Analysis of Climate Characteristics and Advantages of Climate Resources in Zhangjiakou Region

By analyzing the climate characteristics of Zhangjiakou region,the advantages in its climate resources are explored.Analysis shows that abundant solar energy resources are the fundamental condition for promoting photovoltaic power generation projects and have become an important lever for poverty alleviation work;wind energy is one of the main climate resources in Zhangjiakou City,providing important conditions for the development of wind power generation industry;the Bashang region has a long duration of cold weather and long freezing time,which has not only the inherent climate advantage of conducting ice sports,but also the advantage of natural cold storage;the Bashang region has a long snowfall time,relatively more snowfall days,and a long snow accumulation time,which has a unique climate advantage for developing tourism culture with ice and snow sports as the theme;the climate characteristics of cold winter and cool summer,with natural cooling mechanism,are superior conditions for the development of large-scale modern data information industry.

Analyses on Climate Characteristics in Xingtai City during 1954 - 2010

[Objective]The research aimed to analyze climate characteristics in Xingtai City during 1954-2010.[Method] Based on climate data in Xingtai City during 1954-2010,by using line chart,trend chart,climatic variability and statistical diagram,the climate characteristics in Xingtai City in 57 years were analyzed.[Result] The annual average temperature,annual average maximum and minimum temperatures in Xingtai City during 1954-2010 all presented gradual rise trend.The rise velocity of annual average maximum temperature was the slowest.The annual average temperature presented rise trend year by year.The rise velocity of annual average minimum temperature was the fastest.The annual average rainfall,wind speed,relative humidity and sunshine hours all presented gradual decline trend,while the annual average total cloud amount presented increase trend.The annual average ground temperatures at 0,5,10,15 and 20 cm in Xingtai City during 1954-2010 were respectively 15.6,15.7,15.8,15.8 and 15.8 ℃.The annual average ground temperatures at 40 and 80 cm,1.6 and 3.2 m in Xingtai City during 1981-2010 were respectively 15.2,15.2,15.4 and 15.4 ℃.It was clear that the ground temperature at deep layer gradually rose as depth increase.[Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for guiding agricultural production in Xingtai City.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MERIDIONALLY ORIENTED SHEAR LINES OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH RAINSTORMS IN THE BOREAL SUMMER HALF-YEAR

In this paper,European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Reanalysis-Interim(ERAInterim)data and daily precipitation data in China from May to October during 1981-2016 are used to study the climatic characteristics of the meridionally oriented shear lines(MSLs)over the Tibetan Plateau(TP).The relationship between the MSL and rainstorms in the eastern TP and neighboring areas of the TP during the boreal summer half-year is also investigated.An objective method,which uses a combination of three parameters,i.e.the zonal shear of the meridional wind,the relative vorticity and the zero line of meridional wind,is adopted to identify the shear line.The results show that there are two high-occurrence centers of MSL.One is over the central TP(near 90°E)and the other is over the steep slope area of the eastern TP.Fewer MSLs are found along the Yarlung Zangbo River over the western TP and the southern Tibet.There are averagely 42.2 MSL days in each boreal summer half-year.The number of MSL days reaches the maximum of 62 in 2014 and the minimum of 22 in 2006.July and October witness the maximum of 10.2 MSL days/year and the minimum of 4.2 MSL days/year,respectively.The annual number of the MSL days shows periodicities of 2-4 and 4-6 years,which is quite similar to those of the MSL rainstorm days.In the neighboring areas of the TP,nearly56%of the MSLs lead to rainstorms,and nearly 40%of rainstorms are caused by the MSLs,indicating a close relationship between the MSLs and rainstorms in this region.

Climatic Characteristics of Hail Disaster and Division of Defense Region in Guizhou Province

[Objective] The aim was to study the climatic characteristics of hail disaster from 1984 to 2006 in Guizhou Province,China.[Method] Through statistical analysis,the climatic characteristics and disaster characteristics of hail from 1984 to 2006 in Guizhou Province were annalyzed and compared with previous results,then the classification standards of hail disaster were established,finally the defense zoning map of hail disaster in Guizhou Province was made.[Result] According to the statistical analysis on the historical data of hail disaster from 1984 to 2006,the frequency hail was 1 243 times in Guizhou in 23 years,that is,annual average frequency reached 54 times;annual average hailing days were 0.1-2.7 d in Guizhou Province,and the average frequency of hail was 3.8 times during each hail process;the frequency of hail was below 30 times in 52% of years and 30-80 times in 35% of years among 23 years.Hail could appear in the whole year,and 74% of hails occurred in spring,while winter had the fewest times.The results above were basically consistent with those of previous studies.Hail disaster mainly resulted in casualties and direct economic loss,and was divided into four grades according to direct economic loss,namely Grade I(extremely severe hail disaster),Grade II(severe hail disaster),Grade III(comparatively severe hail disaster) and Grade IV(medium hail disaster).The defense zoning map of hail disaster in Guizhou Province was made based on the frequency of hail and severe hail disaster,that is,the defense region at Grade I mainly distributed in Liupanshui City(in western Guizhou) and southern Guizhou;the defense region at Grade II was in the west,south and northeast of Guizhou Province,while the rest was at Grade III.[Conclusion] The study was of reference value for the defense of hail disaster in Guizhou Province.

Analysis on the Climatic Characteristics of Hail in the South Mountain Area of Ningxia

[Objective] The research aimed to study the climatic characteristics of hail in the southern mountain area of Ningxia in recent 50 years. [Method] Based on the hail observation data of 5 surface meteorological stations (Guyuan, Xiji, Jingyuan, Longde, Liupanshan) in the south of Ningxia during 1960-2009, the spatial distribution rule, the interannual and monthly climatic characteristics and variation trends of hail in the south mountain area of Ningxia were analyzed by using the statistical method. Moreover, the hail disaster prevention and reduction measures in Guyuan were put forward. [Result] The hail in the south mountain area of Ningxia in recent 50 years had the obvious annual, seasonal, monthly and daily variation characteristics. The hail might occur from March to October and mainly concentrated during May-August which occupied 72% in the whole year. The occurrence probability of hail in June was the biggest and occupied 21.7% in the whole year. It was the typical multi-hail zone in summer. The interannual variation of hail occurrence in Guyuan was big and had 3-year periodicity. The secondary-order time trend of hail in Guyuan was the anti-parabolic type, and the hail occurrence times during the 1960s-1980s presented the increase trend. It was the hail multi-occurrence period in the 1970s and 1980s. After the 1990s, the hail presented the decrease trend. In recent 20 years, the hail significantly decreased. The hail in Guyuan mainly concentrated during 12:00-21:00, and the hail occurrence times occupied 85% of total times. The hail distribution in Guyuan area had the obvious regional characteristics. The hail in the mountain area, hilly area was more and in the stream valley, north Pingchuan area was less. The hail cloud mainly derived from the mountain areas, such as Liupanshan, Nanhua Mountain, Yueliang Mountain, Xifeng Mountain and Yunwu Mountain, etc. The move direction of hail cloud was mainly from northwest to southeast or from north to south. Part of hail cloud disappeared in the original place. According to the regional distribution of hail, the hail risk in Guyuan City was divided into the high, moderate and low occurrence zones by combining with the hail disaster data. [Conclusion] The research provided the scientific basis for the forecast, early-warning of hail weather and the artificial hail suppression.

Analysis on the Climatic Characteristics of Temperature in "24 Solar Terms" in Liaoning Province

[Objective] The aim was to analyze the climatic characteristics of temperature in "24 solar terms" in Liaoning Province.[Method] Based on the daily temperature data from 56 stations in Liaoning Province from 1951 to 2009,the climatic characteristics of temperature in "24 solar terms" in Liaoning Province in recent 59 years were analyzed.[Result] The time series of average temperature in "24 solar terms" in Liaoning Province showed quasi normal distribution from 1951 to 2009,namely single peak type.Great Heat meant the hottest time within one year,and next came Slight Heat,while Slight Cold was the coldest time within one year,and Great Cold took the second place.Among 24 solar terms,temperature increased most obviously in Tomb-sweeping Day,with the increase of 4.9 ℃,while temperature decreased most greatly in the Beginning of Winter,with the decrease of 5.1 ℃.There was obvious decadal variation in average temperature in Slight Heat,Great Heat,Slight Cold,Great Cold and the End of Heat which were closely related to temperature,and average temperature went up with time.From 1951-1980 to 1981-2009,average temperature in 22 solar terms showed increase trend,and there was no change in one solar term,while average temperature in one solar term decreased slightly,and average temperature in 24 solar terms increased by 0.66 ℃.[Conclusion] The study could provide scientific reference for meteorological service.

Establishment and Maintenance of Grass Skiing Resort Turf Based on Climatic Characteristics of Western Sichuan

In recent years, a new type of leisure sport—grass skiing, has been introduced from abroad. However, there is no standard design system for this type of turf. This paper, based on climatic characteristics of western Sichuan, introduced the requirements of the construction of grass skiing resort turf in western Sichuan as well as its maintenance management mode, and tried to explore the standard system of turf establishment and maintenance management of grass skiing resort in western Sichuan.

Climatic Characteristics of Hubei Tobacco Area and Its Influence on the Quality of Upper Leaves

In order to provide a more suitable environment for tobacco leaf growth, this study collected meteorological information and tobacco leaf quality information from the main tobacco-producing counties in the province and conducted relevant analysis to find out the main meteorological factors affecting the growth, development, yield, and quality of upper tobacco leaves. Clarify the suitable climatic conditions for the growth and development of the upper leaves, and clarify the influence of various meteorological factors on the quality of the upper leaves. The results showed that the nicotine and total nitrogen content of the upper leaves were significantly positively correlated with the average daily temperature during the maturity period, and negatively correlated with the rainfall during the maturity period;the rainfall in July was significantly positively correlated with the upper leaf clutter score, which was sufficient in the mature period. Moisture conditions are conducive to alleviating the upper leaf clutter;the number of sunshine hours in August is the main factor affecting the content of aroma substances in the upper leaves, and it is also significantly positively correlated with the content of aroma substances.

Unraveling the macroevolution of horseshoe bats(Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae: Rhinolophus)

Unraveling the diversification mechanisms of organisms is a fundamental and important macroevolutionary question regarding the diversity,ecological niche, and morphological divergence of life. However, many studies have only explored diversification mechanisms via isolated factors. Here,based on comparative phylogenetic analysis, we performed a macroevolutionary examination of horseshoe bats(Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae:Rhinolophus), to reveal the inter-relationships among diversification, intrinsic/extrinsic factors, and climatic ecological niche characteristics. Results showed a general slowing trajectory during diversification, with two dispersal events from Asia into Southeast Asia and Africa playing key roles in shaping regional heterogeneous diversity. Morphospace expansions of the investigated traits(e.g., body size,echolocation, and climate niche) revealed a decoupled pattern between diversification trajectory and trait divergence, suggesting that other factors(e.g., biotic interactions) potentially played a key role in recent diversification. Based on ancestral traits and pathway analyses, most Rhinolophus lineages belonging to the same region overlapped with each other geographically and were positively associated with the diversification rate, implying a competitive prelude to speciation. Overall, our study showed that multiple approaches need to be integrated to address diversification history. Rather than a single factor, the joint effects of multiple factors(biogeography, environmental drivers, and competition) are responsible for the current diversity patterns in horseshoe bats, and a corresponding multifaceted strategy is recommended to study these patterns in the future.

A METHOD OF RAPID CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACKS OVER CHINA AND ITS APPLICATION

Using data of tropical cyclones making landfall in China between May and October each year during the1951-2015 period from the Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration(CMA-STI) Tropical Cyclone(TC) Best Track Dataset, we developed a method of rapid classification of TC tracks based on their average movement velocities and noted three types of tracks: a westward type, a northwestward type, and a northward type. We compared the climate characteristics of the westward and northward types and discuss their corresponding causes. The results show that the westward and northward types account for more than 80% of all TCs making landfall in China.Their climate characteristics, such as the frequency, landfall intensity, duration over land, velocity over land, movement distance over land, and other changes, show both similarities and differences. Both TC types show significant increases in their over-land durations, indicating that the effects of these landfalling TCs are increasing. However, the causes of these two TC types are similar and different in certain respects. The changes in large-scale steering flows have significantly affected the frequencies and over-land velocities of the landfalling TCs of the westward and northward types. In addition, differences between the changes in formation locations of the westward and northward types may lead to significant difference in their landfall intensities.

河西走廊东部近50年高·低温气候特征分析(英文)

[Objective] The research aimed to provide the certain theory basis for the accurate forecast and early warning of high and low temperature in the east of Hexi Corridor.[Method] Based on the high(the daily highest temperature ≥35 ℃) and low(the daily lowest temperature ≤-20 ℃) temperature data in five observatories in the east of Hexi Corridor during 1960-2009,the temporal and spatial distribution,intensity,continuity and circulation situation of high and low temperature were analyzed in detail by using the statistical method.[Result] The high temperature weather in the east of Hexi Corridor mainly happened in the edge of northeast desert,and the low temperature mainly happened in the mountain zone where the altitude was higher and the edge of north desert.As the climate became warm,the high temperature days showed the weak increase trend,and the intensity strengthened.The low temperature days showed the obvious decrease trend,and the intensity weakened.The high temperature weather mainly occurred in June,August,and the low temperature mainly occurred in January,February,December.The high and low temperature weather had the durative characteristic.The strong high and low temperature mainly occurred in the durative time of high and low temperature.The high temperature weather appeared in the zone where was controlled and affected by the subtropical high.The low temperature weather appeared in the zone where the strong cold air accumulated and invaded.[Conclusion] The research had the extremely important significance on servicing for the agriculture,preventing and reducing the natural disasters,promoting the local economic development.

中国1951～2000年特大暴雨气候特征(英文)

This paper analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of heavy rainfall in China from 1951 to 2000.The results showed that since 1980s,the occurrence frequency of rainfall and major storm disasters increased significantly in Sichuan Province.In 1990s,Hebei heavy rainfall frequency and major storm disasters had increased remarkably.Heavy rainfall occurred mainly from May to August.The heavy storm largely took place from April to September.Catastrophic rains occurred in October in 1990s.Liaoning and Hubei Provinces had undergone the most amounts of heavy storms in 1950s.Jiangxi Province had undergone the most amounts in 1960s and Shandong in 1970s,Sichuan in 1980s and Hebei in 1990s.

临沂市冰雹气候及雷达特征分析(英文)

[Objective] The research aimed to study the hail climate and radar characteristics in Linyi City.[Method] The five representative stations which were Mengyin,Yishui,Linshu,Cangshan,Linyi and were collectively called as Linyi City in Yimeng mountain area were selected.From the hail path,weather situation and influence system,the 40 times hail weather processes which happened in every station in June during 1965-2008 were carried out the statistics analysis.The typical weather situation and physical structure characteristics in the hail weather process in Linyi City were studied.On this basis,the statistical analysis on the new generation weather radar characteristics in the hail process during 2003-2008 was carried out.The climatic index of hail occurrence,the characteristic index of radar data and the radar observation characteristic in the city were discussed.[Result] The weather systems which affected the hail shooting in Linyi City were Mongolia cold vortex type,eastward shift small trough type,northwest airflow cold temperature trough type and so on.On the 6 h ground chart before the hail shooting,there were the small low pressure,cold front or wind shear line(airflow convergence field) in Shandong Province.They had the "trigger" and "development" effects on the occurrence and development of strong convection hail shooting.The joining of small trough in the rear of 500 hPa low vortex had three forms that were the west small trough supplementary type,the airflow field divergence in front of vortex and the small trough in the rear of vortex southward swing in general.When the vertical liquid water content quickly increased from zero or the small amount to above 40 kg/m2,it was possible to generate the hail weather.In the different months,when the echo intensity of convective cloud body >50 dBz,the initial echo height >5 km,and the crown elevation,strong center height reached the certain values,it was possible to generate the hail weather.On the radar radial velocity chart,the meso-scale convective system characteristic(the bottom layer was the convergence,and the high layer was the divergence) was obvious.At 1.5° and 3.4° elevation angles in the middle layer,there was the strong wind shear in the vertical direction of convective storm monomer.[Conclusion] The research provided the certain reference value for the analysis and forecast of this kind of weather.

Building climate zones of major marine islands in China defined using two-stage zoning method and clustering analysis

The current scheme of building climate zones in China generally assumes that building climate zones of island cities are identical to adjacent land stations.Consequently,building design strategies for island buildings usually refer to those developed for inland cities.This approach has to some extent hindered the energy-saving design and green development of island buildings in China.This research takes a first step on this issue by defining the building climate zones of 36 marine islands over China marine area using two-stage zoning methodology adopted by current building climate zoning standard(GB50178-1993).The meteorological data used for analysis was obtained from the National Climate Center of China over the 30-year period from 1985 to 2014.As comparison,40 coastal stations which are adjacent to the inves-tigated marine islands were also included in this study.Subsequently a more obiective techni-que-cluster analysis was operated as an effective supplement to discover the climate characteristics among different observations.The results of both methodologies consistentlyshow that among the 36 islands investigated,the majority of islands located in northern and eastern marine area belong to the same climate zones as their adjacent coastal cities.Howev-er,island cities in southern marine area cannot be assigned to any current climate zone,which was demonstrated by its distinctive climate features different from any other sites investi-gated through cluster analysis as well as different energy use patterns.Thus a new zone was defined to supplement the current building climate zoning scheme to cover marine area of China.