum had a certain degree of tolerance to drought, water and salt, but it was not suitable for living, in water-logging condition for a long time.

Process Optimization and Content Determination of Total Flavonoids of Zhuang Medicine Clerodendrum japonicum(Thumb.)Sweet

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids of Zhuang medicine Clerodendrum japonicum(Thumb.)Sweet and establish a method for its extraction and content determination.[Methods]The total flavonoids of C.japonicum were extracted by reflux extraction method.Through a single factor experiment,the effects of extraction method,extraction solvent concentration,extraction volume and extraction time on the total flavonoids content of medicinal materials were investigated to select the optimal extraction process of the total flavonoids of C.japonicum.[Results]The optimal extraction process of the total flavonoids of C.japonicum was 75%ethanol,1∶20 solid-to-liquid ratio,and 50 min reflux extraction time.[Conclusions]This method can effectively determine the content of total flavonoids in C.japonicum and provide a certain scientific basis for the study of the quality standard of this Zhuang medicine.This method has high reproducibility.It is stable and feasible in extraction of total flavonoids from Zhuang medicine C.japonicum.

Two New C_(29) Sterols from Clerodendrum colebrookianum

From the aerial parts of Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp., two new C_29 sterols colebrin A and colebrin B, were isolated, along with a known compound, clerosterol. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence.

Two New Diterpenoid Glucosides from Clerodendrum serratum

Two new diterpenoid glucosides, cleroserroside A and cleroserroside B, were isolatedfrom the aerial pans of Clerodendrum serratum var. amplexghlium Moldenke. Their structureswere characterized by spectral and chemical methods.

α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity-guided Identification of Compounds from Clerodendrum bungei Steud by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS

Objective To identify the compounds withα-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Clerodendrum bungei Steud(Chou Mu Dan,臭牡丹)using HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS.Methods The ethanol extracts of Clerodendrum bungei Steud(Chou Mu Dan,臭牡丹)were partitioned with petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,n-butanol,and water.The assay forα-glucosidase inhibitory activity revealed strongα-glucosidase inhibitory activity in the ethyl acetate fraction,and the bioactive compounds present in this fraction were identified by the HPLCESI-QTOF-MS/MS method.Results A total of 29 compounds were determined,among the identified bioactive components;these included 12 phenylethanoid glycosides(compounds 5,6,17,20-22,24),7 flavonoids(compounds 10,19,23,25-28),5 phenolic acids(compounds 2-4,7,9),and 5 other compounds.Compounds 2-4,7,9-10,12-13,15,19,and 26,with a potentialα-glucosidase inhibitory activity,have been reported previously.Conclusions Our results show that the methodology used in this study is feasible,credible,and rapid in identifying known compounds and also for characterizing new natural glucosidase inhibitory candidates from Clerodendrum bungei Steud(Chou Mu Dan,臭牡丹).

Study on the Chemical Constituents of Clerodendrum japonicum,a Zhuang Medicine

[Objectives]To make a preliminary study on the chemical constituents of Clerodendrum japonicum,a Zhuang medicine,so as to provide theoretical support and scientific basis for exploring its medicinal value and comprehensive development and utilization.[Methods]The compounds were separated by macroporous adsorption resin,silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,ODS chromatographic column and preparative high performance liquid chromatography,and their structures were identified by NMR and MS data.[Results]8 compounds were isolated and identified from Clerodendrum japonicum extract with 80%ethanol solution:(1)fumaric acid,(2)trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid,(3)cis-p-hydroxycinnamic acid,(4)ethyl caffeate,(5)acteoside,(6)kaempferol,(7)apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,(8)caffeic acid.[Conclusions]8 compounds were isolated and purified from the ethanol extract of Clerodendrum japonicum.

Anorectal Pharmacodynamics and In Vitro Drug Release of Clerodendrum bungei Steud.Extract Gel

[Objectives]To determine the optimal preparation technology of Clerodendrum bungei Steud.extract gel by orthogonal test and gel quality test method in General Rule 0114 of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Volume IV,2020 Edition),and to study its anorectal pharmacodynamics and drug release in vitro.[Methods]Carbomer 940,propylene glycol and absolute ethyl alcohol were selected as the main factors,and the preparation technology of C.bungei Steud.extract gel was optimized by orthogonal test.The mouse model of ulcerative hemorrhoids was established with glacial acetic acid(HAC)and compared with Ma Yinglong musk hemorrhoids ointment.The recovery of trauma was compared between the two groups.At the same time,porcine small intestine was used as semi-permeable membrane to make diffusion cell to simulate anal environment,and the drug release in vitro was studied.[Results]The C.bungei Steud.extract gel was smooth in appearance and good in stability.It could effectively treat anal ulcer in mice and release quickly in vitro.[Conclusions]The formula is reasonable,and the effect of animal experiment is remarkable,which can provide a new treatment plan for ulcerative hemorrhoids.

A Preliminary Study on Effects of Zhuang Medicine Clerodendrum japonicum(Thunb.)Sweet on Acute Tonsillitis

[Objectives]To study the effect of Zhuang medicine Clerodendrum japonicum(Thunb.)Sweet on acute tonsillitis.[Methods]The antibacterial,antipyretic,anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the extract of Zhuang medicine C.japonicum(Thunb.)Sweet were observed.[Results]Zhuang medicine C.japonicum(Thunb.)Sweet showed a good inhibitory effect onα-hemolytic streptococcus,β-hemolytic streptococcs,Staphylococcus citreus,Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Proteus and Escherichia coli;it showed a good inhibitory effect on the infection of Staphylococcus aureus andβ-hemolytic streptococcs in vivo;it could significantly reduce the elevated body temperature of rabbits injected with the triple vaccine and significantly increase the pain threshold of thermally stimulated mice.[Conclusions]Zhuang Medicine C.japonicum(Thunb.)Sweet has positive significance in the treatment of acute tonsillitis instead of antibiotics.

Molecular Analysis of Clerodendrum formicarum Effects in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy in Rat

The pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathic pain is due to primarily metabolic and vascular factors. There is an increase in sorbitol and fructose, glycated end products, reactive oxygen species and activation of protein kinase C in the diabetic state. All these factors lead to direct damage to the nerves. Taking effective clinical management of neuropathic pain is based on a pharmacological treatment that has shown their limits and many side effects. The hypothesis of central sensitization inhibited by Clerodendrum formicarum, an African pharmacopoeia plant used to treat headaches, arthritis, epilepsy and chronic pain could act on astrocytes and microglial cells. The objective of this work is to study the effect of Clerodendrum formicarum (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight) on astrocytes and microglial cells in a model of diabetic neuropathic pain induced by alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg). We noted a suppression of mechanical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia respectively by the Von Frey filaments test and the pressure test on the paw by the Clerodendrum formicarumextracts (ECF) at different doses from 2 h at the first injection of the ECF. After 5 days of treatment, we expressed by Western Blot bands of different proteins and by quantitative RT-PCR, we determined inhibition of the expression of GFAP, CD11b and isoforms 1 and 2 of cyclooxygenase. These results suggest that ECF inhibits the activation of astrocytes, microglial cells and cyclooxygenase signaling pathway.

西垂茉莉的营养成分、抗氧化活性及代谢产物分析

目的探究云南丽江西垂茉莉的营养成分、抗氧化活性及代谢产物。方法以野生西垂茉莉可食用叶片为原料,首先对其基本营养成分进行研究,探讨西垂茉莉的抗氧化活性;基于非靶向代谢组学方法,采用超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-orbitrap exploris-mass spectrometry,UPLC-OE-MS)测定样品中代谢产物含量;电感耦合等离子体法(inductively coupled plasma,ICP)测定样品中的矿物质元素含量。结果西垂茉莉中水分含量较高,灰分、多糖和还原糖、总蛋白、可溶性蛋白、脂肪含量较低;西垂茉莉表现出良好的抗氧化能力;分析西垂茉莉样品共检出33579个化合物,匹配度大于等于80%的化合物有228个,共计29类;西垂茉莉中共测得25种矿质元素,常量元素钙、钾、磷、硫、镁的含量均高于100 mg/100 g,微量元素铁、铝、铜、锰、铬的含量相较其他微量元素高。结论本研究发现西垂茉莉含有丰富的营养成分,表现出较强的抗氧化活性,可为西垂茉莉的进一步开发利用提供参考。

苦郎树枝叶水提物对LPS所致发热家兔的解热机制

研究苦郎树枝叶水提物的解热作用及其机制。采用耳缘静脉注射脂多糖(LPS,4μg/kg)复制家兔发热模型,水提物剂量设定为1、2、和4 g/kg,按5 mL/kg单次灌胃给药,药后检测肛温,测定血清肝功能和内生致热原指标水平,HE染色法检测肝组织和下丘脑组织病理学改变,免疫组化染色法检测肝组织COX-2和下丘脑TLR4、NF-κB、COX-2表达水平。结果表明,水提物各剂量组均可显著降低肛温(P<0.05或P<0.01),降低血清ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和PGE_2水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),明显减轻肝组织和下丘脑组织病理学损伤,降低肝组织COX-2和下丘脑TLR4、NF-κB、COX-2表达水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。苦郎树枝叶水提物具有良好的解热作用,其机制可能与增强肝功能、消除血液内生致热原及下调肝组织COX-2和下丘脑TLR4、NF-κB、COX-2表达水平有关。

白花灯笼乙醇提取物对哮喘相关症状的影响及作用机理

哮喘是以气道高反应性(AHR)、气道重塑和气道炎症为特征的炎症性疾病.白花灯笼(Clerodendrum fortunatum L.)是息喘丸成分之一.该文探究了白花灯笼乙醇提取物(EECF)对哮喘相关症状的缓解作用.利用肌张力换能器以及肺功能仪来探究EECF对AHR的影响.结果表明,EECF可以通过影响L-VDCCs、NSCCs、NCX等离子通道来降低胞内Ca^(2+)水平,缓解由高钾或ACh诱导的气管平滑肌痉挛,降低AHR.为进一步探究EECF对气道重塑和气道炎症的影响,建立哮喘小鼠模型,展开系列实验.实验结果表明,EECF可以改善哮喘引起的肺部肿胀,降低哮喘小鼠呼吸系统阻力值(R_(rs)),逆转Th1/Th2失衡,缓解气道重塑和气道炎症.该文初步阐明了EECF在哮喘治疗中的潜在作用及其可能的机制.研究结果提示EECF有望作为新药被应用于治疗哮喘.

马蓝叶与其易淆品路边青叶的叶形态-脉序图谱的鉴别特征

目的:寻找马蓝叶与其易淆品路边青叶的鉴别特征,建立有效的鉴别方法。方法:LMVP(叶形态-脉序图谱鉴别法),QAERM(定量分析评价鉴别中药品种真伪方法的可靠性方法)。结果:主要区别点:马蓝叶的叶基渐狭下延,干叶深暗蓝绿色、暗棕绿色,具梭状小点,无腺点或局部有小腺点,叶柄与中脉的界限不明显,最末二级脉的下方有三级脉从中脉发出;路边青的叶基不下延,干叶黄绿色、绿色、绿黄色、黄棕色,无梭状小点,密布腺点,叶柄与中脉的界限明显,最末二级脉的下方无三级脉从中脉发出。同时以上述6组区别点为指标,鉴别结果的正确性(AC)=98.5%～99.2%;重复性为符合率(ARO)=97.7%,一致性强度(Kappa)=0.95。结论:建立的"叶形态-脉序图谱鉴别法"可准确鉴别马蓝叶及易淆品路边青叶。操作简便、快速、价廉、可靠性强。

5种马鞭草科药用植物的抗补体活性

采用细胞溶血法考察了千解草(Pygmaeopremna herbacea)、白花灯笼(Clerodendrum fortunatum L.)、尖尾枫[Callicarpa longissima(Hemsl.)Merr.]、赪桐[Clerodendrum japonicum(Thunb.)Sweet]及臭茉莉(Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer var.simplex Moldenke)等5种马鞭草科药用植物提取物经典途径和旁路途径的抗补体活性。结果表明:千解草水提取物、白花灯笼水提取物和醇提取物、尖尾枫水提取物和醇提取物、赪桐醇提取物及臭茉莉醇提取物有较强的经典途径抗补体活性,对经典途径的抗补体活性(CH50)分别为0.092±0.008,0.074±0.008,0.088±0.006,0.134±0.017,0.123±0.010,0.380±0.080及0.200±0.015 g/L;仅千解草和尖尾枫水提取物及白花灯笼醇提取物具有旁路途径抗补体活性,对旁路途径的抗补体活性(AP50)分别为0.533±0.033,0.758±0.031和0.362±0.029 g/L。因此,5种植物均具有不同程度的抗补体活性,其中白花灯笼醇提取物抗补体活性最强。

植物生长调节剂对海州常山硬枝扦插生根的影响

以海州常山1 a硬枝为试材,研究了不同种类和浓度的植物生长调节剂对海州常山硬枝扦插生根的影响。结果表明:2,4-D、IBA、NAA和ABT1均可以促进海州常山硬枝的生根,以200 mg·L-1的ABT1处理的最好,生根率为93.3%,其次是400 mg·L-1的NAA,生根率为92.0%。方差分析表明:不同生长调节剂种类对生根率的影响差异不显著,不同质量浓度之间差异显著;不同种类和浓度的生长调节剂对生根量的影响均达到极显著水平,对根长的影响均不显著。通过对生根过程的观察和生根指标的分析可知,上海地区海州常山硬枝在春季扦插时,要保证较高的生根质量(生根率、生根量和根长),插穗需要75 d左右的生长时间。