A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Molybdenum Deposits in China

Molybdenum is one of the dominant minerals in China because of its rich reserves.In recent years,outstanding breakthroughs have been made in molybdenum prospecting in China,and the distribution of molybdenum deposits in China is found to have a "planar pattern".In general,the molybdenum deposits are concentrated in eastern China,including the largest molybdenum reserves of Henan Province.In terms of the scale of molybdenum deposits,the identified resources of the superlarge deposits are the most important,which account for about 53% of the whole country,and those of the large deposits account for about 30%,those of the medium-sized deposits account for about 14%,those of the small-sized deposits,mine spots and mineralization account for about 3%.The molybdenum deposits are mainly classified as porphyry type,skarn type,hydrothermal(vein) type and sedimentary(metamorphic) type in genesis,and the identified resources of these types account for 85.75%,8.83%,2.79%and 2.63% of the total resources respectively.Based on the statistics of precise chronology data of molybdenites Re-Os,Mo-mineralization can be divided into 6 periods in Chinese geological history,which are Precambrian(>800 Ma),Cambrian-Silurian(540-415 Ma,Caledonian),Devonian-Permian(400-290 Ma,Hecynian),Triassic(260-200 Ma,Indosinian),Jurassic-Cretaceous(195-70 Ma,Yanshanian) and Paleogene-Neogene(65-10 Ma,Himalayan).Mo mineralization during the Yanshanian period is the strongest one,in which about 76.69% of the Chinese total identified resources was formed.The second is the Himalayan period.According to spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of molybdenum deposits,the metallogenic regularity of molybdenum deposits was preliminarily summarized,and 41 level-Ⅲ molybdenum-forming belts,13 level-Ⅱ molybdenum-forming provinces and 4 level-Ⅰ molybdenum-forming domains were ascertained in the mainland of China.There are 39 metallogenic series of and 60 sub-series of molybdenum deposits with molybdenum as the dominant metal and corresponding representative molybdenum deposits proposed.Metallogenic lineages of molybdenum deposits were also established.Spatial-temporal evolution of different types of molybdenum deposits,and the relationship between Mo-mineralization and tectonic evolution have been discussed in this paper.On this basis,the authors think that element Mo is an effective tracer for recording the crustal evolution history of China.At present,there are some problems in the exploration of Mo deposits in China,such as uneven exploration degrees in eastern and western China,shallow exploration depth,low and uneven grade,complex associated components,difficulty of mineral development and utilization,increasing costs of prospecting,and so on.According to successful experience of superficial and deep prospecting and considering also the discussion above,some suggestions are proposed for the prospecting of molybdenum deposits in the future.

Geology and mineralization of the Daheishan supergiant porphyry molybdenum deposit(1.65 Bt),Jilin,China:A review

The Daheishan supergiant porphyry molybdenum deposit(also referred to as the Daheishan deposit)is the second largest molybdenum deposit in Asia and ranks fifth among the top seven molybdenum deposits globally with total molybdenum reserves of 1.65 billion tons,an average molybdenum ore grade of 0.081%,and molybdenum resources of 1.09 million tons.The main ore body is housed in the granodiorite porphyry plutons and their surrounding inequigranular granodiorite plutons,with high-grade ores largely located in the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyries in the middle-upper part of the porphyry plutons.Specifically,it appears as an ore pipe with a large upper part and a small lower part,measuring about 1700 m in length and width,extending for about 500 m vertically,and covering an area of 2.3 km^(2).Mineralogically,the main ore body consists of molybdenite,chalcopyrite,and sphalerite horizontally from its center outward and exhibits molybdenite,azurite,and pyrite vertically from top to bottom.The primary ore minerals include pyrite and molybdenite,and the secondary ore minerals include sphalerite,chalcopyrite,tetrahedrite,and scheelite,with average grades of molybdenum,copper,sulfur,gallium,and rhenium being 0.081%,0.033%,1.67%,0.001%,and 0.0012%,respectively.The ore-forming fluids of the Daheishan deposit originated as the CO_(2)-H_(2)O-NaCl multiphase magmatic fluid system,rich in CO_(2)and bearing minor amounts of CH4,N2,and H2S,and later mixed with meteoric precipitation.In various mineralization stages,the ore-forming fluids had homogenization temperatures of>420℃‒400℃,360℃‒350℃,340℃‒230℃,220℃‒210℃,and 180℃‒160℃and salinities of>41.05%‒9.8%NaCleqv,38.16%‒4.48%NaCleqv,35.78%‒4.49%NaCleqv,7.43%NaCleqv,and 7.8%‒9.5%NaCleqv,respectively.The mineralization of the Daheishan deposit occurred at 186‒167 Ma.The granites closely related to the mineralization include granodiorites(granodiorite porphyries)and monzogranites(monzogranite porphyries),which were mineralized after magmatic evolution(189‒167 Ma).Moreover,these mineralization-related granites exhibit low initial strontium content and high initial neodymium content,indicating that these granites underwent crust-mantle mixing.The Daheishan deposit formed during the Early-Middle Jurassic,during which basaltic magma underplating induced the lower-crust melting,leading to the formation of magma chambers.After the fractional crystallization of magmas,ore-bearing fluids formed.As the temperature and pressure decreased,the ore-bearing fluids boiled drops while ascending,leading to massive unloading of metal elements.Consequently,brecciated and veinlet-disseminated ore bodies formed.

Anomaly Models of Spatial Structures for Copper-Molybdenum Ore Deposits and their Application

This paper discusses the enrichment and depletion regularities for porphyry copper-molybdenum ore deposits in different regions and varied deposit genetic types in the same area, taking three porphyry copper-molybdenum ore deposits (i.e., the Chengmenshan in Jiangxi, Wunugetushan in Inner Mongolia, Baishantang in Gansu) and two copper deposits in Gansu Province (the Huitongshan skarn deposit and Gongpoquan composite deposit) as case studies. The results show that porphyry Cu-Mo deposits or skarn copper deposits include both enrichment of the ore-forming elements and associated elements, and depletion of some lithophile dispersed elements, rare earth elements (REE) and some major elements. And the depleted elements vary with deposits, having generality and their own features. On a deposit scale, the positive anomalies of enriched elements and negative anomalies of depleted elements follow in a sequence to comprise regular anomaly models of spatial structures. The exploration in the Tongchang deposit in Jiangxi and Huitongshan deposit in Gansu suggests that anomaly models play a key role in the identification of mineral occurrences and deposits compared to one single enriched element anomaly. And the anomaly models exert a critical effect on the optimization of prospecting targets and their potential evaluation.

Re-Os Isotope Ages of Molybdenum Deposits in East Qinling and Their Significance

Dating of metallic ore deposits has been one of the problems concerned with by ore geologists for many years.The establishment of the Re-Os Isotope Laboratory at the Institute of Rock and Mineral Analysis,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, has provided us with a new technique to carry out geochronological studies of molybdenum ores.As one of the most important Re-bearing minerals, molybdenite contains almost no common osmium, but ^187Os was derived completely from decay of ^187Re, with ^187Os content as the function of Re content in the mineral .An ID-ICP-MS technique has been used in this study,and Re-Os isotopic ages of several large molybdenum deposits of differ-ent types from the East Qinling molybdenum belt have been determined.It is indicated that the Huanglongpu carbonatite vein-type molybdenum-(lead) deposit has a Re-Os age corresponding to Indosinian,while the rest porphyry-type molybdenum deposits and porphyry-skarn-type molybdenum-(tungsten) deposits have Re-Os ages corresponding to Yenshanian.

The geology, structure and mineralisation of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum deposits, Mongolia： A review

The Oyu Tolgoi cluster of seven porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits in southern Mongolia,define a narrow,linear,12 km long,almost continuously mineralised trend,which contains in excess of 42 Mt of Cu and1850 t of Au,and is among the largest high grade porphyry Cu-Au deposits in the world.These deposits lie within the Gurvansayhan island-arc terrane,a fault bounded segment of the broader Silurian to Carboniferous Kazakh-Mongol arc,located towards the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt,a collage of magmatic arcs that were periodically active from the late Neoproterozoic to PermoTriassic,extending from the Urals Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.Mineralisation at Oyu Tolgoi is associated with multiple,overlapping,intrusions of late Devonian(~372 to 370 Ma) quartzmonzodiorite intruding Devonian(or older) juvenile,probably intra-oceanic arc-related,basaltic lavas and lesser volcaniclastic rocks,unconformably overlain by late Devonian(~370 Ma) basaltic to dacitic pyroclastic and volcano sedimentary rocks.These quartz-monzodiorite intrusions range from earlymineral porphyritic dykes,to larger,linear,syn-,late- and post-mineral dykes and stocks.Ore was deposited within syn-mineral quartz-monzodiorites,but is dominantly hosted by augite basalts and to a lesser degree by overlying dacitic pyroclastic rocks.Following ore deposition,an allochthonous plate of older Devonian(or pre-Devonian) rocks was overthrust and a post-ore biotite granodiorite intruded at^365 Ma.Mineralisation is characterised by varying,telescoped stages of intrusion and alteration.Early A-type quartz veined dykes were followed by Cu-Au mineralisation associated with potassic alteration,mainly K-feldspar in quartz-monzodiorite and biotite-magnetite in basaltic hosts.Downward reflux of cooled,late-magmatic hydrothermal fluid resulted in intense quartz-sericite retrograde alteration in the upper parts of the main syn-mineral intrusions,and an equivalent chlorite-muscovite/illite-hematite assemblage in basaltic host rocks.Uplift,facilitated by syn-mineral longitudinal faulting,brought sections of the porphyry deposit to shallower depths,to be overprinted and upgraded by late stage,shallower,advanced argillic alteration and high sulphidation mineralisation.Key controls on the location,size and grade of the deposit cluster include(i) a long-lived,narrow faulted corridor;(ii) multiple pulses of overlapping intrusion within the same structure;and(iii) enclosing reactive,mafic dominated wall rocks,focussing ore.

The Grade-Tonnage Model for China's Molybdenum Deposits

The authors have studied the statistical characteristics of China's molybdenum deposits to establish the grade-tonnage model based on the data updated to the end of 2010. The results showed that each type of China's molybdenum deposits complied with Lasky's law approximately and the characteristics of grade-tonnage model obey the lognormal distribution. However, there are poor correlations between grade and tonnage respectively. Ultimately, we aimed to fit the grade-tonnage model through the known distribution function, draw the cumulative probability curves, and evaluated undiscovered mineral resources of China's molybdenum deposits by means of Monte Carlo simulation integrated in MRAS.

LA-ICP-MS Zircon U-Pb Geochronology of the Fine-grained Granite and Molybdenite Re-Os Dating in the Wurinitu Molybdenum Deposit,Inner Mongolia,China

The Wurinitu molybdenum deposit,located in Honggor,Sonid Left Banner of Inner Mongolia,China,is recently discovered and is considered to be associated with a concealed fine-grained granite impregnated with molybdenite.The wall rocks are composed of Variscan porphyritic-like biotite granite and the Lower Ordovician Wubin'aobao Formation.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the fine-grained granite reveals two stages of zircons,one were formed at 181.7±7.4 Ma and the other at 133.6±3.3 Ma.The latter age is beli...

Geological and geochemical characteristics and metallogenic model of the Wenquan molybdenum deposit

The Wenquan molybdenum deposit is a kind of large-sized porphyry molybdenum deposit found in re-cent years.In this paper,on the basis of deposit geology,geochemistry and isotope geochronology data,the metal-logenic model of this deposit was established.The Wenquan granitic batholith belongs to the K-rich(alkali-rich) calc-alkaline rock series,which is the mineralization parent rock.The rock massif shows the characteristics of both crust-remelting granite and mantle-source granite.At the same time,the data of REE contents,hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and inclusion temperatures showed that the metallogenic hydrothermal solution is a mixed mesothermal solution of magmato-hydrothermal fluid and meteoric water.Mineralization was dated at 214±7.1 Ma,basically identical with the parent rock's age(207-226 Ma).This reflects that molybdenum mineralization has a close relation to tectonic magmatism evoked by orogenic processes,and molybdenum mineralization occurred mainly at the petrogenesis stage at the late stage of magma emplacement.Mixing with meteoric water led to a decrease in the sa-linity of magmato-hydrothermal solution and changes in other physical and chemical properties.During the tectonic process,ore-bearing hydrothermal solution ascended along favorable fault structure channels.With physicochemical changes,it filled in the surrounding rock joints on both sides of faults,forming ore deposits.

Discussion on Middle Jurassic metallogenic mechanism of Au-Mo polymetallic hydrothermal deposits in eastern Jilin

In the Middle Jurassic,a large-scale tectonic-magmatic activities and hydrothermal mineralization occurred in the eastern Jilin province.The deposit types consist of the orogenic gold deposit,porphyry molybdenum deposit and skarn gold deposit,etc.,which constitute regional hydrothermal metallogenic series.The magmatic bodies related to mineralization belong to calc-alkaline series,which are characterized by active continental margins.The above-mentioned different types of deposits formed in a uniform tectonic setting,which resulted from the combined processes between the subduction of Pacific plate under the Eurasia plate and the persistent post-collisional convergent forces between the North China plate and the Siberian plate.The mineralizations were happening in the deceleration period,after which Paleo-Pacific plate was strongly subducted under the Eurasia continental block,i.e.transition period from compression to extension.

SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb and Molybdenite Re-Os Datings of the Superlarge Donggou Porphyry Molybdenum Deposit in the East Qinling,China,and Its Geological Implications

摘要：在东方 Qinling 铝带的东方部分定位了， Donggou 存款是在最近的年里发现的 superlarge 斑岩铝存款。作者执行了在 Donggou 铝存款的使矿物化的斑岩和矿石的高度精确的标明日期。Donggou 铝土的 A 类型花岗石斑岩标明日期的虾 U-Pb 锆石给了 112 楬瑡摥 ? 的形成岩石的年龄 ???????

Geology and Geochemistry of the Shizitou Molybdenum Deposit, Jiangxi Province： Implications for Geodynamic Setting and Metallogenesis

The Shizitou molybdenum(Mo) deposit in Yongping, Jiangxi, is an important, recently discovered deposit in the eastern section of the Qin–Hang metallogenic belt. The Mo deposit is located in the outer contact zone between the porphyritic biotite granite and the Neoproterozoic migmatite, and present in the deep central part of the intrusion. Re–Os dating and S and Pb isotopic analysis have been conducted to assess the metallogenesis of the Shizitou Mo deposit. S, Pb and Re isotopes show that the ore–forming materials were derived from the porphyritic biotite granitic magma, which originated from the mixing of mantle and crust. Re–Os dating of molybdenite from the ores gives a model age from 156.9±2.2 to 158.5±2.4 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 158±1 Ma and an isochron age of 158.0±2.5 Ma. Geological and geochemical characteristics of the ore deposit and the related granitoids indicate that the Shizitou deposit is a Climax–type Mo deposit. Based on previous studies of the Qin–Hang metallogenic belt, two metallogenic events are believed to have occurred during 172–145 Ma and 137–132 Ma. These two metallogenic periods are consistent with the timing of two metallogenic peaks during the middle to late Jurassic and the Cretaceous in South China. These events represent responses to the partial back–arc extension associated with the subduction of the Izanagi plate beneath the Eurasian continent and the rapid northeastward movement of the subducting Izanagi plate.

Geological Characteristics and Molybdenite Re-Os Isotopic Dating of Shiyaogou Porphyry Molybdenum Deposit,Western Henan Province

The Shiyaogou deposit,located in Songxian,Henan Province,China,is a medium-sized Molybdenum deposit newly discovered in the East Qinling molybdenum belt.Occurring in the altered Proterozoic Xionger Group,mineralization of the deposit consists of molybedenite disseminations and quartz -molybdenite veinlets and stockworks.Hydrothermal alteration is well developed and is composed of potassic alteration,silicification,sericitization,pyriti-

矿床学野外综合实践教学探索——以金堆城钼矿床为例

矿床学野外综合实践是传统课堂理论授课和室内实习的重要拓展,对提高学生的矿床分析研究能力、野外实践综合能力、理论联系实际的能力和创新能力具有极大帮助。金堆城钼矿床野外综合实践是在传统矿床学课程学习的基础上,开展的课间野外综合实践教学,着眼于深化学生对矿床学基础知识及其相关成矿理论和工作方法等的理解,同时加强学生矿床学综合分析能力和创新思维能力的培养;此外,该实践教学还涉及矿山生产流程、矿产经济和绿色矿山建设等拓展性知识介绍的学习和认知,有助于学生理解矿床的经济属性和树立现代矿业生态文明观。

MoO_(3)界面修饰提升刮涂钙钛矿太阳电池性能

在空穴传输层Spiro-OMeTAD和Ag电极之间引入三氧化钼(MoO_(3))空穴修饰层,并研究其对空气中刮涂的钙钛矿太阳电池光伏性能的影响,结合导电性测试、稳态光致发光光谱和水接触角测试等探究其影响机制。实验和测试结果表明MoO_(3)可提升空穴传输能力和减小界面电阻,同时对下方的Spiro-OMeTAD及钙钛矿起到保护作用,可减缓空气中水氧侵蚀。基于MoO_(3)界面修饰层的在空气中刮涂制备的钙钛矿太阳电池光电转换效率由15.14%提升至18.30%,尤其是填充因子的平均值由60%提升至76%,电池稳定性得到改善,未封装电池在400 h后仍保持初始效率的90%。

河北围场河西村钼矿床流体包裹体和同位素特征

河西村钼矿床是近年来新发现的斑岩型钼矿床,矿体赋存于石英二长斑岩体之中,其形成年龄为136.6 Ma,碱长花岗斑岩侵入并破坏了含矿石英二长斑岩的岩石和矿体特征,其形成年龄为129.8 Ma,研究区斑岩型钼矿床的成矿年龄为129.8~136.6 Ma。流体包裹体研究表明:包裹体以富液两相水溶液包裹体为主,均一温度范围为244.7~388.1℃,盐度为0.33%~4.55%,流体密度为0.48~0.83 g/cm^(3),均一压力为3.2~24 MPa,含矿石英脉为D脉,形成于石英二长斑岩岩浆活动晚期。

河南嵩县南部石英脉型钼矿床物化探异常特征与找矿预测

河南嵩县南部石英脉型钼矿床发育,是河南省乃至全国重要的金钼铅锌多金属矿产地,其成矿地质条件优越。通过对查阅区内物化探异常及矿产勘查成果资料,研究区整体处于NW向构造控矿环境中,其北部存在一条近EW向控矿构造,纸房钼矿—前范岭钼矿一带为NW向与近EW向两组控矿构造的交汇部位,根据物化探异常特征,在研究区内圈出找矿远景区3处,旨在为区内后续开展钼矿找矿工作提供某些参考。

C含量对Fe-Mo-V堆焊合金组织性能的影响

采用电弧熔覆Fe-Mo-V-C药芯焊丝在Q235钢基体上制备耐磨堆焊层。通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜及能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等研究了熔敷金属微观组织,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对熔敷金属物相进行标定,利用销盘磨损试验分析熔敷金属耐磨性。结果表明:当C元素含量增加时,熔敷金属中形成了大量的细小VC硬质相以及网格状的Mo-Fe-C化合物,提高了熔敷金属的耐磨性;熔敷金属中首先形成的VC硬质相起到异质形核、细化晶粒和钉扎位错的作用;Mo元素以Mo-Fe-C白色枝晶形式存在于熔敷金属中,起到细化晶粒增强基体耐磨性能的作用。

粤东北差干钼金多金属矿成矿特征及模式探讨

对差干钼金多金属矿床成矿地质条件、矿体特征、围岩蚀变特征等进行初步调查与统计,对矿区的控矿构造、岩浆及成矿作用等进行分析研究,探讨了矿区成矿物质来源、控矿因素、矿体赋存特征以及成矿模式。差干钼金多金属矿床矿体主要产于晚白垩世酸性火山岩地层中,尤其是晚白垩世气孔流纹岩、球粒流纹岩地层,矿石类型为钼金矿脉型,蚀变种类主要为硅化、钾(钠)长石化、胶状黄铁矿化、赤铁矿化、绿泥石化、萤石化和碳酸盐化等。矿区成矿物质主要来源于火山岩本身已有成矿物质以及火山喷气阶段深部岩浆源,矿体受北北东向鹿子坑断裂和北西西向2组不同级别、不同方向构造的联合控制,构造分支复合变异部位、侵入体接触界面、裂隙发育部位以及层间破碎带是矿化富集的有利部位,多期多阶段蚀变和成矿作用有利于形成厚大的钼金多金属矿体。

河南卢氏地区黑色岩系沉积型褐铁矿及其伴生钼锌组分的工业价值探讨

沉积型铁矿床以赤铁矿和磁铁矿为主,罕见沉积型褐铁矿床。黑色岩系中富集Mo、Ni、V、PGE实例较多,但黑色岩系中发现有沉积型褐铁矿床的报道少见,更未见沉积型褐铁矿床中有Mo、Zn矿化的报道。河南卢氏地区震旦系东坡组黑色岩系中发育有褐铁矿化,并伴生有钼、锌元素大规模高强度异常,前人认为是“铁帽”,深部有找寻大型硫化物原生矿床的潜力。通过对铁矿床含矿建造的重新厘定和成矿环境的恢复,以及对成矿物质来源的示踪,达到了对成矿过程的精细研究,认为区内铁矿化原始成矿方式为沉积成矿,主要以褐铁矿形式沉积,赤铁矿次之,后期强烈的构造变形使矿体遭受强烈的风化淋滤改造,致使矿床成因信息受到掩盖,是“假铁帽”。钼、锌元素以离子形式被铁质胶体和有机质吸附、携载迁移,在特定部位共同卸载沉淀,无独立的钼、锌矿物产出,没有工业价值。

Investigation of Single-Wall MoS_2 Monolayer Flakes Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Recently, two-dimensional monolayer molybdenum disulfide(MoS_2), a transition metal dichalcogenide, has received considerable attention due to its direct bandgap, which does not exist in its bulk form, enabling applications in optoelectronics and also thanks to its enhanced catalytic activity which allows it to be used for energy harvesting. However,growth of controllable and high-quality monolayers is still a matter of research and the parameters determining growth mechanism are not completely clear. In this work, chemical vapor deposition is utilized to grow monolayer MoS_2 flakes while deposition duration and temperature effect have been systematically varied to develop a better understanding of the MoS_2 film formation and the influence of these parameters on the quality of the monolayer flakes. Different from previous studies, SEM results show that single-layer MoS_2 flakes do not necessarily grow flat on the surface, but rather they can stay erect and inclined at different angles on the surface, indicating possible gas-phase reactions allowing for monolayer film formation. We have also revealed that process duration influences the amount of MoO_3/MoO_2 within the film network. The homogeneity and the number of layers depend on the change in the desorption–adsorption of radicals together with sulfurization rates, and, inasmuch, a careful optimization of parameters is crucial. Therefore, distinct from the general trend of MoS_2 monolayer formation, our films are rough and heterogeneous with monolayer MoS_2 nanowalls. Despite this roughness and the heterogeneity, we observe a strong photoluminescence located around 675 nm.