GCRV NS38 counteracts SVCV proliferation by intracellular antagonization during co-infection

Viral co-infection has been found in animals;however,the mechanisms of co-infection are unclear.The abundance and diversity of viruses in water make fish highly susceptible to co-infection.Here,we reported a coinfection in fish,which resulted in reduced host lethality and illustrated the intracellular molecular mechanism of viral co-infection.The spring viremia of carp virus(SVCV)is a highly lethal virus that infects Cyprinidae,such as zebrafish.The mortality of SVCV infection was significantly reduced when co-infected with the grass carp reovirus(GCRV).The severity of tissue damage and viral proliferation of SVCV was also reduced in co-infection with GCRV.The transcriptome bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the effect on the host transcripts in response to SVCV infection was significantly reduced in co-infection.After excluding the extracellular interactions of these two viruses,the intracellular mechanisms were studied.We found that the GCRV NS38 remarkably decreased SVCV infection and viral proliferation.The interaction between GCRV NS38 and SVCV nucleoprotein(N)and phosphoprotein(P)proteins was identified,and NS38 downregulated both N and P proteins.Further analysis demonstrated that the N protein was degraded by NS38 indispensable of the autophagy receptor,sequestosome 1(p62).Meanwhile,K63-linked ubiquitination of the P protein was reduced by NS38,leading to ubiquitinated degradation of the P protein.These results reveal that the intracellular viral protein interactions are a crucial mechanism of co-infection and influence the host pathology and expand our understanding in intracellular viral interactions co-infection.

鸡马立克氏病毒和网状内皮增生病毒感染肉鸡时的相互作用

为了研究鸡马立克氏病病毒(MDV)和网状内皮增生病病毒(REV)共感染时的相互作用,分别在REV母源抗体阳性(REV-Ab+)和阴性(REV-Abˉ)及经MDV疫苗CVI988株免疫和不免疫的商品代肉鸡,比较了二种病毒在病毒血症水平和特异抗体效价上的相互影响。结果表明,在未经CVI988株免疫鸡,REV病毒血症对MDV强毒接种后的病毒血症水平及抗体效价无明显影响,但REV病毒血症显著抑制了CVI988疫苗免疫为鸡提供的抵抗力和抗体效价,因而提高了强毒MDV感染后的病毒血症的程度。另一方面,MDV感染会显著减弱REV-Ab+鸡对REV感染的抵抗力,提高REV-Ab+鸡在感染REV后的病毒血症水平并抑制对它的抗体效价。分析表明,MDV和REV共感染主要通过抑制鸡体的免疫功能来影响另一种病毒的复制及其致病作用。

Epidemiology andinteractions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus - 1 and Schistosoma mansoni in sub-SaharanAfrica

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1/AIDS and Schis tosoma mansoni are widespread in sub Saharan Africa and co-infection occurs commonly.Since the early 1990s,it has been suggested that the two infections may interact and potentiate the effects of each other within co-infected human hosts.Indeed,S mansoni infection has been suggested to be a risk factor for HIV transmission and progression in Africa.If so,it would follow that mass deworming could have beneficial effects on HIV-1 transmission dynamics.The epidemiology of HIV in African countries is changing,shifting from urban to rural areas where the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni is high and public health services are deficient.On the other side,the consequent pathogenesis of HIV-1/S.mansoni co-infection remains unknown.Here we give an account of the epidemiology of HIV-1 and S.mansoni,discuss co-infection and possible biological causal relationships between the two infections,and the potential impact of praziquantel treatment on HIV-1 viral loads,CD4^(+) counts and CD4^(+)/CD8^(+) ratio.Our review of the available literature indicates that there is evidence to support the hypothesis that S.mansoni infections can influence the replication of the HIV-1,cel-to-cell transmission,as well as increase HIV progression as measured by reduced CD4^(+) T lymphocytes counts.If so,then deworming of HIV positive individuals living in endemic areas may impact on HV-1 viral loads and CD4^(+) T lymphocyte counts.

Risk factors for Blastocystis infection in HIV/AIDS patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy in Southwest China

Background:Blastocystis is a widespread zoonotic protozoan of mammalian species,especially in HIV/AIDS individuals.The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and risk factors related with Blastocystis infection among HIV/AIDS patients in Southwest China.Methods:The cross-sectional study was performed in 311 HIV/AIDS cases in Tengchong City,Yunnan Province from July 2016 to March 2017.For each subject,stool specimen was collected to detect the Blastocystis,and the blood sample was used to detect HIV virus load and CD4+T cell count,in addition,structured questionnaire was used to collect the basic information and risk factors.Findings:The result showed that the detection rate of Blastocystis was 3.86%(95%CI:2.22-6.62)among HIV/AIDS patients.Both raising animal(OR=12.93,95%CI:1,54-108.36)and drinking un-boiled water(OR=8A7,95%CI:1.76-37.90)were risk factors for Blastocystis infection in HIV/AIDS individuals.In addition,the interaction of CD4^+T cell count and HIV virus load was also contribution to Blastocystis infection(P=0.007).Conclusions:A high prevalence of Blastocystis infection was found in HIV/AIDS patients in Tengchong.Poor hygienic habits,the interaction of HIV virus load and CD4^+T cell count were identified as main risk factors for infection.These results will help us to develop efficient control strategies to intervene with and prevent the occurrence of Blastocystis among HIV-infected individuals.