镁合金表面热喷涂WC-10Co-4Cr粒子沉积及分布特性

为了探究高速空气燃料热喷涂(activated combustion-high velocity air fuel,AC-HVAF)过程中喷涂粒子撞击基材后的沉积特性。采用AC-HVAF热喷涂技术在AZ80镁合金基体上沉积WC-10Co-4Cr硬质涂层。通过离散沉积实验获得薄层沉积粒子,探讨各种沉积形貌的种类、形成原因、结合机制及射流中粒子的径向和轴向分布。结果表明:在AC-HVAF粒子沉积过程中,嵌入型沉积为主要的沉积形貌,同时包含少量的破碎型与空腔型沉积粒子。在涂层的形成过程中,嵌入型沉积对涂层/基体结合性能起重要作用;空腔型沉积的小颗粒及破碎型沉积的大颗粒是造成沉积效率下降的主要原因。喷涂粒子主要集中在射流中心,越靠近射流边缘,空腔型沉积粒子越多,最终导致AC-HVAF粒子射流呈现出空间分布特征。

平菇^(60)Co-γ诱变孢子杂交新种质的创制及其遗传多样性分析

为了探究不同平菇品种对辐射的敏感性及适宜辐射剂量,以便快速准确地鉴别平菇的杂交后代,创制新平菇种质,从而加快育种进程,本研究利用10个^(60)Co-γ射线剂量分别辐射4种不同平菇的孢子悬浮液,对致死率进行统计,并获得了诱变菌株的孢子单核体。随后配制杂交组合,开展了^(60)Co-γ诱变和杂交育种研究。基于简单序列重复(SSR)标记,对诱变后材料和杂交后代共39份材料进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,品种5178的适宜辐射剂量为500 Gy,时间为200 min;9408的适宜辐射剂量为600 Gy,时间为240 min;灰美2号的适宜辐射剂量为700 Gy,时间为280 min;榆黄菇T2的适宜辐射剂量为400 Gy,时间为160 min。筛选获得的35个长势良好的杂交子中,经SSR分子标记验证,这些菌株在8对引物扩增下呈现出不同的特异性条带。综上,本研究可快速、准确地鉴别杂交子,为平菇的辐射诱变和杂交育种提供了技术依据和理论参考。

^(60)Co-γ射线对不同无花果品种一年生枝条的辐射效应分析

【目的】研究^(60)Co-γ射线对不同无花果品种一年生枝条死亡率、抗氧化酶活性等相关理化指标的影响,确定最佳辐射诱变剂量,为利用^(60)Co-γ射线辐射诱变技术提高无花果遗传多样性、创造新种质、培育优良新品种提供科学依据。【方法】以无花果品种布兰瑞克和中华紫果一年生休眠枝为试材,采用^(60)Co-γ射线为辐照源,设置不同剂量0、30、45、60、75 Gy的辐射处理,分析辐照引起枝叶死亡率、酶活性等变化。【结果】随着辐射剂量的增加,2个无花果品种扦插苗成活率呈下降趋势,株高、茎粗、节间长度、叶片长度、叶片宽度和分枝数指标呈下降趋势,叶片长宽比差异不显著。中华紫果品种的SOD、POD、CAT等酶活性均呈现先增后减的趋势,分别在45、60 Gy剂量时达到峰值,MDA含量呈现一直上升趋势,H_(2)O_(2)含量呈现先增后降趋势。布兰瑞克品种的SOD、POD、CAT酶活性,随着辐射剂量的增加均呈现先降后增趋势。MDA、H_(2)O_(2)含量基本保持上升趋势。【结论】辐射导致无花果扦插苗幼苗生长缓慢、株高矮化、茎粗变细、叶片变小、分枝减少。中华紫果的半致死辐射剂量为56 Gy,布兰瑞克为70 Gy,布兰瑞克对辐射的耐受性高于中华紫果。

^(60)Co-γ辐射对2种锦带幼苗生长及生理指标的影响

为了探究辐射诱变对“白花锦带花”和“锦带花”形态及生理特性的影响,采用不同剂量(0~300 Gy)的^(60)Co-γ射线辐射“白花锦带花”与“锦带花”休眠期种子,观测辐射对锦带花生长的影响,测定其生长量及幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光指标、光合作用参数、SOD、POD、MDA和可溶性蛋白含量。研究结果显示,由于辐射剂量的增大,苗高、叶长、叶宽、节间距、叶绿素荧光、光合作用参数、SOD活性、POD活性出现了明显的先升高后降低的趋势,在50 Gy时到达了峰值。同时,随着辐射剂量的增加,叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量呈现出下降的趋势,MDA含量明显升高。综上所述,在(2 Gy/min)剂量率的辐射条件下“白花锦带花”种子较适宜的诱变剂量为50 Gy,而“锦带花”以50~100 Gy最合适。

不同剂量^(60)Co-γ射线辐照藜麦种子的效应研究

为了研究^(60)Co-γ射线辐照在藜麦育种中的应用,探讨^(60)Co-γ射线辐射诱变藜麦的适宜剂量,本研究利用4种剂量^(60)Co-γ辐射4个不同藜麦品种,对辐射后的种子进行室内发芽试验和田间种植试验,并对M1代的生育过程、畸变率、突变率进行了调查和分析。结果表明,经过150~450 Gy的辐照剂量处理后,藜麦的形态特征和生长表现出显著变化;发芽率呈先上升后下降的趋势,150 Gy剂量可促进种胚活力,250 Gy以上剂量显著降低发芽率;辐射导致出苗延迟,高剂量下甚至无法正常出苗,出苗率也显著降低,表明辐射对幼苗生长产生负面影响;成株率随辐射剂量增加而下降,幼苗自然枯死增多,说明辐射对发芽种子胚芽的继续发育抑制显著;辐射导致遗传变异,包括早熟、矮化、穗颜色等方面,突变频率随剂量增加而增加。综上可知,藜麦的生长、发芽、出苗、成株等受到辐射剂量影响,适度辐射可促进发芽,但高剂量对生长和遗传特性产生负面效应。本研究对于辐射育种的可行性和作物改良意义重大,但需深入研究其机制和应用潜力。

Influence of an emulsifier on the pressure desensitization of emulsion explosives

The desensitization degree of emulsion explosives （EE） was calculated with the peak pressure of explosion shock waves tested in water. To an explosive, the less the desensitization degree, the better the compression resistance, so the compression resistance of an explosive can be compared and analyzed quantificationally with the desensitization degree. The influence of an emulsifier on the pressure desensitization of EE was studied, including the content and category of emulsifiers. Three kinds of emulsifiers （Span-80, compound emulsifier, and T-152） were used in the tests. The experimental results show that both the content and category of emulsifiers make a great effect on the pressure desensitization of EE. The desensitization degree of EE reduces with the emulsifier content being increased, but there is an optimal content of an emulsifier for the compression resistance of EE. While the content of Span-80 reaches 4wt%, the desensitization degree of EE becomes a minimal value, and augments somewhat if the emulsifier content is increased more. That is to say, the compression resistance of EE becomes the highest while the content of Span-80 is 4wt%, and the compression resistance will decline if the content of Span-80 is increased more. The compression resistance of the explosive emulsified by compound emulsifier is the highest among all the explosives, when the content of the whole components and manufacturing engineering are kept invariable.

Rheology of typical emulsifiers and effects on stability of emulsion explosives

Structure of emulsifiers or functionality and molecular weight determines its rheology, emulsification and stability of emulsion explosives. Rheology of typical emulsifiers was studied by automatic rheometer. Relations between rheology and structural properties of typical emulsifiers were analyzed. Experimental results show that viscosity of emulsifiers didn＇ t change with shear rate at room temperature and appeared properties of Newtonian fluid. Viscosity of different component emulsifiers declines with temperature in different modes. The change of strain doesn＇ t affect modu- lus of emulsifiers. Loss modulus increases linearly with the increase of frequency in oscillation and storage modulus does non-linearly. The higher the temperature is, the lower change amplitude of loss modulus with frequency will be. The emulsifiers with imide and amide functionality for emulsion explosives have better shear properties at high temperature and better shapingness and stability at room temperature than other emulsifiers with ester and Sorbin Monoleate （SMO） functionality.

NOVEL SYNTHETIC METHOD OF LINGNINAMINETYPE ASPHALT EMULSIFIER

The slurry scaling with cationic emulsified asphalt, which is a new technique in highway construction, is rapidly extended at home and abroad. The technique should apply an excellent slow set cationic cmulsincr. Now, slow set emulsificrs are ligninamines which are synthesized by trimethylamine-epichlorohydrin route. Owing to high price and unstable quality, the extending of slurry sealing technique is affected seriously. We prepare the ligninaminc by a novel synthetic method. By the novel method, the cost of production is reduced by more than 30%, and the products have stable quality, high emulsifying function and broad adaptability for various asphalts. The novel synthetic method uses soda lignin, secondary amines and inexpensive aminating assistants as raw materials. The technological process of the method may use either one or two-step process, and the technological condition arc uncomplicated and easy to master.

Development and Applications of the Solid Emulsifier Used to Improve the Performance of Oil-in-water Drilling Fluids

The oil-in-water emulsion drilling fluids, prepared by adding 5～12% (by volume) of mineral oil (or diesel) to water-based muds, have been widely used for stuck-pipe prevention in the Shengli Oilfield. In some cases, the emulsion stability of this kind of mud system is not strong enough to meet the requirements of drilling operations. To overcome this drawback, a solid emulsifier, which is characterized by its very small particle size and special wetting behavior (slightly water-wet), has been developed and successfully applied to improve the emulsion stability and other performances of these drilling fluids. Prior to the development of this technology, an extensive study was conducted to deal with the influence of various kinds of finely divided insoluble solid particles on oil/water emulsification. The substances used include bentonite, organophilic clay, kaolinite, barite, two kinds of calcium carbonate with different particle sizes, two kinds of silica with different wetting behaviors, and a newly developed solid emulsifier. Both the emulsion stability experiments and the drop coalescence experiments are performed to evaluate the contribution of these particles to emulsification. The measured final emulsion volume disappears after 12 hours and the half-life for water and oil drops are used as the measures of emulsion stability. The experimental data show that the type, size, concentration and wettability of the particles, and the presence of some surfactants control the type and stability of emulsions for a given oil/water system, and the fine particles of the solids emulsifier provide the most effective stabilization for water-continuous emulsions compared with other kinds of particles. Meanwhile, it can be observed that these particles also stabilize oil-continuous emulsions effectively in some cases since their wetting behavior is close to neutral. The O/W emulsion mud stabilized by the newly developed solid emulsifier has become one of the major mud systems used in directional and horizontal well drilling in the Shengli Oilfield. In addition to the improvement of emulsion stability, this solid emulsifier has the advantages of improving the lubricity of mud cake and is beneficial to the control of rheological properties and filtration.

Nonionic Polymerizable Emulsifier in High-Solids-Content Acrylate Emulsion Polymerization

Stable high-solids-content acrylate emulsion were obtained with a nonionic polymerizable emulsifier allyloxy nonylphenoxy poly （ethyleneoxy） （10） ether （ANPEO10）, and a conventional emulsifier OP-10 as a reference sample. 1H NMR proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 has been incorporated into the resulted acrylate polymers. TEM demonstrates that there are some differences in the particle morphologies. AFM proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 migrating to the surface of the emulsion film was much less than the conventional emulsifier OP-10. The polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 can enhance the adhesion with glass plate compared to the conventional emulsifier. Furthermore, with increasing amount of emulsifier, the surface free energy of the films first decreased and then increased, and the adhesion with glass plate is initially enhanced and then attenuated. The water-resistance and solvent-resistance of the films prepared by the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 are superior to those prepared by the conventional emulsifier OP-10.

Improvement of whole wheat dough and bread properties by emulsifiers

Whole wheat bread is widely available worldwide,but it is always associated with less desirable dough processibility,small loaf volume,firm and gritty texture,and other distinctive attributes compared to white bread.Emulsifiers are commonly used to improve dough handling and baking quality during bread production.In present study,five emulsifiers(diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono-and diglycerides(DATEM),polysorbate 80,sodium stearoyl lactylate(SSL),soy lecithin,and sucrose esters)were added during dough preparation of the whole wheat flour at 0.2%,0.5%,and 1.0%(flour weight basis).Dough rheological behavior and bread quality attributes,such as specific loaf volume and hardness,were measured.The results showed that DATEM,sucrose esters,and SSL increased the resistance to extension of the dough,whereas soy lecithin and polysorbate 80 increased the extensibility.Soy lecithin and polysorbate 80 were the only emulsifiers that significantly increased loaf volume compared to the control.Adding higher levels(1.0%)of sucrose esters,polysorbate 80,and SSL increased the formation of amylose-lipid complex and mitigate the crumb staling during storage.The results suggested that the emulsifiers could be applied to contribute to optimum functional quality of whole wheat bread.

^(60)Co-γ射线辐照灭菌对牡丹皮质量影响的多元评价研究

为考察^(60)Co-γ射线辐照灭菌对牡丹皮质量的影响,本研究采用不同吸收剂量(0、5、10、20、30 kGy)^(60)Co-γ射线辐照处理试验样品,比较辐照前后样品微生物负载变化、高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱相似度、水提物抑菌活性的变化,并建立牡丹皮近红外光谱一致性评价模型。结果表明,当吸收剂量为5 kGy时即可让微生物负载超标样品中的需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数及耐胆盐革兰阴性菌数量降至标准规定(《美国药典》USP-NF2023)以下;随着吸收剂量的增加,牡丹皮样品指纹图谱相似度呈下降趋势;辐照后样品水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径与未辐照相比无显著差异(P>0.05);采用近红外光谱一致性评价模型能够较好地区分辐照与未辐照样品。鉴于不适宜的^(60)Co-γ射线辐照剂量可能会对牡丹皮质量造成一定影响,建议牡丹皮的辐照吸收剂量不超过5 kGy。本研究结果可为牡丹皮辐照灭菌吸收剂量的选取提供参考依据。

^(60)Co-γ射线辐照对雪茄烟叶发酵微生物和代谢物变化及烟叶质量的影响

【目的】通过^(60)Co-γ射线辐照灭菌,明确微生物在雪茄烟叶发酵过程中的重要作用。【方法】以四川雪茄烟品种德雪1号为试验材料,以剂量10 kGy的^(60)Co-γ射线对发酵前烟叶进行辐照处理,测定分析发酵过程中烟叶微生物多样性、代谢组学、中性香气成分和常规化学成分含量。【结果】(1)辐照组烟叶发酵28 d样本经传统分离培养和Illumina MiSeq高通量测序均未发现细菌群落。(2)非靶向代谢组学结果显示,辐照组烟叶发酵28 d后芸香苷、根皮苷和山奈酚等多酚类物质,山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷等多酚糖苷类物质,二肽等含量高于未辐照组烟叶,而亮氨酸、L-丝氨酸和脯氨酸等氨基酸含量低于未辐照烟叶。KEGG富集差异显著的代谢通路是黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成通路与花生四烯酸代谢通路。(3)发酵28 d后,两组烟叶的生物碱、还原糖、总糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量均显著降低,辐照组烟叶发酵前后各指标的降幅小于未辐照烟叶。辐照组烟叶发酵28 d后中性香气成分总量显著低于未辐照烟叶,而棕色化反应产物总量显著增加,烟叶劲头、杂气、刺激性更大。【结论】对发酵前烟叶进行10 kGy^(60)Co-γ射线辐照可有效杀灭烟叶细菌,发酵28 d后大分子物质降解转化低于未辐照烟叶,感官质量增加幅度减小,但相比于发酵前仍有一定程度的改善。

Who will carry out the tests that would be necessary for proper safety evaluation of food emulsifiers?

Surfactant food emulsifiers are among the most extensively used food additives.Like all authorized food additives,emulsifiers have been evaluated by risk assessors,who consider them as safe.However,there are growing concerns among scientists about their possible harmful effects on intestinal barriers and microbiota.It is also suggested that emulsifier consumption might be one of the main causes of the rising incidence of a number of diseases,such as allergic diseases,celiac disease,type I diabetes and Crohn’s disease.Moreover,it has recently been suggested that emulsifier consumption might contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and can promote colitis-associated colorectal cancer also.This paper provides an overview of the current scientific knowledge on possible effects of surfactant emulsifiers on intestinal barriers and also of regulatory risk assessment approaches.Our main objective is to reveal the reasons for the discrepancies between the opinions of risk assessors and the scientific world.We would like to draw the attention of the academic world to the need of specific in vivo and/or clinical studies for each emulsifier in order to help risk assessors make adequate evaluations and rule out with certainty that authorized food emulsifiers pose a safety concern to consumers’health.

SOLUBILITIES OF VINYL CHLORIDE IN EMULSIFIER SOLUTIONS

1 INTRODUCTIONVinyl chloride（VC）is a slightly water-soluble monomer.But its solubility in water(～10g·L-1)is much higher than that of olefins(0.1～1g·L-1).The solubilityof VC is an important parameter in suspension,emulsion and miniemulsionpolymerizations.The presence of emulsifier in aqueous medium will enhance the solubil-ity of VC.The solubility of VC depends not only on the types and concentration of theemulsifier,but also on the temperature and pressure.Unfortunately,the solubilities ofVC in emulsifier solutions are rarely reported in literatures.

^(60)Co-γ射线辐照预处理聚乳酸改善厌氧发酵性能

聚乳酸(PLA)塑料垃圾沼气生产潜力大,但降解速率低,对其进行预处理可以提高其厌氧发酵效率,促进资源化。本文采用^(60)Co-γ射线对聚乳酸塑料杯样品进行辐照预处理,研究吸收剂量为0 kGy、20 kGy、40 kGy和60 kGy的照射下PLA分子结构及可溶性物质含量变化,并通过蛋白酶酶解实验和厌氧发酵产气量的变化研究电离辐照对其厌氧发酵性能的影响。结果表明:PLA样品经^(60)Co-γ射线辐照,PLA样品上清液中乳酸含量在0~60 kGy范围内随吸收剂量增加略微上升,样品的分子结构未发生明显改变,但辐照后其分子量和结晶度明显下降;辐照后样品在酶解过程中乳酸浓度和质量损失较未辐照样品有明显提升,其中吸收剂量为60 kGy的PLA样品在第4天的乳酸浓度达到最大值并比未辐照样品高17.4%,其质量损失随时间增加,在第7天比未辐照样品提升68.7%;辐照后的样品厌氧发酵达到产气平衡的时间明显缩短,总产气量提升3.0%。研究结果表明,γ射线辐照作为PLA塑料的预处理技术具有潜在的应用价值,本研究可为PLA塑料的资源化处置提供理论参考。

^(60)Co-γ射线辐照对紫云英生长及利用的影响

为探究^(60)Co-γ射线对紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)种子的诱变效应,明确适合紫云英翻压利用及生长的辐照剂量,本研究以紫云英种子为试验材料,采用不同^(60)Co-γ射线辐照剂量[0(CK)、300、500、700 Gy]处理种子,观察比较紫云英的养分吸收特性、发芽率和田间生长状况。结果表明,辐射处理可提高紫云英盛花期的氮(N)含量,500 Gy处理盛花期N含量最高。在等N投入量下,与CK相比,500 Gy处理的翻压量可减少2063 kg·hm^(−2),便于机械翻压操作。与CK相比,辐照处理的出苗数、株高等多项指标均呈降低趋势,高辐照剂量700 Gy处理的鲜草产量和种子产量均显著降低(P<0.05),500 Gy处理的各项指标与CK最为接近,且相差较小。综上,用500 Gy的^(60)Co-γ射线辐照紫云英种子,提高了单位质量的氮素含量,便于盛花期轻简翻压利用。

A Protocol to Develop Phenolic Emulsifiers Used in Micro-surface by Control Technology

The phenolic emulsifiers used in emulsified asphalt of micro-surfacing, which was the most important tools in the road maintenance, were investigated by control technology. Many factors influencing this reaction were studied and three kinds of phenolic emulsifiers were prepared without catalyst in ethanol. The performance was researched that 2-（{2-[2-（2-Amino-ethylamino）-ethylamino]-ethyl-amino}-methyl）-4- nonyl-phenol （abbreviated as TETA） could be used in micro-surface. With addition of 0.5 % demulsifier, the mixing time was extended to 120 seconds obviously, and the cohesion torque （60 min） was 2.8 N＊m, which satisfied the opening traffic time shorter than 1 h. The wet track abrasion （6 d） was lower than 807 g/m2, with interracial modifier added, but the load wheel was increased with interfacial modifier increasing. When the TETA： demulsifier： interracial modifier =3：1：3, excellent performance was obtained and the experimental results met the International Slurry Surfacing Association （ISSA） standard. The synthesis process of this emulsifier is simple and the performance used in micro-surface was excellent, so this kind of emulsifier could have a better application future.

不同^(60)Co-γ辐射剂量对月季仙境、北京红、金凤凰生长和开花的影响

为研究物理辐射对3个月季品种扦插苗的影响,利用0、10、20、40、60、80 Gy剂量的^(60)Co-γ对仙境、北京红、金凤凰月季扦插苗进行辐射处理,测定和分析处理后月季苗的形态指标、突变率、死亡率和半致死率等。结果表明,随着辐射剂量增加,3个月季品种的扦插苗的株高、冠幅、侧枝数、侧枝长度、复叶长、复叶宽随之降低,其中仙境和北京红在10 Gy辐射剂量下生长势最好,而金凤凰在20 Gy生长势最好。供试植株的死亡率随着辐射剂量增加而增加,仙境在10和20 Gy处理下死亡率较低且花色变异较多。仙境、北京红、金凤凰的半致死剂量分别为53、132、19.87 Gy。仙境在10 Gy辐射剂量下突变率最高达31.67%,产生了白色、水粉色、嫩粉色、粉白相间等多种花色突变;金凤凰在10 Gy剂量下花瓣边缘有缺裂,在20 Gy辐射剂量下花瓣边缘深裂、反卷;北京红在10 Gy剂量下有花瓣数量明显增加,花型为千重瓣。综上所述,^(60)Co-γ辐射剂量10和20 Gy有利于促进供试植株的生长,同时产生新的变异花色和新花型。本研究结果为月季的良种选育和新品系培育提供了参考。