Cross-Sectional Study of Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Co-Infections among Patients Attending Directly Observed Treatment Centers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Introduction: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infects about one quarter of the global population and is transmitted via aerosols by coughing, sneezing, etc. Some socio-behavioral factors may predispose an individual to the disease. Methodology: The study used a cross-sectional design with random stratified sampling technique. Sputum samples from suspected TB patients totaling 600 were obtained from patients attending directly observed treatment (DOTs) centers from different local government areas in Bayelsa. The sputum samples were examined for tuberculosis using the Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique and Gene Xpert molecular method while HIV/AIDS tests were carried out with EDTA blood using the Alere HIV12 test kit and others. Results: The Prevalence of TB by Gene Xpert was 294 (49.0%) and by AFB 217 (36.1%), while TB/HIV co-infection was 94 (32.0%), RRMTB was 34 (11.9%) and HIV 249 (41.5%). Prevalence by age group showed the 20 - 39 years had the highest prevalence of TB 98 (47.0%), TB/HIV 35 (47.0%), RRMTB 17 (48.0%) and HIV 90 (57.0%). By gender the male had slightly higher prevalence of TB 109 (52.0%), TB/HIV 51 (54.0%), RRMTB 20 (56.0%) and HIV 126 (51.0%) than the female. Prevalence among smokers and alcoholics and subjects who engaged in both habits had high prevalence TB 109 (37.0%), TB/HIV 14 (40.0%), RRMTB 14 (40.0%) and HIV 72 (29.0%). For educational status those with tertiary and secondary education had similar high prevalence and for occupation, the self-employed and civil servants had similar elevated prevalence. The prevalence by local government area showed that Yenegoa had the highest with TB 235 (80.0%), TB/HIV 72 (76.6%), RRMTB 24 (68.5%) and HIV 202 (81.2%). Conclusion: An increase in the development of resistance by M. tuberculosis also contributes to the persistence of the disease as well as some socio-economic factors.

综合护理干预对AIDS/TB双重感染患者遵医行为的效果研究

目的观察采取一对一的方法实施综合护理干预对AIDS/TB双重感染患者遵医行为的影响。方法选择确诊为AIDS/TB双重感染患者60例,按病床区域分为干预组和对照组各30例,对照组采用常规护理干预措施,而干预组则采取一对一的方法实施综合护理干预措施,对两组患者的遵医行为和复发指标进行对比分析。结果干预组按医嘱用药、合理饮食、适当锻炼、安全性行为、定期复查的情况明显优于对照组,同时干预组复发率明显低于对照组。结论采取一对一的方法实施综合护理干预措施不仅可以提高AIDS/TB双重感染患者的遵医行为,还能有效地控制复发,为AIDS/TB双重感染患者的康复奠定了基础。

HIV(+)/AIDS病人合并结核(TB)感染的研究进展

HIV(+)/AIDS病人由于细胞免疫功能低下,CD4+T淋巴细胞数降低,常合并各种感染,尤以合并TB感染最为常见,本文对HIV(+)/AIDS病人合并TB感染的现状、相互影响机制、合并感染的方式和临床特点、组织病理学、诊断、预防、预防性化疗、治疗原则以及抗病毒治疗药物和抗结核药物之间的相互作用进行了综述,大量的研究证明,HIV (+)/AIDS病人合并TB感染,两者相互影响,互相促进,加快疾病的进程。早发现、早诊断,早治疗、早预防双重感染,可极大的改善患者的生存条件和延长寿命,对预防和控制艾滋病和结核病的快速流行具有极其重要的意义。

HIV/AIDS合并菌阴肺结核患者T-SPOT.TB与结核抗体的诊断价值比较

目的通过比较T细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)方法与血清结核抗体测定在HIV/AIDS合并菌阴肺结核患者的检测结果 ,找到一种更为有效的结核诊断方法 ,为临床诊断和治疗提供参考作用。方法收集2017年5月至2018年4月在赣州市第五人民医院住院,诊断为HIV/AIDS合并菌阴肺结核患者,分别进行T细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)与血清结核抗体测定。结果在87例艾滋病合并菌阴肺结核患者中,T-SPOT.TB检测和结核抗体检测的阳性率分别为85.1%和74.7%,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=2.90,P>0.05)。2种方法联合检测阳性率提高到97.7%,与两种方法相比,差异具有统计学意义。在50例健康体检者中,T-SPOT.TB检测和结核抗体检测的特异性分别为92%和72%,差异具有统计学意义(χ~2=6.77,P<0.05)。2种方法联合检测的特异性为68%。结论 T-SPOT.TB和结核抗体联合检测的阳性率高于单项检测方法 ,差异具有统计学意义;使用单一方法检测HIV/AIDS合并菌阴肺结核患者时,T-SPOT.TB检测方法的敏感性和特异性都高于结核抗体检测。

信息支持干预对AIDS/TB患者生存质量的影响

目的:探讨信息支持干预对AIDS/TB患者生存质量的影响。方法:选取医院接诊的AIDS/TB患者140例,将其按照数字随机表法分为研究组和对照组,每组70例。研究组患者实施信息支持干预,对照组患者实施常规护理干预,使用HIV-AIDSQOL-46对患者的生存质量进行评价。结果:HIV-AIDSQOL-46量表包括身体状态、心理状态、社会状态、一般性感觉和总体生存质量,两组患者入院时的各项对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);出院后1个月研究组患者的各项指标均明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:通过加强对AIDS/TB患者的信息支持干预,能够明显改善患者的生存质量,值得进一步推广使用。

T-SPOT.TB、Gene Xpert MTB/RIF检测技术在AIDS/TB人群中的诊断价值

目的探讨结核感染T细胞检测(tuberculosis T cell spot detection, T-SPOT.TB)、利福平耐药实时荧光定量核酸扩增技术(Gene Xpert MTB/RIF)在艾滋病(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)合并继发性肺结核(tuberculosis,TB)人群中的诊断价值。方法选取2019年1月—2020年9月在我院进行就诊的疑似肺结核患者323例资料进行分析,所有纳入病例均进行T-SPOT.TB、Gene Xpert MTB/RIF、痰涂片找抗酸杆菌、痰结核菌培养、抗HIV、CD4+淋巴细胞检查。以临床诊断结果为参考标准,比较T-SPOT.TB、Gene Xpert MTB/RIF、痰涂片、痰培养在艾滋病合并继发性肺结核人群中诊断的敏感性、特异性。结果综合临床症状、实验室检查及影像学检查结果,将符合条件的患者分两组:艾滋病合并继发性性肺结核(AIDS/TB)组77例,继发性肺结核(TB)组132例,比较2组患者T-SPOT.TB、Gene Xpert MTB/RIF、痰涂片、痰培养的敏感性、特异性。AIDS/TB组与TB组在T-SPOT.TB、Gene Xpert MTB/RIF、痰涂片检测阳性率方面差异无统计学意义,两组患者痰培养阳性率差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。T-SPOT.TB诊断艾滋病合并继发性肺结核中检测的敏感性和特异性分别为79.22%、89.29%,Gene Xpert MTB/RIF诊断艾滋病合并继发性肺结核中检测的敏感性和特异性分别为54.55%、100%。不同CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞计数患者T-SPOT.TB、Gene Xpert阳性率差异无统计学意义。结论 T-SPOT.TB、Gene Xpert MTB/RIF在艾滋病合并继发性肺结核的早期诊断中有一定的诊断价值。

TB/HIV Coinfection and Other Medical Co-Morbidity in Older Adults (50 - 64 Years) in Botswana: Evidence from 2013 Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BAIS IV)

Background: Many older adults (50 - 64 years) in Botswana with HIV do not know they are infected with TB. Some with TB disease are unaware of their HIV status, yet HIV/TB coinfection is high. The study aims to determine the prevalence of TB among older adults with HIV, their HIV/AIDS knowledge and vulnerability to hypertension, diabetes and asthma using the 2013 BAIS IV data. Material and Methods: The BAIS IV study, from which the data for this article is derived, used a stratified two-stage probability sampling design. The first stage was the selection of 297 Enumeration Areas (EAs) as Primary Sampling Units and second stage was selection of households (5,415) in the EAs. The study targeted all usual members of the selected households aged 6 weeks and above for the Biomarker or testing for HIV and those aged 10 - 64 years old for the behavioral questionnaire. Results: The study shows that the older adults (50 - 64 years) with TB have a low level of education and HIV prevalence is very high (44% for age 50 - 54, 40.6% for age 55 - 59 and 68.4% for age 60 - 64 years). The rate of HIV/TB coinfection, 21.9%, is high and prevalence of TB among the older adults is 8.6% (13%, males and 5.3%, females) while only 0.8% are currently on treatment. Only 67.2% know that if a pregnant mother is infected with HIV, there is a way of preventing transmission of the virus to the child. Age, level of education, marital status and employment status significantly (p Conclusion: The study concludes that lower education seems to be an obstacle to accessing TB treatment. Therefore, older adults’ awareness and knowledge of the symptoms of both diseases (TB and HIV), mode of infection and treatment need to adequately improve through increased education to overcome health challenges when infected with asthma, diabetes and high blood pressure/hypertension.

First Nationwide Survey of the Prevalence of TB/HIV Co-Infection in Ghana

Background: To better understand the extent of the magnitude of tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection in Ghana, a baseline study was conducted to establish the national prevalence of the dual infection. The study aimed to determine the most prevalent HIV serotype (HIV-1 or HIV-2) in TB patients (new and old cases);genotype mycobacterial species causing TB/HIV co-infection and determine their drug susceptibility patterns. Methods: Sputum and dried blood samples were collected from 503 TB patients from 67 health facilities nationwide between December 2007 and November 2008. All samples were processed for mycobacterial and HIV testing using conventional and molecular methods. Results: A total of 517 paired sputum samples were received from 517 patients. A total 503 patients [335 (66.6%) males;168 (33.4%) females] had at least one culture positive sample. Majority (93.0%) of the patients were new cases while 7.0% were old cases. All 503 TB isolates were Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Of 503 blood samples, 74 were positive for HIV (14.7%), comprising 71 (14.1%) and 3 (0.6%) for HIV-1 and HIV-1 & 2 respectively;none was positive for HIV-2 alone. The seroprevalence of HIV in newly diagnosed TB patients and those already on treatment, was 69/468 (14.7%) and 5/35 (14.3%) respectively (p > 0.05). Differentiation of isolates from TB/HIV co-infected patients showed that 70/74 (94.6%) were Mycobacterium tuberculosis while 4/74 (5.4%) were Mycobacterium africanum. Monoresistance to isoniazid and rifampicin were 4/74 (5.4%) and 1/74 (1.4%) respectively;resistance to both drugs (multi-drug resistant-MDR) was not observed. Sixty nine (93.2%) isolates were susceptible to both drugs. Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV infection in TB patients was 14.7%. TB/HIV was common among the sexually active age group (25 - 34 years). Majority of the TB isolates were M. tuberculosis which were susceptible to both isoniazid and rifampicin. HIV-1 was the common serotype infecting TB patients in Ghana.

Evaluation of Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome of TB/HIV Co-Infection: A Four-Year Retrospective Cohort Study in HIV-Prevalent Setting of North Central Nigeria

Background: Despite the availability of highly effective treatment for decades, Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in Nigeria due to the increasing association between HIV and TB observed over the past three decades when HIV was discovered. However, the proportion of TB and or TB/HIV co-infected patients who have successful TB treatment outcome is not well known. This study determined the treatment outcome of TB/HIV co-infected patients with HIV negative patients in two states in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of secondary data from eight Directly Observed Treatment Short (DOTS) course and Anti- Retroviral Therapy (ART) service providers in Benue and Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria, was carried out. The period under review covers January, 2010 to December, 2013. Results: Out of the total 5266 TB cases reviewed, the HIV prevalence rate was 52%. They were predominantly (53.3%) male with mean age of 34.4 years (SD = 15.1 years). More than two-third (72.5%) of HIV-negative patients had successful treatment compared to 1718 (62.7%) HIV-positive patients. Of the 2334 HIV co-infected patients, 19.5% defaulted, 11.5% had died, 5.6% were transferred out and 0.7% failed treatment compared to HIV-negative patients amongst whom 18.3% defaulted, 3.6% died, 3.9% were transferred out and 1.6% failed treatment (p Conclusion: The favourable treatment outcome of HIV-negative patients is more than that of HIV-positive patients and the most probable predictable factor responsible is the CD4 count of patient;indicating that TB/HIV co-infection has remained a major public health problem in Benue state and FCT. Hence there is the need for sustained strengthening and expansion of the national TB/HIV programmes.

Using Statistical Learning to Treat Missing Data: A Case of HIV/TB Co-Infection in Kenya

In this study, we investigate the effects of missing data when estimating HIV/TB co-infection. We revisit the concept of missing data and examine three available approaches for dealing with missingness. The main objective is to identify the best method for correcting missing data in TB/HIV Co-infection setting. We employ both empirical data analysis and extensive simulation study to examine the effects of missing data, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and train and test error for different approaches. The novelty of this work hinges on the use of modern statistical learning algorithm when treating missingness. In the empirical analysis, both HIV data and TB-HIV co-infection data imputations were performed, and the missing values were imputed using different approaches. In the simulation study, sets of 0% (Complete case), 10%, 30%, 50% and 80% of the data were drawn randomly and replaced with missing values. Results show complete cases only had a co-infection rate (95% Confidence Interval band) of 29% (25%, 33%), weighted method 27% (23%, 31%), likelihood-based approach 26% (24%, 28%) and multiple imputation approach 21% (20%, 22%). In conclusion, MI remains the best approach for dealing with missing data and failure to apply it, results to overestimation of HIV/TB co-infection rate by 8%.

护理干预对AIDS/TB患者生存质量的影响分析

目的探讨护理干预对艾滋病合并结核病患者生存质量的影响。方法分析我院收治的19例AIDS/TB患者的临床资料,系统性护理干预前与系统性护理干预后2个月分别采用MOT调查问卷,就其6大项目的比较,来观察AIDS/TB病患者生存质量的变化。结果系统性护理干预后总体生存质量较系统性护理干预前有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对AIDS/TB病患者进行系统性的护理干预,对提高患者的生存质量具有一定的临床意义。

基于共词分析的近20年结核合并HIV/AIDS国际研究热点及进展分析

目的通过系统分析近20年以来结核合并HIV/AIDS感染的相关科研文献的年代、作者、期刊、语种、国别、主题词的分布,来展示结核感染合并HIV/AIDS的研究现状。方法检索PubMed数据库中近20年发表的有关结核合并HIV/AIDS的文献,对相关文献的数量、作者、期刊、语种、国别、高频主题词进行统计分析,并对近20年和近3年相关文献的高频主题词进行同篇聚类分析。结果共检出结核感染合并HIV/AIDS的相关文献11298篇,统计分析表明,HIV/AIDS合并结核该研究主题的科研论文数量整体上呈上升态势,近20年的HIV/AIDS合并结核研究主题现状和近3年进展的聚类结果趋于一致,主要集中于以下6个方面:结核合并HIV/AIDS的药物治疗以及在治疗过程中结核分枝杆菌的遗传学和微生物学变化、艾滋病机会性感染结核的诊断、结核合并艾滋病的流行病学、结核合并HIV/AIDS感染的防治、结核合并HIV感染的免疫学6个方面。结论结核合并HIV/AIDS疫情的日益严峻,警示我们需加大结核合并HIV/AIDS研究及防治领域的关注力度,以期能有所突破,实现有效控制疫情快速蔓延的目的。

HIV(+)/AIDS并发肺结核与单纯肺结核患者临床对照分析

提高对HIV(+)/AIDS并发肺结核临床表现的认识。方法:选取1998年以来我院收治的HIV(+)/AIDS并发肺结核的病例共47例为观察组(A组),及同期住院的HIV(-)单纯肺结核病例50例为对照组(B组)进行回顾性对照分析。结果:(1)A组发烧和体重下降较B组更常见,而咳嗽和咯血较B组少见;(2)A组痰抗酸杆菌阳性率显著低于B组;(3)A组结核杆菌培养阳性率显著低于B组,而耐多药结核(MDR-TB)所占比率显著高于B组;(4)肺结核的X线表现为弥漫性浸润或粟粒性阴影的,A组多于B组,而A组影像学空洞率显著低于B组;(5)A组合并肺外结核较B组多见,A组淋巴系统较B组常发生结核病变,A组全身血液播散性结核病的发病率明显高于B组;(6)PPD结核菌素反应阳性率A组显著低于B组,A组PPD阳性率与外周CD4+T淋巴细胞数相关。结论:HIV(+)/AIDS患者并发肺结核临床表现不典型。

HIV and HCV:from Co-infection to Epidemiology,Transmission,Pathogenesis,and Treatment

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the infectious agent causing acquired immu-nodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a deadliest scourge of human society. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of chronic liver disease and infects an estimated 170 million people worldwide,resulting in a serious public health burden. Due to shared routes of transmission,co-infection with HIV and HCV has become common among individuals who had high risks of blood exposures. Among hemophiliacs the co-infection rate accounts for 85%; while among injection drug users (IDU) the rate can be as high as 90%. HIV can accelerate the progression of HCV-related liver disease,particularly when immunodeficiency has developed. Although the effect of HCV on HIV infection is controversial,most studies showed an increase in mortality due to liver disease. HCV may act as a direct cofactor to fasten the progression of AIDS and decrease the tolerance of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HARRT). Conversely,HAART-related hepatotoxicity may enhance the progression of liver fibrosis. Due to above complications,co-infection with HCV and HIV-1 has imposed a critical challenge in the management of these patients. In this review,we focus on the epidemiology and transmission of HIV and HCV,the impact of the two viruses on each other,and their treatment.

结核感染T细胞斑点试验在HIV/AIDS合并结核感染诊断中的应用

目的探讨结核感染T细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)在临床诊断HIV/AIDS合并结核感染的应用价值.方法利用T-SPOT.TB方法,测定60例疑似HIV/AIDS合并结核感染患者,30例健康体检者,20例非结核疾病患者外周血单个核细胞中结核感染特异的效应T淋巴细胞的频率.结果 60例疑似合并结核患者,最终确诊结核35例,其中26例结核抗原特异ELISPOT阳性,提示该诊断方法敏感度为74.3%,30名健康对照中,4名健康体检阳性,20例非结核疾病患者均阴性,该方法的特异性为86.7%.结论结核感染T细胞斑点试验是较灵敏和特异的快速检测结核分枝杆菌感染的方法,可用于HIV/AIDS合并结核感染的辅助诊断.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV/AIDS Patients Attending Art Clinic in Bududa General Hospital, Bududa District, Uganda

Background: Tuberculosis disease affects survival among HIV co-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in western Uganda is 15.3% and 7.2% in Tororo, Eastern Uganda. A study in Kampala revealed Tuberculosis prevalence among immuno-incompetent group at 10%. To assess the prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) infection in HIV/AIDS patients attending ART clinic in Bududa general hospital, Bududa district, a hospital-based, cross-sectional study was carried out. Methods and materials: Two hundred thirty eight (238) HIV/AIDS positive patients attending ART clinic were recruited using consecutive simple non-probability sampling on consenting. Data collection guide was used to capture the socio-demographic information from study participants and two sputum samples (spot and early morning samples) were obtained from each participant, and processed using Hot Ziehl Neelsen for Tubercle Bacilli. Data collected was entered into MS Excel spreadsheets and Statistical Package of Social Sciences was used for descriptive data analysis and outputs in form of percentages, figures and tables presented. Results: Out of 238 study participants recruited, 14/238 were positive for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB);giving a prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis at 5.9% (14/238) and the most affected age group was between 26 - 35 years with the prevalence of 3.4%. More females (65.6%) participated in the study than males (34.4%). Conclusion: Tuberculosis remains a health challenge in HIV/AIDS positive people in Bududa district and there is need for early screening of all HIV patients for TB as part of their routine and intensification to follow up TB positive patients. We recommend large-scale studies on the trends in TB/HIV co-infection and associated factors should be carried out in this area. In addition, we recommend intensification of public awareness campaign about TB infection in relation to its transmission, prevention and control.

Progression of Platelet Counts in Treatment Naïve HIV/HCV Co-Infection

Background: Previous research has suggested an association between infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and low platelet counts. This study estimates platelet count changes over time in HIV/HCV co-infected participants and compares them with the changes in platelet count among HIV mono-infected participants to test if HIV/HCV co-infection is associated with lower platelet counts. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included all HIV treatment naive patients from four sites in the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) cohort with platelet count measurements between 2002 and 2009. We conducted a mixed effects linear regression modeling the mean change in platelet count per year while adjusting for age, sex, race, baseline CD4 cell count, and site. Index date was the first platelet count after 2002, and participants were censored upon initiation of treatment for HIV or HCV. Results: There were 929 HIV/HCV co-infected and 3558 HIV mono-infected participants with a mean follow-up time of 1.2 years. HIV/HCV co-infected participants had on average a slighter lower platelet count at baseline (234,040 vs. 242,780/μL;p-value = 0.004), and a more rapid mean reduction per year (7230 vs. 3580/μL;p-value 0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, baseline CD4 count. Conclusions: In treatment naive participants, HIV/HCV co-infection is associated with a more rapid decline in platelet count compared with HIV mono-infection.

Progress in the Prevention and Treatment of AIDS Associated with Tuberculosis

Epidemiological studies have shown that infection with the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) is an influential risk factor for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTb),the rapid progression of the initial infection to active tuberculosis(TB),and the reactivation of latent TB infection.MTb infection is also one of the most common opportunistic infections in people with HIV,including AIDS patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy.Given the prevalence of HIV infection,the incidence of TB infection,which had begun to decline,is facing a severe situation.HIV associated with TB exerts an immense burden on the public health-care system,especially in countries with high incidences of HIV infection.Therefore,the global policies for the prevention and control of TB should be revised.Moreover,an increased investment in TB control has to be guaranteed.The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent progress in the prevention,treatment,and control of HIV and TB co-infection.

胸部CT在AIDS合并非结核分枝杆菌肺病与合并肺结核中的影像特征

目的分析胸部CT在艾滋病(AIDS)合并非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)肺病与合并肺结核(TB)中的影像特征。方法选取2016年12月至2017年12月我院50例AIDS合并TB患者作为对照组,同期的50例AIDS合并NTM肺病患者作为研究组,所有患者均行胸部CT检查,采用Fisher确切概率法比较两组的影像学特征。结果对照组的上叶侵犯率显著高于研究组(P<0.05);研究组患者条索影、结节、斑片影、支气管扩张、类圆形GGO占比显著高于对照组(P<0.05);两组粟粒、胸部积液占比及胸腔增大淋巴结分布比较,差异显著(P<0.05)。结论胸部CT检查在AIDS合并TB与AIDS合并NTM肺病诊断鉴别中具有较高的应用价值。