Syndrome Differentiation of Chinese Medicine in Mars 500 Long-Term Closed Environment

Objective:To summarize and elucidate the characteristics and evolvement of Chinese medicine(CM)patterns reflecting the physical and mental conditions of participants in the Mars 500 long-term closed environment.Methods:The DS01-T Digital TCM Four-Diagnostic Instrument and CM Inquiring Diagnostic Questionnaire were used to collect information from 6 participants in the Mars 500 International Joint Research Project,through diagnostic methods of observation,palpation and inquiry according to CM theory.During the 520 days of the experiment,data collection was performed 37 times;a total of over 400 digital images of tongues and facial complexion and over 20,000 data were collected.These data were then analyzed by a team of experts in CM,statistics,and data mining.Results:The CM pattern evolvement of participants in the long-term closed environment followed some common trends.Qi deficiency was the main CM pattern observed,with individual features depending on constitutional differences[manifested in varying degrees of accompanying patterns of Gan(Liver)qi stagnation,Pi(Spleen)deficiency,dampness encumbering,or yin deficiency].Conclusion:The research has verified the effectiveness of CM syndrome differentiation based on the four diagnostic methods,which should serve as a solid foundation for observation,monitoring,and intervention in regard to the health conditions of astronauts in long-term space flights in the future.

Parametic Model for Optimization of Battery Capacity and Power Transmitters of On-line Electric Vehicles in Closed/Open Environments

An on-line electric vehicle(OLEV)uses a wireless charging phenomenon,in which power transmitters are installed beneath the road and the OLEV’s battery is charged remotely.This paper deals with the optimization of two key economic and design parameters,i.e.,the size of the battery and the power transmitters allocation.A complete model configuration of the OLEV system,including the vehicle design and power transmitter,is implemented using MATLAB/Simulink.The battery’s state of charge(SOC)rises and drops according to the vehicle’s velocity and power collection and consumption.The mixed integer programming(MIP)model is used for cost calculation.Therefore,with the help of the SOC graph and MIP model,the battery size and the number of power transmitters,along with their placements,are optimized.The proposed model is applicable to both closed and open environments as it accepts both regulated and deregulated velocities.Two test cases are performed for this purpose.The first test case deals with regulated velocity for which we have applied the KAIST campus OLEV’s velocity along with its 13 kWh battery size and 4 power transmitters,and then applied the suggested solution with the same velocity and route i.e.,8 power transmitters with shorter lengths and reduced battery size(3.25 kWh;one-fourth of the first case).SOC is found within limits at the end of the route,saving$1600 and validating the proposed model in this paper.For the second test case,we use deregulated velocity and optimize both parameters,using the same approach.

A probabilistic model to evaluate the effectiveness of main solutions to COVID-19 spreading in university buildings according to proximity and time-based consolidated criteria

University buildings are one of the most relevant closed environments in which the COVID-19 event clearly pointed out stakeholders'needs toward safety issues,especially because of the possibility of day-to-day presences of the same users(i.e.students,teachers)and overcrowding causing long-lasting contacts with possible"infectors".While waiting for the vaccine,as for other public buildings,policy-makers’measures to limit virus outbreaks combine individual’s strategies(facial masks),occupants,capacity and access control.But,up to now,no easy-to-apply tools are available for assessing the punctual effectiveness of such measures.To fill this gap,this work proposes a quick and probabilistic simulation model based on consolidated proximity and exposure-time-based rules for virus transmission confirmed by international health organizations.The building occupancy is defined according to university scheduling,identifying the main"attraction areas"in the building(classrooms,break-areas).Scenarios are defined in terms of occupants’densities and the above-mentioned mitigation strategies.The model is calibrated on experimental data and applied to a relevant university building.Results demonstrate the model capabilities.In particular,it underlines that if such strategies are not combined,the virus spreading can be limited by only using high protection respiratory devices(i.e.FFP3)by almost every occupant.On the contrary,the combination between access control and building capacity limitation can lead to the adoption of lighter protective devices(i.e.surgical masks),thus improving the feasibility,users'comfort and favorable reception.Simplified rules to combine acceptable mask filters-occupants,density are thus provided to help stakeholders in organizing users'presences in the building during the pandemic.