Research Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women and the third leading cause of female cancer death in Bangladesh. Delay in initiation of treatment in advanced stage cervical cancer patie...Research Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women and the third leading cause of female cancer death in Bangladesh. Delay in initiation of treatment in advanced stage cervical cancer patients is an important modifiable risk factor for cancer-related mortality. Identifying elements associated with delay of diagnosis will help reduce barriers to timely treatment of cervical cancer. Research Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze the factors leading to delay in diagnosis and treatment of women with advanced stage cervical cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study analyzed the factors associated with delay in initiation of treatment for 138 patients with advanced-stage cervical cancer from November 2019 to October 2020 at the National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital (NICRH) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Advanced-stage cervical cancer patients between the ages of 30 to 70 years were included in this study. Face-to-face interviews with the participants used a predesigned data collection sheet. In this study, three components of delay were identified: primary delay due to patient factors, healthcare provider delay, and healthcare-system infrastructure delay. Factors associated with delay were the independent variables and durations of delay were the outcome variables. Descriptive statistics were expressed as mean + standard deviation, median, percentage, and frequency. Results: One hundred and thirty-eight patients with advanced stage cervical cancer were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 48.74 (±9.57) years. Thirty-four percent of patients were illiterate. More than half (57.25%) of the patients were from lower middle-class families. Delays were categorized as patient-related, healthcare provider delay, and healthcare-system infrastructure related. Patient-related factors included low monthly income, residence in a rural area, embarrassment, fear, lack of knowledge regarding cervical cancer, delay in contacting a spouse, family member or friend prior to the first medical encounter. These elements predicted a primary delay of more than 60 days (P value Conclusion: Three broad categories of delay in diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer: patient-related factors, healthcare provider-related factors, and healthcare-system infrastructure factors were analyzed. Illiteracy, lack of awareness regarding cervical cancer, lack of health-seeking behavior, and poor income status were associated with patient-related primary delay. Nonperformance of speculum examination in the initial consultation, misdiagnosis, inappropriate management, and delay in referral to the cancer treatment center by primary healthcare providers were the contributing factors for healthcare provider delay. Lack of availability and accessibility of health services and limitation of radiotherapy resources led to healthcare-system infrastructure delays. All three categories of delay must be addressed through the education of communities, the gynecologic training of community healthcare providers, the improvement of medical infrastructure, and the increase of medical resources.展开更多
A control scheme that integrates control technology with communication technology to solve the delay problem is introduced for a class of networked control systems: Networked Half-Link Systems (NHLS). Concretely, we u...A control scheme that integrates control technology with communication technology to solve the delay problem is introduced for a class of networked control systems: Networked Half-Link Systems (NHLS). Concretely, we use the master-slave clock synchronization technology to evaluate the delays online, and then the LQ optimal control based on delays is adopted to stabilize the controlled plant. During the clock synchronization process, the error of evaluated delays is inevitably induced from the clock synchronization error, which will deteriorate the system performances, and even make system unstable in certain cases. Hence, the discussions about the clock error, and the related control analysis and design are also developed. Specifically, we present the sufficient conditions of controller parameters that guarantee the system stability, and a controller design method based on the error of delays is addressed thereafter. The experiments based on a CANbus platform are fulfilled, and the experimental results verify the previous analytic results finally.展开更多
Three different types of tensile strength （TS） 980 MPa grade advanced high-strength steels used in automotive applications, namely, 980MS （ martensite steel ）, 980DP （ dual phase ） and 980QP （ quenching and par...Three different types of tensile strength （TS） 980 MPa grade advanced high-strength steels used in automotive applications, namely, 980MS （ martensite steel ）, 980DP （ dual phase ） and 980QP （ quenching and partitioning） steels were examined. The delayed fracture resistance of the steels was evaluated using a U-bend test, slow strain rate test（SSRT） and a constant load tensile test. The results indicated that all the steels could pass the 300 h HC1 solution immersion test and none of the U-bend specimens was fractured in the test. However,the steels exhibited different susceptibilities to delayed fracture under SSRT and the constant load tensile tests. 980DP exhibited the highest resistance to delayed fracture among all the samples, while 980MS was found to be the most susceptible to delayed fracture.展开更多
In order to detect the performance parameters of the network, for example, the network delay or delay jitter, the clock synchronization relations between the two hosts at two ends along the network must be calculated ...In order to detect the performance parameters of the network, for example, the network delay or delay jitter, the clock synchronization relations between the two hosts at two ends along the network must be calculated in advance. Then with the correct temporal relations between the two hosts, multimedia transmission along the network and display can occur by the proper order. A refined method based on Paxson's algorithm is proposed and testified. More accurate results can be attained by the method. By the way, the method can be used in a more complicated environment. Furthermore, an end-to-end network performance tester based on the proposed algorithm is designed and implemented.展开更多
This study investigated an economic order quantity (EOQ) model with completebackorder for fixed lifetime perishable items under multiple advance and delayedpayments policies. Here, a new type of business policy is con...This study investigated an economic order quantity (EOQ) model with completebackorder for fixed lifetime perishable items under multiple advance and delayedpayments policies. Here, a new type of business policy is consideredwhere supplieroffers the retailer to pay a fraction of the purchasing cost before the order deliverybymultiple equal installments starting from the ordering time and the rest amountafter the delivery by multiple equal installments. Here, some theoretical results areillustrated to determine the conditions of existence and uniqueness of the optimalsolutions. A closed form solution is determined to solve the proposed model underapproximation. Some numerical examples are provided to examine the validity ofthe proposed model. Finally, sensitivity analyses are presented to obtain the effectof optimal policy and provide some managerial insights of the model.展开更多
在密码算法电路中寄存器翻转时刻随机化对芯片抗DPA(differential power analysis)攻击能力有很大影响,因此提出了一种基于寄存器翻转时刻随机化的抗DPA攻击技术,其核心是利用不同频率时钟相位差的变化实现电路中关键寄存器翻转时刻的...在密码算法电路中寄存器翻转时刻随机化对芯片抗DPA(differential power analysis)攻击能力有很大影响,因此提出了一种基于寄存器翻转时刻随机化的抗DPA攻击技术,其核心是利用不同频率时钟相位差的变化实现电路中关键寄存器翻转时刻的随机变化.针对跨时钟域的数据和控制信号,提出了需要满足的时序约束条件的计算方法,同时还分析了不同时钟频率对寄存器翻转时刻随机化程度的影响.以AES密码算法协处理器为例,实现了所提出的寄存器翻转时刻随机化技术,通过实验模拟的方法验证了理论分析的正确性.实验结果显示,在合理选择电路工作时钟频率的情况下,所提出的技术能够有效提高密码算法电路的抗DPA攻击性能.展开更多
In general, earthquake cycle related to earthquake faulting could include four major processes which could be described by （1） fault locking, （2） self-acceleration or nucleation （possible foreshocks）, （3） cose...In general, earthquake cycle related to earthquake faulting could include four major processes which could be described by （1） fault locking, （2） self-acceleration or nucleation （possible foreshocks）, （3） coseismic slip, and （4） post-stress relaxation and afterslip. A sudden static stress change/perturbation in the surrounding crust can advance/ delay the fault instability or failure time and modify earth- quake rates. Based on a simple one-dimensional spring-sli- der block model with the combination of rate-and-state- dependent friction relation, in this study, we have approxi- mately derived the simple analytical solutions of clock advance/delay of fault failures caused by a sudden static Coulomb stress change applied in the different temporal evolution periods during an earthquake faulting. The results have been used in the physics-based explanation of delayed characteristic earthquake in Parkfield region, California, in which the next characteristic earthquake of M 6.0 after 1966 occurred in 2004 instead of around 1988 according to its characteristic return period of 22 years. At the same time, the analytical solutions also indicate that the time advance/ delay in Coulomb stress change derived by the dislocation model has a certain limitation and fundamental flaw. Fur- thermore, we discussed the essential difference between rate- and state-variable constitutive （R-S） model and Coulomb stress model used commonly in current earthquake triggering study, and demonstrated that, in fact, the Coulomb stress model could be involved in the R-S model. The results, we have obtained in this study, could be used in the development of time-dependent fault interaction model and the probability calculation related to the time-dependent and renewal earthquake prediction model.展开更多
Two improved structures of high resolution digital pulse width modulator(DPWM) control circuit are proposed. Embedded digital clock manager(DCM) blocks and digital programmable delay circuits are employed as the basic...Two improved structures of high resolution digital pulse width modulator(DPWM) control circuit are proposed. Embedded digital clock manager(DCM) blocks and digital programmable delay circuits are employed as the basic resources to construct the field-programmable gate array(FPGA)-based DPWM implementations. Detailed schemes are illustrated and the circuits have been successfully implemented on the Artix-7 FPGA device developed by Xilinx. Experimental results show that when the basic clock operates at the frequency of 200 MHz, the resolutions of the two approaches can reach 625 ps and 500 ps, respectively. Besides,the presented schemes possess other merits including flexible resolution, strong versatility and relatively good stability.展开更多
A WiFi-ZigBee hybrid BAN solution, namely WiZBAN, is proposed and implemented to cater for the development of high traffic AMI for smart grid application. It is important to highlight that the major challenge of WiZBA...A WiFi-ZigBee hybrid BAN solution, namely WiZBAN, is proposed and implemented to cater for the development of high traffic AMI for smart grid application. It is important to highlight that the major challenge of WiZBAN is to handle the high density environment which results in heavy traffic loading and weak signal propagation. To overcome the captioned problem, Vertical Backbone Communication (VBC) and Horizontal Floor Communication (HFC) are defined for WiZBAN. The WiZBAN consists of WiZBAN Gateway (WiZGW), WiZBAN Meter Hub (WiZBAN) and WiZBAN In Home Display (WiZIHD) which caters for the smart grids services including smart metering and demand response. The WiZGW is the entrance of WiZBAN and connects WiZBAN to utilities. The WiZGW also teams up with WiZMH to enables VBC. On the other hand, WiZMH serves as the interception point of VBC and HFC. It interacts with smart meters and sets up the HFC together with WiZIHD to provide the user interface for end users. To shorten the transmission time, WiFi is adopted for VBC while ZigBee is applied to HCF to overcome the weak signal propagation. To investigate the performance of WiZBAN, a case study has been conducted based on an existing 23 floor residential building. From the measured and simulated results, the average round trip delay of demand response and smart metering are found to be 0.6 s and 9 s respectively.展开更多
文摘Research Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women and the third leading cause of female cancer death in Bangladesh. Delay in initiation of treatment in advanced stage cervical cancer patients is an important modifiable risk factor for cancer-related mortality. Identifying elements associated with delay of diagnosis will help reduce barriers to timely treatment of cervical cancer. Research Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze the factors leading to delay in diagnosis and treatment of women with advanced stage cervical cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study analyzed the factors associated with delay in initiation of treatment for 138 patients with advanced-stage cervical cancer from November 2019 to October 2020 at the National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital (NICRH) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Advanced-stage cervical cancer patients between the ages of 30 to 70 years were included in this study. Face-to-face interviews with the participants used a predesigned data collection sheet. In this study, three components of delay were identified: primary delay due to patient factors, healthcare provider delay, and healthcare-system infrastructure delay. Factors associated with delay were the independent variables and durations of delay were the outcome variables. Descriptive statistics were expressed as mean + standard deviation, median, percentage, and frequency. Results: One hundred and thirty-eight patients with advanced stage cervical cancer were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 48.74 (±9.57) years. Thirty-four percent of patients were illiterate. More than half (57.25%) of the patients were from lower middle-class families. Delays were categorized as patient-related, healthcare provider delay, and healthcare-system infrastructure related. Patient-related factors included low monthly income, residence in a rural area, embarrassment, fear, lack of knowledge regarding cervical cancer, delay in contacting a spouse, family member or friend prior to the first medical encounter. These elements predicted a primary delay of more than 60 days (P value Conclusion: Three broad categories of delay in diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer: patient-related factors, healthcare provider-related factors, and healthcare-system infrastructure factors were analyzed. Illiteracy, lack of awareness regarding cervical cancer, lack of health-seeking behavior, and poor income status were associated with patient-related primary delay. Nonperformance of speculum examination in the initial consultation, misdiagnosis, inappropriate management, and delay in referral to the cancer treatment center by primary healthcare providers were the contributing factors for healthcare provider delay. Lack of availability and accessibility of health services and limitation of radiotherapy resources led to healthcare-system infrastructure delays. All three categories of delay must be addressed through the education of communities, the gynecologic training of community healthcare providers, the improvement of medical infrastructure, and the increase of medical resources.
文摘A control scheme that integrates control technology with communication technology to solve the delay problem is introduced for a class of networked control systems: Networked Half-Link Systems (NHLS). Concretely, we use the master-slave clock synchronization technology to evaluate the delays online, and then the LQ optimal control based on delays is adopted to stabilize the controlled plant. During the clock synchronization process, the error of evaluated delays is inevitably induced from the clock synchronization error, which will deteriorate the system performances, and even make system unstable in certain cases. Hence, the discussions about the clock error, and the related control analysis and design are also developed. Specifically, we present the sufficient conditions of controller parameters that guarantee the system stability, and a controller design method based on the error of delays is addressed thereafter. The experiments based on a CANbus platform are fulfilled, and the experimental results verify the previous analytic results finally.
文摘Three different types of tensile strength （TS） 980 MPa grade advanced high-strength steels used in automotive applications, namely, 980MS （ martensite steel ）, 980DP （ dual phase ） and 980QP （ quenching and partitioning） steels were examined. The delayed fracture resistance of the steels was evaluated using a U-bend test, slow strain rate test（SSRT） and a constant load tensile test. The results indicated that all the steels could pass the 300 h HC1 solution immersion test and none of the U-bend specimens was fractured in the test. However,the steels exhibited different susceptibilities to delayed fracture under SSRT and the constant load tensile tests. 980DP exhibited the highest resistance to delayed fracture among all the samples, while 980MS was found to be the most susceptible to delayed fracture.
文摘In order to detect the performance parameters of the network, for example, the network delay or delay jitter, the clock synchronization relations between the two hosts at two ends along the network must be calculated in advance. Then with the correct temporal relations between the two hosts, multimedia transmission along the network and display can occur by the proper order. A refined method based on Paxson's algorithm is proposed and testified. More accurate results can be attained by the method. By the way, the method can be used in a more complicated environment. Furthermore, an end-to-end network performance tester based on the proposed algorithm is designed and implemented.
文摘This study investigated an economic order quantity (EOQ) model with completebackorder for fixed lifetime perishable items under multiple advance and delayedpayments policies. Here, a new type of business policy is consideredwhere supplieroffers the retailer to pay a fraction of the purchasing cost before the order deliverybymultiple equal installments starting from the ordering time and the rest amountafter the delivery by multiple equal installments. Here, some theoretical results areillustrated to determine the conditions of existence and uniqueness of the optimalsolutions. A closed form solution is determined to solve the proposed model underapproximation. Some numerical examples are provided to examine the validity ofthe proposed model. Finally, sensitivity analyses are presented to obtain the effectof optimal policy and provide some managerial insights of the model.
文摘在密码算法电路中寄存器翻转时刻随机化对芯片抗DPA(differential power analysis)攻击能力有很大影响,因此提出了一种基于寄存器翻转时刻随机化的抗DPA攻击技术,其核心是利用不同频率时钟相位差的变化实现电路中关键寄存器翻转时刻的随机变化.针对跨时钟域的数据和控制信号,提出了需要满足的时序约束条件的计算方法,同时还分析了不同时钟频率对寄存器翻转时刻随机化程度的影响.以AES密码算法协处理器为例,实现了所提出的寄存器翻转时刻随机化技术,通过实验模拟的方法验证了理论分析的正确性.实验结果显示,在合理选择电路工作时钟频率的情况下,所提出的技术能够有效提高密码算法电路的抗DPA攻击性能.
文摘In general, earthquake cycle related to earthquake faulting could include four major processes which could be described by （1） fault locking, （2） self-acceleration or nucleation （possible foreshocks）, （3） coseismic slip, and （4） post-stress relaxation and afterslip. A sudden static stress change/perturbation in the surrounding crust can advance/ delay the fault instability or failure time and modify earth- quake rates. Based on a simple one-dimensional spring-sli- der block model with the combination of rate-and-state- dependent friction relation, in this study, we have approxi- mately derived the simple analytical solutions of clock advance/delay of fault failures caused by a sudden static Coulomb stress change applied in the different temporal evolution periods during an earthquake faulting. The results have been used in the physics-based explanation of delayed characteristic earthquake in Parkfield region, California, in which the next characteristic earthquake of M 6.0 after 1966 occurred in 2004 instead of around 1988 according to its characteristic return period of 22 years. At the same time, the analytical solutions also indicate that the time advance/ delay in Coulomb stress change derived by the dislocation model has a certain limitation and fundamental flaw. Fur- thermore, we discussed the essential difference between rate- and state-variable constitutive （R-S） model and Coulomb stress model used commonly in current earthquake triggering study, and demonstrated that, in fact, the Coulomb stress model could be involved in the R-S model. The results, we have obtained in this study, could be used in the development of time-dependent fault interaction model and the probability calculation related to the time-dependent and renewal earthquake prediction model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61401204)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(30916011319)+1 种基金the Technology Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(BY2015004-03)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(1501104C)
文摘Two improved structures of high resolution digital pulse width modulator(DPWM) control circuit are proposed. Embedded digital clock manager(DCM) blocks and digital programmable delay circuits are employed as the basic resources to construct the field-programmable gate array(FPGA)-based DPWM implementations. Detailed schemes are illustrated and the circuits have been successfully implemented on the Artix-7 FPGA device developed by Xilinx. Experimental results show that when the basic clock operates at the frequency of 200 MHz, the resolutions of the two approaches can reach 625 ps and 500 ps, respectively. Besides,the presented schemes possess other merits including flexible resolution, strong versatility and relatively good stability.
文摘A WiFi-ZigBee hybrid BAN solution, namely WiZBAN, is proposed and implemented to cater for the development of high traffic AMI for smart grid application. It is important to highlight that the major challenge of WiZBAN is to handle the high density environment which results in heavy traffic loading and weak signal propagation. To overcome the captioned problem, Vertical Backbone Communication (VBC) and Horizontal Floor Communication (HFC) are defined for WiZBAN. The WiZBAN consists of WiZBAN Gateway (WiZGW), WiZBAN Meter Hub (WiZBAN) and WiZBAN In Home Display (WiZIHD) which caters for the smart grids services including smart metering and demand response. The WiZGW is the entrance of WiZBAN and connects WiZBAN to utilities. The WiZGW also teams up with WiZMH to enables VBC. On the other hand, WiZMH serves as the interception point of VBC and HFC. It interacts with smart meters and sets up the HFC together with WiZIHD to provide the user interface for end users. To shorten the transmission time, WiFi is adopted for VBC while ZigBee is applied to HCF to overcome the weak signal propagation. To investigate the performance of WiZBAN, a case study has been conducted based on an existing 23 floor residential building. From the measured and simulated results, the average round trip delay of demand response and smart metering are found to be 0.6 s and 9 s respectively.
