A hardening load transfer function for rock bolts and its calibration using distributed fiber optic sensing

Confinement of rock bolts by the surrounding rock formation has long been recognized as a positive contributor to the pull-out behavior,yet only a few experimental works and analytical models have been reported,most of which are based on the global rock bolt response evaluated in pull-out tests.This paper presents a laboratory experimental setup aiming to capture the rock formation effect,while using distributed fiber optic sensing to quantify the effect of the confinement and the reinforcement pull-out behavior on a more local level.It is shown that the behavior along the sample itself varies,with certain points exhibiting stress drops with crack formation.Some edge effects related to the kinematic freedom of the grout to dilate are also observed.Regardless,it was found that the mid-level response is quite similar to the average response along the sample.The ability to characterize the variation of the response along the sample is one of the many advantages high-resolution fiber optic sensing allows in such investigations.The paper also offers a plasticity-based hardening load transfer function,representing a"slice"of the anchor.The paper describes in detail the development of the model and the calibration/determination of its parameters.The suggested model captures well the coupled behavior in which the pull-out process leads to an increase in the confining stress due to dilative behavior.

Transfer function modeling and analysis of the open-loop Buck converter using the fractional calculus

Based on the fact that the real inductor and the real capacitor are fractional order in nature and the fractional calculus,the transfer function modeling and analysis of the open-loop Buck converter in a continuous conduction mode（CCM） operation are carried out in this paper.The fractional order small signal model and the corresponding equivalent circuit of the open-loop Buck converter in a CCM operation are presented.The transfer functions from the input voltage to the output voltage,from the input voltage to the inductor current,from the duty cycle to the output voltage,from the duty cycle to the inductor current,and the output impedance of the open-loop Buck converter in CCM operation are derived,and their bode diagrams and step responses are calculated,respectively.It is found that all the derived fractional order transfer functions of the system are influenced by the fractional orders of the inductor and the capacitor.Finally,the realization of the fractional order inductor and the fractional order capacitor is designed,and the corresponding PSIM circuit simulation results of the open-loop Buck converter in CCM operation are given to confirm the correctness of the derivations and the theoretical analysis.

Grey GM(1,1) Model with Function-Transfer Method for Wear Trend Prediction and its Application

Trend forecasting is an important aspect in fault diagnosis and work state supervision. The principle, where Grey theory is applied in fault forecasting, is that the forecast system is considered as a Grey system; the existing known information is used to infer the unknown information's character, state and development trend in a fault pattern, and to make possible forecasting and decisions for future development. It involves the whitenization of a Grey process. But the traditional equal time interval Grey GM (1,1) model requires equal interval data and needs to bring about accumulating addition generation and reversion calculations. Its calculation is very complex. However, the non equal interval Grey GM (1,1) model decreases the condition of the primitive data when establishing a model, but its requirement is still higher and the data were pre processed. The abrasion primitive data of plant could not always satisfy these modeling requirements. Therefore, it establishes a division method suited for general data modeling and estimating parameters of GM (1,1), the standard error coefficient that was applied to judge accuracy height of the model was put forward; further, the function transform to forecast plant abrasion trend and assess GM (1,1) parameter was established. These two models need not pre process the primitive data. It is not only suited for equal interval data modeling, but also for non equal interval data modeling. Its calculation is simple and convenient to use. The oil spectrum analysis acted as an example. The two GM (1,1) models put forward in this paper and the new information model and its comprehensive usage were investigated. The example shows that the two models are simple and practical, and worth expanding and applying in plant fault diagnosis.

Numerical modeling calculation for the spatial distribution characteristics of horizontal field transfer functions

Applying 3-dimension finite difference method, the distribution characteristics of horizontal field transfer functions for rectangular conductor have been computed, and the law of distribution for Re-part and Im-part has been given. The influences of source field period, the conductivity, the buried depth and the length of the conductor on the transfer functions were studied. The extrema of transfer functions appear at the center, the four corners and around the edges of conductor, and move with the edges. This feature demonstrates that around the edges are best places for transfer functions' observation.

Effect of Multiple Models of Closed-loop Transfer Functions on Inter-harmonic Oscillation Characteristics of Grid-connected PMSG

Establishing a suitable closed-loop transfer function model for the grid-connected PMSG system is the key basis in performing inter-harmonic characteristics analysis.Multiple closed-loop transfer functions can be constructed when different components of the converter controller are taken into account.However,the effect of different components of the converter controller on inter-harmonic stability analysis is not clear.In this paper,the complete transfer function,considering different loops,is first given.Based on the complete closed-loop transfer function,the DC-link,PLL and voltage forward-feed are removed step by step to derive different closed-loop transfer functions.The inter-harmonic related poles of different closed-loop transfer functions are further calculated to analyze the effect of closedloop transfer functions on inter-harmonic characteristics analysis.Finally,by performing time domain simulation,the correctness of the theoretical analysis results is verified.The results show that under the conditions of a weak AC system,each loop of the converter control system will reduce the stability of the interharmonic in the sub-synchronous frequency range and influence the inter-harmonic oscillation frequency.The transfer function needs to consider the influence of each loop to accurately calculate the inter-harmonic stability of the system.

Model Reference Adaptive Control for Switched Systems with Closed-loop Reference Model Under Arbitrary Switching

This paper explores the model reference adaptive control problem for a class of switched linear systems under arbitrary switching with no need for the measurability of the system state.Based on the state of reference model and the measurable output error, adaptive laws and controllers are designed for switched systems.Each subsystem may have its individual reference model and controller, which increases the design flexibility.The introduction of the closed-loop reference model is to get a better transient performance of the whole switched systems.A numerical example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the main results.

Fuzzy image restoration using modulation transfer function

The key difficulty of restoring a fuzzy image is to estimate its point spread function( PSF). In the paper,PSF is modelled based on modulation transfer function( MTF). The first step is calculating the image MTF. In the traditional slanted-edge method,a sub-block is always manually extracted from original image and its MTF will be viewed as the result of the whole image. However,handcraft extraction is inefficient and will lead to inaccurate results. Given this,an automatic MTF computation algorithm is proposed,which extracts and screens out all the effective sub-blocks and calculates their average MTF as the final result. Then,a two-dimensional MTF restoration model is constructed by multiplying the horizontal and vertical MTF,and it is combined with conventional image restoration methods to restore fuzzy image. Experimental results indicate the proposed method implementes a fast and accurate MTF computation and the MTF model improves the performance of conventional restoration methods significantly.

Analytical and Numerical Model Confrontation for Transfer Impedance Extraction in Three-Dimensional Radio Frequency Circuits

3D chip stacking is considered known to overcome conventional 2D-IC issues, using through silicon vias to ensure vertical signal transmission. From any point source, embedded or not, we calculate the impedance spread out;our ultimate goal will to study substrate noise via impedance field method. For this, our approach is twofold: a compact Green function or a Transmission Line Model over a multi-layered substrate is derived by solving Poisson’s equation analytically. The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and its variations are used for rapid evaluation. Using this technique, the substrate coupling and loss in IC’s can be analyzed. We implement our algorithm in MATLAB;it permits to extract impedances between any pair of embedded contacts. Comparisons are performed using finite element methods.

桩顶荷载及温度循环对黄土地基中能量桩承载性状影响研究

为对比分析未经过温度循环的普通桩与能量桩竖向承载变形性状,开展黄土地基中能量桩温度循环试验。模型桩为现浇钢筋混凝土灌注桩,黄土为人工配制重塑黄土。研究结果表明:温度循环弱化黄土地基中能量桩桩身侧阻、增强能量桩桩底端阻,温度循环过程中桩顶工作荷载越大,桩侧阻的弱化作用及桩端阻的增强作用越大,这导致能量桩的竖向抗压承载力比普通桩有明显的提高。另外,根据模型试验结果,通过数据拟合建立桩土界面摩阻力-桩土相对位移及桩端土反力-桩端沉降双曲线函数模型,并确定模型参数,其函数计算结果与试验结果对比表明本文模型能合理反映温度循环及桩顶工作荷载大小对桩基承载力的影响。研究结果可为黄土地区能量桩的安全设计提供一定参考。

数模—动模混合仿真系统的接口建模与稳定性分析

为满足现代电力系统实时仿真的发展需求,数模-动模混合仿真系统结合实时数字仿真和物理动态模拟仿真的优点,成为现代电力系统研究的重要仿真方法。接口系统是混合仿真系统设计中的核心与难点。为了深入分析混合仿真系统的稳定性,对接口系统各个组成环节进行建模得到系统开环传递函数,分别根据劳斯判据和奈奎斯特判据研究开环传递函数中不同参数对系统稳定性的影响。理论推导表明接口系统中滤波器截止频率、接口延时和阻抗模拟比对系统的稳定性影响较大,并通过所搭建的混合仿真系统进行实验,实验结果表明不同参数对系统的稳定性影响与理论推导一致。

基于传递函数分析的双馈风力发电系统动态建模方法研究

以双馈风力发电系统(doubly-fed induction generator based wind energy conversion system,DFIG-based WECS)为例,利用小信号分析法推导出由风机、双质量块传动链构成的动力与传动系统通用传递函数方程。动力与传动系统传递函数的零极点位置、稳定性与系统参数及系统运行工作点相关。该传递函数可进一步分解为扭转分量和非扭转分量。传动链参数仅对扭转分量造成影响。在此基础上,建立了考虑动力传动、电机、变流器、控制等环节的风力发电系统传递函数模型。模型综合了各环节参数,可直观反映系统参数对系统响应的影响,有助于深入了解系统动态行为。算例及时域仿真结果证明了所提出传递函数模型的准确性和高效性,可为系统参数设计研究提供理论依据。

基于FPGA的射频腔体系统数学模型在线辨识算法

射频系统的数学模型包含了射频腔体的关键特征参数(如腔体半带宽、谐振频率和洛伦兹力失谐系数等),数学模型对腔体性能检测、控制系统仿真及低电平控制算法优化具有重要意义。网络分析仪通常用于测量射频系统的散射参数,进而构建射频系统的数学模型,但其测量步骤繁琐且无法实现系统模型的在线自动辨识。本文通过模拟网络分析仪的工作原理,在数字低电平系统内部构建了基于数控振荡器的扫频算法,实现了射频腔体系统的在线辨识。该算法的有效性已在加速器驱动嬗变研究装置前端示范样机的超导腔上验证,其测量结果与网络分析仪测量结果吻合。此外,本文利用该辨识算法还成功测得了由洛伦兹力失谐引起的超导腔频率响应畸变曲线,并讨论了洛伦兹力失谐量的大小对腔体关键特征参数测量的影响。

典型多尺度海面结构体辐射散射方向-光谱特性计算与分析

针对3级以上海况的高精度海洋场景红外仿真问题,提出一种“先拆后建”的研究思路:将含泡沫和破碎波的多尺度海面抽象为粗糙海面、泡沫、破碎波的组合,进而拆解出“粗糙海面”、“含泡沫粗糙海面”、“含破碎波粗糙海面”3类典型多尺度海面结构体,最后通过海面栅格化、结构体匹配、方向-光谱特性重构渲染等方法,由3类典型多尺度结构体方向-光谱特性组合重构大范围海面辐射散射特性,完成多尺度海面“气-面-体”耦合辐射/散射特性的计算。对拆解出的3类典型多尺度海面结构体分别开展多尺度耦合辐射、散射特性建模研究,构建3类多尺度海面结构体辐射散射方向-光谱特性计算模型,并对结构体辐射散射方向-光谱特性的影响因素进行分析,结果表明:随着海面风速的增大,海面典型结构体中的泡沫厚度及气泡浓度逐渐增大,使得结构体的散射能力增强,从而增大结构体的双向反射分布函数;随着探测波长的增大,海水的吸收性显著增强,导致不同风速条件下结构体双向反射分布函数之间的差异显著增大;对于不同的入射角,结构体双向反射分布函数最大值对应的天顶角随入射天顶角的变化逐渐发生变化。

基于小样本迁移代理模型的高速永磁电机应力优化

针对目前电机代理模型样本空间计算效率低的问题,该文提出迁移径向基函数神经网络代理模型。该模型的样本信息源于足量可快速获取或先验积累的低可信度数据和少量高可信度的数据。基于高速永磁电机应力优化问题,研究该模型对小样本的学习能力、对电机相似拓扑结构的学习能力以及基函数对迁移模型精度的影响,证明该模型在工程优化中的效率优势。最后展望迁移学习技术在电机优化中的发展趋势。

基于分布式水文模型的水源涵养不同功能评估方法——以渭河涵养区为例

为了实现水源涵养量计算和不同功能的综合评估,基于分布式水文模型(WEP-L)提出了一种新方法,即利用WEP-L模型计算次降水过程中降水量和地表产流、冠层截留量的差值作为水源涵养量,并分别评估削洪(地表径流量)、补枯(地下径流量)、维持植被生态系统用水(植被蒸腾量)等不同水源涵养功能的评估方法。为了验证该方法的合理性,以渭河流域咸阳站以上区域为例,对比了该方法和InVEST模型方法的计算结果,由于两种方法在评估内容和使用模型上都存在差异,为了保证计算结果的可比性,先对比了基于相同评价内容的WEP-L模型法I和InVEST模型方法,再对比了基于不同评价内容的WEP-L模型法I和WEP-L模型法II,结论如下:基于相同评价内容的WEP模型法I和InVEST模型法计算结果数值接近,研究区2000—2018年水源涵养量年均值分别为12.43 mm(5.76亿m~3)和12.08 mm(5.6亿m~3),两种方法所得结果空间分布特征相似,稍有差异之处与InVEST模型的参数没有经过本地化处理有关;基于不同评价内容的WEP-L模型法Ⅰ和WEP-L模型法II计算结果数值相差较大,研究区2000—2018年水源涵养量均值分别为12.43 mm和432.57 mm,空间分布特征上有差异的地方分布于研究区的北部、东部及东北部,主要与两种方法评价时是否考虑蒸散发有关。WEP-L模型法II评估结果中削洪、补枯、维持植被生态系统用水等功能多年变化趋势分别为:2006—2010年期间增加、2012年以后下降以及增加。2012年后补枯功能和维持植被生态系统用水功能之间可能存在权衡关系。通过不同方法计算结果差异原因分析,证明了基于WEP-L模型的不同涵养功能评估方法的合理性,其结果也可为渭河涵养区水资源和生态保护策略的制定提供更多依据。

板翅式换热器传递函数动态模型及参数确定方法

飞机综合环控/热管理系统迫切需要建立快捷高效的换热器动态仿真模型,以满足先进控制系统设计需求。基于此,针对板翅式换热器动态模型,提出一种包含2个延迟环节和4个一阶惯性环节的传递函数矩阵形式,并从换热器机理模型出发,利用拉普拉斯变换推导模型中4个时间常数的计算公式,提出基于换热器效率的传热热阻计算关系式的辨识方法,解决了主要模型参数设置难题。以板翅式换热器为研究对象,在Simulink仿真平台搭建其传递函数动态模型,并与AMESim仿真平台搭建的机理模型进行对比分析,结果显示:2种模型所得空气和冷却水出口温度分别随入口温度和质量流量阶跃变化的动态响应曲线吻合很好,其中,4种工况空气和冷却水出口温度最大稳态偏差分别为0.034℃和0.029℃,当冷却水入口质量流量阶跃变化时,空气出口温度动态响应相对偏差最大,为9.27%,当空气入口质量流量阶跃变化时,冷却水出口温度动态响应相对偏差最大,为7.03%。

基于Levy辨识法的IPMC等效电路迟滞建模与验证

离子聚合物-金属复合材料(ionic polymer-metal composite, IPMC)是一种新型柔性智能材料,但其致动机理尚不明确,位移跟踪困难。针对IPMC悬臂梁器件在低频交流驱动电压下具有明显的迟滞非线性、建模困难的特点,测试了IPMC悬臂梁在低频交流电压下的致动特性,分析了IPMC在0.1~10 Hz、2~5.5 V的增益与相位,并使用Levy辨识法建立了驱动电压到致动位移的三阶传递函数模型。基于已建立的传递函数模型,提出了IPMC的非线性等效电路与一阶传递函数的分段建模方法,改进了IPMC的等效电路模型无法预测致动位移的缺点。通过实验对比,结果表明,在IPMC悬臂梁器件在0.1~5 Hz、2~5.5 V的低频正弦驱动电压下,可使用等效电路加一阶传递函数代替IPMC复杂的动力学过程,整体误差低于0.3 mm,平均相对误差2.89%,满足应用条件。可以用作IPMC的低频交流用途,提高了IPMC位移跟踪精度。

太阳翼驱动机构对卫星姿态扰动特性评估

为了研究太阳翼驱动机构(solar array drive assembly,SADA)对卫星平台姿态的扰动特性,建立了考虑SADA驱动太阳翼旋转的整星姿态动力学模型,设计了一种测量SADA带载运动特性的试验方案。通过试验得到了SADA驱动负载的运动特性曲线,对试验数据进行拟合得到了SADA带载驱动的传递函数。将拟合的SADA运动模型代入到整星姿态动力学模型中进行仿真,得到了考虑SADA运动时的卫星姿态控制指标。基于SADA的运动特性和安装方式,设计了将两台SADA驱动信号的相位交错180°的扰动抑制策略。仿真验证了该策略对SADA运动的扰动抑制效果,具有良好的工程应用价值。

高温升燃烧室热声耦合特性研究

为建立燃烧室热声不稳定性预测和分析方法,以某高温升单管燃烧室试验件为研究对象,构建了试验系统低阶热声网络(LOTAN)模型。基于试验数据,利用优化的方法获得了各工况下的火焰传递函数(FTF),并利用Kriging模型拟合出了增益与迟滞时间对工况参数的响应模型。利用拟合出的FTF响应模型分析了油气比和进气速度对燃烧室热声稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:通过优化得到的FTF能够较准确反映各工况下的非稳态热释放特性,导入LOTAN中计算得到的结果与试验结果吻合较好,最大误差约3.32%;油气比的改变会引起不稳定模态的转变,油气比或进气速度升高时,系统特征频率也随之升高。

基于传递矩阵的管路-壳体耦合系统动力学建模

针对管路-支撑-壳体耦合系统的振动响应快速预报和传递特性分析,采用Riccati传递矩阵法建立直管-弯管-变径管-泵-阀门复杂组合管路的动力学模型,以获取考虑流固耦合效应时组合管路的频响特性;采用频响函数子结构综合方法建立组合管路-支撑-壳体耦合系统的动力学模型,以获得在管路系统泵源模拟激励下的振动传递特性。对耦合系统的位移频响、传递特性开展分析,得到如下结论:对组合管路利用Riccati变换可解决传递矩阵法多管段数值精度累积误差的问题,在垂向简谐力激励下壳体和管路受到的垂向力大于轴向力和横向力,在各个支撑处通过各个方向传递的功率流量级基本一致。