Revision of CG Flash Density Based on Lightning Location Data

Using the data of the Lightning Location System( LLS) over Hubei Province,through the analysis of the distribution characteristics of CG( Cloud-to-Ground) flash density in 2015,it was found that the layout of the detection station had influence on the spatial distribution of lightning.Grid CG flash density data were used to characterize the spatial distribution of the CG flash,and station distance factor was used to characterize the detection station layout. The result showed that there existed negative correlation between density and factor,significant correlation between the density component and the factor for the lightning current amplitude of 5 to 30 kA,and insignificant correlation between >30 kA of density component and factor. So it is necessary to revise the density to eliminate the influence of the station layout. On the basis of the linear regression method and its residual theory,the revision model of the grid CG flash density and the statistical model of relative detection efficiency were established. The result consistency of segment and non-segmented revision of the density was verified. Through the contrastive analysis of theoretical detection efficiency and relative detection efficiency,the feasibility for revision method of CG flash density and the statistical method of relative detection efficiency was also verified.

Characteristics of Cloud-to-ground Lightning during a Squall Line Process outside of the Subtropical High

Based on the monitoring data of cloud-to-ground( CG) lightning positioning network and Doppler weather radar as well as MICAPS1°× 1° objective analysis field,a squall line process outside of the subtropical high in low-latitude plateau on May 7,2010 was analyzed. The results showed that wind direction shear between low and high levels and low-level convergence zones provided favorable circulation background for the strong thunderstorm process,while high energy and high humidity,strong thermal instability and ascending motion at low and middle levels offered beneficial environmental conditions for the formation of the thunderstorm. 9 620 return strokes of cloud-to-ground lightning were monitored by the lightning positioning network,and cloud-to-ground lightning was distributed like bands between 584 and 586 hP a. The occurrence of cloud-to-ground lightning was mainly related to echo top and echo intensity at-10 ℃ stratification height,and it mainly appeared in zones where echo top height was larger than 13 km and echo intensity at-10 ℃ stratification height was 35-40 dB Z. Wind convergence and maintaining of high radial velocity were favorable for the development of convective echoes and occurrence of cloud-to-ground lightning.

Analysis on Lightning Activities and Its Disastrous Climate Characteristics in Shandong Province

By using the reported data of lightning disaster and the data of lightning monitoring network in Shandong Province since its establishment,the lightning activities and the disaster climate characteristics in Shandong Province were analyzed.The data were processed by lattice formulation,and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of positive and negative CG flashes were given.The parameter characteristics of positive and negative ground lightning and its relationship with the lightning disasters were analyzed.And the lightning parameter characteristics of lightning in major cities of Shandong Province were analyzed.

AHP Model-Based Risk Assessment of Lightning in Meizhou

Based on the cloud-to-ground（ CG） lightning flashes data and other related data from 1999 to 2016,the lightning risk zoning of Meizhou was conducted by using the analytic hierarchy process（ AHP） model. The model considered the natural conditions,social economic conditions and other factors,and the main assessment factors were selected,containing ＂ flash density,lightning current intensity,annual thunderstorm days,lightning disaster frequency,construction area per capita and GDP per capita＂,in order to establish the evaluation model,and divide the level of risk. The results showed that the lightning risk in Meizhou area roughly had the trend of ＂ center higher than all-around,the south higher than the north,the west higher than the east＂. High-risk area was in the most region of Meijiang District and central region of Meixian District,and Wuhua County was next high-risk area. Xingning City and Fengshun County were medium risk areas,most of the other were low risk area. The result of regionalization was consistent with the actual situation,and the evaluation method was scientific and effective. Through the analysis of the lightning risk zoning,this paper could provide a scientific basis for the lightning protection and disaster reduction in the region in the future.

A Comparison of the Characteristics of Total and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activities in Hailstorms

The region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is covered by two different lightning detection networks： SAFIR （Systeme d＇Alerte Fondre par Interferometrie Radioelecctrique） for total lightning, including IntraCloud （IC） flashes and Cloud-to-Ground （CG） flashes, and the ADTD （ADvanced TOA and Direction system; TOA denotes time of arrival） network of China for CG lightning. Fourteen isolated hail-bearing thunderstorms in this region were examined in this study, using the data of SAFIR and ADTD. The peak of lightning frequency, for both total lightning and CG lightning, was often observed in advance of the occurrence of hailstones on the ground, with a trend of a rapid increase of lightning frequency before the hail was reported. The average lead times of the two types of lightning jump before hail events were obtained （total lightning： 32.2 min; CG： 25.4 min） through the 2a lightning jump algorithm. Additionally, in hailstorms with a high ratio of positive CG flashes, the diameter of hail was larger and the duration of hail was longer; when negative CG flashes dominated, the diameter of hail was relatively small. The comparison of the characteristics of total lightning and CG flashes in hailstorms in this study is expected to serve as a supplementary tool for hail forecasting.

ANALYSIS OF CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING CHARACTERISTICS IN MESOSCALE STORM IN BELIING AREA

The research indicates that there is a positive correlation between the negative CG flash rate and the area of radar echo with its reflectivity being equal to or greater than 30 dBz in the mesoscale convective system in Beijing area.A max- imum of the positive CG flash rate exists at both the initial and the dissipating stages.The CG flashes are usually located near but not within the high reflectivity center.The negative flashes are associated with.the positions of the updraft re- gion,and with the regions of wind convergence and wind shear.Generally,the negative CG flashes are concentrative and the positive ones are dispersive.

A Case Study of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activities in Hailstorms under Cold Eddy Synoptic Situation

There were three hailstorms in Shandong Province, caused by a same northeast cold eddy situation on 1 June 2002. Cloud-to-ground （CG） flashes occurring in the weather event were observed by Shandong Lightning Detection Network （SLDN）, which consists of 10 sensors covering all over Shandong Province. The temporal and spatial distributions of CG lightning are investigated for the three hailstorms by using the data from SLDN, Doppler radar and satellite. The results show that different thunderstorms present different lightning features even if under the same synoptic situation. The percentage of positive CG lightning is very high during the period of hail falling. CG flashes mainly occurred in the region with a cloud top brightness temperature lower than -50℃. Negative CG flashes usually clustered in the lower temperature region and tended to occur in the region with maximum temperature gradient, while the positive ones usually spread discretely. Negative CG flashes usually occurred in intense echo regions with reflectivity greater than 50 dBz, while the positive CG flashes often occurred in weak and stable echo regions （10-30 dBz） or cloud anvils, although they can be observed in strong convective regions sometimes. Almost all haft falling took place in the stage with active positive flashes, and the peak positive flash rate is a little prior to the hail events. The thunderstorm could lead to disastrous weather when positive CG lightning activities occur in cluster. Severe thunderstorms sometimes present a low flash rate at its vigorous stage, which is probably caused by the ＂mechanism of chargeregion lift＂ through investigating the reflectivity evolution. Combined with the total lightning （intracloud and CG） data obtained by LIS onboard TRMM, the phenomenon of high ratio of intracloud flash to CG flash in severe hailstorm has been discussed. The competition of the same charge sources between different lightning types can also be helpful for explaining the cause of low CG lightning activities in severe storms.

青藏高原腹地的雷电物理特征

通过利用大气平均电场仪和快、慢电场变化仪等仪器设备对青藏高原腹地那曲地区的雷电物理特征进行了分析。发现高原雷暴天气过程中发生的闪电与低海拔地区的相比存在许多的特殊性。这些特殊性主要表现在:闪电在短时间内可以引起较大的电场变化,接近±50kV/m;在一次雷暴天 气过程中的短时强降水可以改变大气平均电场的极性,存在着多个FEAWP过程。较多的地闪只有一次回击,占总地闪数的36.3%,地闪回击数最多的可达到17次,平均为4.11次。地闪中正地闪比率较高可以达到32％。对于负地闪继后回击的电场幅度与首次回击的比与其他地区相比非常高,其平均值为1.42,其中最大值为11.64,最小值为0.17。占总数62％的地闪的连续电流发生在首次回击之后,其持续时间绝大多数在60-160ms之间。

多接地点闪电的梯级先导与回击过程的研究

利用成像率为1000幅/s的高速数字化摄像系统和电场变化仪,对在一次回击过程中具有多个接地分支的闪电(MGPF)进行了研究.结果表明:MGPF回击前的梯级先导由包含2～4个脉冲的脉冲束组成,脉冲束间的时间间隔平均值约为26μs,脉冲间的时间间隔平均值约为5μs;广东MGPF回击过程中和的电荷量约为4.5C,青海的约为11C;广东MGPF发生比例为16.7%,青海的为17.6%;一次回击的多个接地分支多发生在首次回击.通过分析发现,MGPF的形成与闪电的梯级先导、连接过程等有重要关系.闪电在一次回击过程中具有多个接地分支对雷电防护方法和设计的改进提出了更高的要求.

复杂地貌区域内的地闪特征分析

根据2005-2008年四川雷电监测定位网测得的地闪及该时段内的相关天气资料,运用气候学分析方法,对地处复杂地貌区域内的四川及其周边临近区域的地闪特征进行研究。结果表明:该地区地闪密度分布与其地貌特征有着较为密切的关联性,年平均地闪密度在"川西高原—四川盆地—南部丘陵"依次形成由少到多逐渐增加的分布格局,其最大值超过了1000次/格点,而年平均正地闪密度最大的区域主要位于甘孜州南部的稻城县,其值则超过了50次/格点。在地闪发生的主要季节总地闪频数随纬度变化的最大值出现在北纬30°附近,这与Hadley与Ferrel环流在北纬30°附近形成的下沉气流有关。各年逐月的正地闪占总地闪的百分率分布基本均呈"V"型。在川西高原以东区域的地闪日变化中夜间有两个平均地闪频数的峰值出现,而在川西高原地区只有午后出现一个平均地闪频数的峰值。各雷暴过程中,在冰雹直径3～10mm的区间内,平均正地闪百分比变化与冰雹直径呈正比;最大的平均正地闪百分比30%,与22mm的冰雹直径相对应;16.98%的平均正地闪百分比与10mm的冰雹直径对应,其出现的概率最大超过了37%。

蒙古东部冷涡造成河北中南部雹暴过程的地闪特征分析

应用地面闪电定位系统、多普勒雷达、加密自动雨量站资料，对2007年7月8～9日蒙古东部冷涡天气系统下，发生在河北中南部的两次雹暴过程进行了分析。结果表明：两次雹暴均产生大量地闪活动，且以负地闪占优势，闪电集中发生时段与强对流发生及维持时间相当。雹暴和强降水在时空分布上对应的地闪极性有明显差异，降雹发生在雹暴云团中正地闪最活跃的阶段，正地闪集中出现在强回波中心及其邻近区域，降雹点落在正地闪聚集区附近；对流性强降水云团中负地闪频繁发生，强降水区出现在负地闪密度高值中心附近，负地闪簇集区域预示着对流性强降雨的落区。多单体风暴中，闪电的频率及聚集区域主要取决于雷暴单体的数目、强度和相互接近的程度，其造成的强降雹主要发生在总地闪的活跃期。本次个例分析显示，总闪电频数跃增、正闪频数突增，仅先于降雹数分钟（几乎同时）发生。因此，根据闪电频数变化可监测对流强度的演变和冰雹天气的发生。

杭州市地闪分布和雷电灾害特征

利用2010年、2011年浙江省雷电监测定位系统获取的闪电定位资料,分析了杭州市地闪分布和雷电灾害特点。分析表明：地闪日数区域分布从东北到西南逐渐增加,杭州大部分地区属于多雷区;7月、8月是杭州地闪的高发期,地闪高发期的发生时间与初雷日相关性较弱;午后到前半夜为地闪相对集中发生时段,16~17点为地闪高发时段;地闪密度从西南向东北呈＂两头高中间低＂的分布特征,上城区和萧山区地闪密度最大。雷电灾害分布与全年地闪分布情况基本一致,雷电灾害城乡区域性特点明显,农村人员伤亡概率明显高于城市人员伤亡概率,城市雷电灾害起数远高于农村,主要是办公电子设备和工业电器等设施的损坏。

包含三次降雹的雹暴过程地闪活动特征分析

为研究雹暴的地闪活动特征,利用地闪资料与3组双雷达探测资料反演的风场,对包含3次降雹的一次雹暴过程的地闪活动特征及其与雹暴动力、微物理条件的关系进行了分析与讨论.主要结果为:(1)整个雹暴过程中发生了3次持续降雹事件,并伴随着3次地闪活动出现峰值,在降雹前地闪频次均有跃增现象.降雹开始后,地闪频次均迅速减少.(2)整个雹暴过程中对应地闪接地位置的0℃层、-20℃层高度的垂直速度范围分别集中在-2-2 m/s和-10-10 m/s.但3次降雹时段的地闪接地位置分别对应-20℃层高度的强下沉气流区附近、强上升与下沉气流区的交界区和弱的下沉气流区.(3)选取的雹暴内最大反射率(Zmax)、-20℃层高度最大反射率(Zmax_-20℃)、-20℃层高度大于40 dBz格点数(Sum(Z-20℃>40 dBz))3个雷达回波参量与地闪频次变化趋势一致,其相关系数分别为0.64、0.64、0.76.选取的对应地闪接地位置-20℃层高度的最大垂直速度绝对值(|W|max-20℃)和-20℃层高度以上垂直速度绝对值大于5 m/s的体积(|V|5 m/s↑-20℃)两个垂直速度参量与地闪频次成正比,且阶段最大值与地闪频次阶段最大值对应,相关系数分别为0.72、0.65.综合考虑动力和微物理影响的可降冰质量通量(F)与地闪频次的相关最显著,相关系数达0.85.整个雹暴过程发展最旺盛的第2次降雹阶段的地闪频次较低,推测强动力过程作用下的电荷结构特征不利于地闪发生.但动力过程在整个雹暴过程中具有正向支配作用,上升气流变化超前于冰晶质量和闪电频次变化,影响着雷达回波变化.

北京一次大雹天气过程的闪电活动特征分析

由于受闪电监测系统限制,已有研究多局限于强对流天气的地闪(cloud-to-ground lightning,CG)活动特征。本文利用VLF/LF三维闪电监测定位资料,结合雷达观测等资料对北京地区一次典型大雹天气过程的全闪活动特征进行了分析。结果表明:降雹发生前,闪电活动主要分布在对流系统的后部,闪电数较少,且以负地闪活动为主;降雹期间,闪电频数显著增加,云闪(intracloud lightning,IC)及正地闪活动明显加强,该阶段闪电活动主要集中在对流系统强回波中心及其前部雷达反射率因子梯度较大的区域;降雹结束之后,强回波中心基本移出北京,北京范围内的闪电频数明显减少。正闪比例在降雹发生前逐渐增大,在降雹期间稳定维持在较大值,降雹结束后迅速减小;云闪比(云闪频数/总闪频数)表现为降雹发生前和降雹结束后逐渐增大趋势,在降雹期间基本维持稳定少变。闪电的电流强度主要集中在5—50 kA之间,20 kA以下的低雷电流强度的云闪和地闪多发生在降雹期间及降雹结束后,而20 kA以上的高雷电流强度的云闪和地闪在降雹发生前占有很大比例,小于5 kA的云闪在大雹发生期间所占比例明显高于地闪。降雹发生前及降雹结束后云闪发生高度在2-6 km,降雹期间有所抬升,约为2-8km。闪电频数峰值超前于降水峰值5-20 min。

利用雷电参数划分深圳雷区分布

根据雷电定位系统记录的深圳地区近8年来雷电活动数据，对深圳地区19992007年的雷电活动日、地闪密度、雷电流幅值等雷电参数进行统计分析，得到各典型雷电参数的分布特征，并绘制了深圳地区雷区分布电子地图。通过与深圳电网110-500kV输电线路多年运行结果进行比较，所绘制的雷区分布图同深圳电网输电线路雷击故障跳闸实际运行经验基本吻合，可用于指导深圳地区新建输电线路防雷设计及已运行线路的防雷改造。

基于闪电定位数据的地闪密度修订

利用湖北省闪电定位系统(Lightning Location System,LLS)资料,用网格地闪密度数据表征地闪的空间分布,测站距离因子表征探测站布局,对2015年地闪空间分布特征进行分析,结果表明,其密度与因子之间存在负相关,其中雷电流幅值5~30kA的密度分量与因子之间存在显著性相关,大于30kA的密度分量与因子相关不显著。同时发现探测站布局对地闪空间分布的疏密程度有一定的影响,因此有必要对密度进行修订,以消除测站布局的影响。运用线性回归方法及其残差理论,建立了网格地闪密度的修订模型和相对探测效率的统计模型。验证了密度分段修订和不分段修订结果的一致性。通过对理论探测效率和相对探测效率的对比分析,论证了地闪密度修订方法和相对探测效率统计方法的可行性。

基于TRMM卫星的江西省闪电时空分布特征

TRMM卫星闪电资料的优势在于从高空探测闪电活动,能在一定程度上反映对流云中上层的对流影响过程。利用2004-2014年TRMM卫星LIS闪电数据和江西省雷电监测定位网闪电数据对江西省境内闪电活动的时空分布特征进行了分析,并比较了两种数据之间的差异。江西省闪电活动年差异较大,季节变化明显,闪电发生高峰值为低峰值两倍多,高发期为6-9月,在该时段闪电活动多集中于午后到前半夜发生。闪电活动局地性很强,多发于江西省山地与地势较低的过渡带,正地闪高发区集中在江西省中部的偏东地区。对流有效位能(CAPE)高值区与闪电密度大值区对应,表明前者对闪电活跃区有较好的指示作用。江西省闪电时空分布与地形地势、大气环流、水热条件等诸多因素有关,卫星和地面数据之间也存在一些差异。

成都地区雷电物理特征分析

通过利用快、慢天线电场变化测量仪和地面大气电场仪对成都地区的雷电物理特征进行分析,得到了以下主要结论和结果:闪电在短时间内可引起较大的电场变化,在一次雷暴天气中短降水可改变大气电场极性。只存在一次回击的地闪最多,占总地闪数的28.57%,地闪回击最多达到18次,平均为5.9次。多回击地闪的间隔时间分布比率最高的为20~30 ms和20~40 ms。在地闪的持续放电过程中,通常都具有较长时间的连续电流或者是连接过程,并具有叠加在连接过程上的K过程,连续电流持续时间分布最多的为100~150 ms,占总数的26.09%。云闪通常具有初始阶段、极活跃阶段和最后阶段3个完整的放电阶段,通常在持续几百毫秒的电场变化比较缓慢的J过程上都叠加有对应反冲负流光过程的K过程。