New Data on Coal, Gypsum, Iron and Silica Sand Deposits and Geochemical Exploration (Pakistan): Revision of 25 Years History of Dinosaur Discoveries from Pakistan

Discoveries of many coal seams at depths by drilling carried by Geological Survey of Pakistan in Sor Range and Harnai Gochina, extended the coal seams at depth which is challenge for mine owners to exploit feasibly. Bed to bed gypsum samplings (and their chemical analyses) of huge gypsum deposits from Sulaiman foldbelt is a base for industrialist and also planers to develop cement and gypsum industries to increase export and foreign exchange for the development of area and Pakistan. Low and high grade sedimentary iron deposits, silica sand and uranium host rocks and their extensions in Sulaiman and Kirthar foldbelts are presented. Anomalies of a few base metals arise as a result of geochemical exploration carried at part of Loralai District of Balochistan. Theropod dinosaurs were frequent in India, while Poripuchian titanosaurs (Sauropoda, Dinosauria) were frequent in Pakistan. Besides some ichnotaxa, many bone taxa such as 1 titanosauriform, 14 titanosaurian sauropod (including one new titanosaur), and 3 theropod dinosaurs are established from Pakistan. Among these 12 titanosaur species and 3 theropod species are named in about 10 km2 area of Vitakri dome and 2 titanosaur species are named in about a few hundred square meter area of Mari Bohri (Kachi Bohri) which is about 10 km westward from Vitakri dome. Pakistan is a unique country which discoverd 14 diversified titanosaurs in a short area and also in a short period (67 - 66 million years ago/Ma). About 400 bones found from a few meter thick upper part of upper shale horizon of latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation which is base for titanosaur taxa. Cranial material is in low fraction (but include significant diverse snouts), caudal vertebrae are prominent, the cervicals, dorsals and sacrals have significant numbers, forelimb and hind limb bones have balanced fraction. Humeri, femora and tibiae are most common. To know the position of Pakistani titanosaurs among titanosaurs and sauropods, there is a need to extend list of characters for phylogenetic analyses. This broad feature list should include main characters of titanosaurs from Pakistan and also from global world.

Synthesis and Thermal Insulation Performance of Silica Aerogel from Recycled Coal Gangue by Means of Ambient Pressure Drying

Silica aerogel materials are well recognized for their superinsulation performance and are regarded as one of the hot candidates to revolutionize building insulation. To date, high production cost related to exorbitant precursors as well as cumbrous multi-step hydrophobization process has often narrowed the field of applications. In this work, granular silica aerogel materials were synthesized by extracting Si O2 from recycled rich silicon coal gangue, followed by one-step hydrophobization and ambient pressure drying. Lightweight(about 0.16 g/cm3) and nanostructural aerogels were obtained through this route. They exhibit a 3D open porous microstructure with around 600 cm2/g surface area and 20 nm of the average pore diameter, thermal conductivity of 4-5 mm packed granules is 20-25 m W/(m·K), which was proved by both guarded hot plate and hot-wire transient methods. This study offers a new facile route for the synthesis of silica aerogel from recycled solid waste coal gangue and suggests a method, which may lead to a cost reduction in terms of industrial production.

Simulation of the interaction of methane,carbon dioxide and coal

Gas adsorption has an important influence on gas flow in a coal body.Research on the characteristics of coal and gas adsorption is the theoretical basis for studying gas flow in coal.In this paper,the interaction between methane,carbon dioxide and surface molecules of anthracite was simulated using the quantum chemistry method.Adsorption energy and adsorption configurations of different quantities of gas molecules absorbed on the coal surface were calculated.The results show that adsorption between coal and the two kinds of gas molecules is a physical adsorption process and there is an optimal configuration.Gas molecules are more easily adsorbed in the hydroxyl-containing side chain,while it is difficult for them to be adsorbed at the position of the benzene ring.Besides,carbon dioxide molecules are more readily adsorbed on the coal surface than methane molecules.The findings have an important significance in revealing the nature of gas adsorption in coal.

Molecular simulation studies of hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide adsorption on coal

Sorption isotherms of hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide （CO2） provide crucial information for designing processes to sequester CO2 and recover natural gas from unmineable coal beds. Methane （CH4）, ethane （C2H6）, and CO2 adsorption isotherms on dry coal and the temperature effect on their maximum sorption capacity have been studied by performing combined Monte Carlo （MC） and molecular dynamics （MD） simulations at temperatures of 308 and 370 K （35 and 97 ~C） and at pressures up to 10 MPa. Simulation results demonstrate that absolute sorption （expressed as a mass basis） divided by bulk gas density has negligible temperature effect on CH4, C2H6, and CO2 sorption on dry coal when pressure is over 6 MPa. CO2 is more closely packed due to stronger interaction with coal and the stronger interaction between CO2 mole- cules compared, respectively, with the interactions between hydrocarbons and coal and between hydrocarbons. The results of this work suggest that the ＂a＂ constant （pro- portional to TcPc） in the Peng-Robinson equation of state is an important factor affecting the sorption behavior of hydrocarbons. CO2 injection pressures of lower than 8 MPa may be desirable for CH4 recovery and CO2 sequestration. This study provides a quantitative under- standing of the effects of temperature on coal sorptioncapacity for CH4, C2H6, and CO2 from a microscopic perspective.

Adsorption behavior of carbon dioxide and methane in bituminous coal:A molecular simulation study

The adsorption behavior of CO_2, CH_4 and their mixtures in bituminous coal was investigated in this study. First, a bituminous coal model was built through molecular dynamic(MD) simulations, and it was confirmed to be reasonable by comparing the simulated results with the experimental data. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC)simulations were then carried out to investigate the single and binary component adsorption of CO_2 and CH_4with the built bituminous coal model. For the single component adsorption, the isosteric heat of CO_2 adsorption is greater than that of CH_4 adsorption. CO_2 also exhibits stronger electrostatic interactions with the heteroatom groups in the bituminous coal model compared with CH_4, which can account for the larger adsorption capacity of CO_2 in the bituminous coal model. In the case of binary adsorption of CO_2 and CH_4mixtures, CO_2 exhibits the preferential adsorption compared with CH_4 under the studied conditions. The adsorption selectivity of CO_2 exhibited obvious change with increasing pressure. At lower pressure, the adsorption selectivity of CO_2 shows a rapid decrease with increasing the temperature, whereas it becomes insensitive to temperature at higher pressure. Additionally, the adsorption selectivity of CO_2 decreases gradually with the increase of the bulk CO_2 mole fraction and the depth of CO_2 injection site.

Effects of Silica Aerogel Content on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Silica Aerogel Dual-scale Cellular Foams Processed in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

A novel poly（methyl-methacrylate）/silica aerogel（PMMA/SA） dual-scale cellular foam was synthesized with internal mixing followed by the supercritical carbon dioxide foaming process.The effects of silica aerogel content on the microstructural and mechanical performance of the foams were investigated by SEM,TEM analysis,and mechanical tests.The experimental results suggest that the employment of silica aerogel granule as addictive can distinctly improve the morphological feature as well as the mechanical performance in comparison to neat PMMA foam by uniformizing cell size distribution,decreasing cell size and increasing cell density.And dual-scale cells including micrometric cells of 3-10 μm and nanometric cells of about 50 nm existed in the structure of foams resulting from the retained original framework structure of silica aerogel,which has not been described in other studies with the addition of various fillers.Furthermore,the mechanical strength was significantly elevated even with a small amount of silica aerogel resulting from the unique microstructure,decreased cell size and enhanced cell walls.The compressive strength was 18.12 MPa and the flexural strength was 18.90 MPa by adding 5wt% and 2wt% silica aerogel,respectively.These results demonstrate the potential to synthesize PMMA/SA dual-scale cellular foams to be used as structural materials with the advantages of low density and high strength.

Permeability variation characteristics of coal after injecting carbon dioxide into a coal seam

A theoretical basis for the optimization of carbon dioxide injection parameters and the development of the drainage system can be provided by identifying the permeability change characteristic of coal and rock after injection of carbon dioxide into the coal seam. Sihe, Yuwu, and Changcun mines were used as research sites. Scanning electron microscopy and permeability instruments were used to measure coal properties such as permeability and surface structure of the coal samples at different p H values of carbon dioxide solution and over different timescales. The results show that the reaction between minerals in coal and carbonate solution exhibit positive and negative aspects of permeability-the dissolution reaction between carbonate minerals in coal and acid solution improves the conductivity of coal whilst, on the other hand, the clay minerals in the coal(mainly including montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite) exhibit expansion as a result of ion exchange with the H+in acid solution, which has a negative effect on the permeability of the coal. The permeability of coal samples increased at first and then decreased with immersion time, and when the soaking time is 2–3 months the permeability of the coal reached a maximum. In general, for coals with permeabilities less than 0.2 m D or greater than 2 m D, the effect on the permeability is low; when the permeability of the coal is in the range 0.2–2 m D, the effect on the permeability is highest. Research into permeability change characteristics can provide a theoretical basis for carbon dioxide injection under different reservoir permeability conditions and subsequent drainage.

New Process for Preparation Alumina and Silica White from Coal Fly Ash

Fly ash was used to prepare alumina and silica white, The 3 stages of the process are as follows: ammonium sulfate calcining, acid leaching and alkali dissolution. The optimum conditions for the experiments to determine are as follows: molar ratio of (NH4)2SO4/Al2O3 is 6, the calcining time is 2h, he H2SO4 concentration is 20%, the leaching temperature is 80℃ and dissolution duration is 2h, the ratio of solution and solid reaction material is 6 for ammonium sulfate calcining and acid leaching stage, reaction time 30min, ratio of liquid to ore 5∶1, alkali concentration 45% and reaction temperature 95 ℃for the alkali dissolution stage. Under these conditions, the total leaching efficiencies of Al2O3 and SiO2 are 78.86% and 95%, respectively. The quality of the main products alumina and silica white can meet the national standards of GB/T24487-2009 and GB10517-89, respectively.

Decomposition of carbon dioxide hydrate in the samples of natural coal with different degrees of metamorphism

Methane and carbon dioxide hydrates are one of the possible forms in which these gases exist in natural coal(for more detailed discussion see Refs [1,2]). In this work, the decomposition of carbon dioxide hydrate in five samples of natural coal differing from each other in metamorphism degree was investigated experimentally. Carbon dioxide hydrate dispersed in coals was synthesized from water adsorbed in these coals. During a linear temperature rise in an autoclave with the coal + hydrate sample the hydrate decomposition manifests itself as a step of increase in gas pressure, accompanied by a decrease/stabilization of the temperature of coal sample. The dependencies of the amount of hydrate formed on initial coal humidity and on gas pressure during hydrate formation were studied. It was demonstrated that each coal sample is characterized by its own humidity threshold below which hydrate formation in natural coal is impossible. With an increase in gas pressure, the amount of water transformed into hydrate increases. For the studied coal samples, the decomposition of carbon dioxide hydrates proceeds within a definite temperature and pressure range, and this range is close to the curve of phase equilibrium for bulk hydrate.

Development of Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies in Coal-Fired Power Plants

With a particular reference to China Huaneng Group's practices in CO_2 capture, this article presents a brief ing on the current development of CO_2 capture technologies in coal-fired power plants both in China and abroad. Sooner or later, the integration of CO_2 capture and storage (CCS) facility with coal-fired power plant will be inevitably put on the agenda of developers.

深部煤层地下气化选址研究——以东胜气田J148地区为例

从地质构造、水文地质、煤层气化适用性等角度,系统研究了东胜气田J148地区中生界侏罗系中下统延安组延9煤层地下气化的可行性,并探讨了利用深部煤层气化燃空区孔隙层、含水层及该区致密气层进行碳封存的前景。研究结果表明,该区延9煤层埋深1 264~1 285 m、倾角小于1°,煤层稳定性好。气化目标选区内地层断层、节理裂隙不发育,偶有裂隙但断面新鲜、闭合,煤层气化后空腔有较好的密闭性,对煤炭地下气化影响小,有利于气化炉的建设和扩展,可满足规模化煤炭地下气化项目实施。延9煤层顶底板存在连续的隔水层,能阻截地下水对煤层直接充水,有利于地下气化炉布置;顶板隔水层厚度小于导水裂隙带高度,存在垮落导通顶板含水层间接充水的风险,但顶板含水层属弱富水含水层,涌水量小,风险可控;底板隔水层厚度大于隔水层的安全厚度,能有效阻截煤层底板含水层对煤层直接充水的风险。总体而言,延9煤层厚度适中、夹矸少,属低灰、低硫、高热值不黏煤,煤焦反应活性高,具有良好开发前景。针对深部煤层规模化气化开采产生大量的CO_(2)排放,初步探讨了利用煤层燃空区、顶底板含水层和下部致密天然气层进行CO_(2)安全封存可行性。分析认为,在延9煤层气化燃空区孔隙层和顶底板含水层中,可封存煤层气化产生的CO_(2)的60.8%~88.2%;若结合东胜气田上古生界致密天然气开发,用煤气化产生CO_(2)进行天然气驱替与封存,有望实现深部煤层气化开采过程近零碳排放。

SCCO_(2)作用下不同含水性煤孔裂隙结构变化机制

深部煤层封存CO_(2)增产CH_(4)产出过程中,处于超临界状态的CO_(2)(SCCO_(2))与煤中矿物质发生反应,改变煤的孔隙性,进而影响煤层封存CO_(2)的效果和甲烷增产效果。为发现SCCO_(2)–H_(2)O–煤岩作用对煤中孔隙的影响特征,以焦煤为研究对象,开展了不同含水条件下的超临界CO_(2)改造煤实验,基于矿物组成和孔隙性测定结果,对比煤中主要矿物质和不同尺度的孔裂隙变化的差异,探讨了不同含水状态下SCCO_(2)流体对孔裂隙性的作用机制。研究表明:①SCCO_(2)作用后,煤体表面粗糙、疏松,且由于矿物溶蚀使得一些裂隙得到贯通,微裂隙连通性增强。②SCCO_(2)流体对煤具有“扩孔”作用,表现为微、小孔含量下降,中、大孔占比升高,也即微、小孔隙向大孔隙的转化,且孔隙连通性改善;进一步发现,萃余煤吸附孔的分形维数稍微增加,粗糙度增大,而渗流孔的分形维数显著降低,复杂性和非均质性降低。③SCCO_(2)对煤中碳酸盐类矿物的溶解性最好,其次是黏土矿物,且随着含水率增加,萃余煤中的碳酸盐矿物占比先增加后减小。SCCO_(2)使干燥基态、饱和水态煤样中碳酸盐矿物显著溶解,有效改善了孔隙结构,且对饱和水态煤样作用效果更好。空气干燥基态煤样经SCCO_(2)作用后,新生成的白云石矿物聚集在孔喉中造成堵孔效应,缩小原有大孔隙尺寸,是引起不同含水性煤孔隙差异性变化的主要原因。

低碳化现代煤基能源技术体系及开发战略

煤炭为人类社会工业化进程做出了重要贡献,为保障我国能源安全和经济平稳发展发挥了关键支撑作用。从19世纪中期开始,煤炭、煤油、煤气、煤电共生的煤基燃料逐步进入规模化使用时代。但是,传统的煤炭利用产生高碳排放,成为能源转型的重大难题。面向生态文明社会发展,煤炭清洁高效利用迫在眉睫,现代煤基能源技术创新势在必行。首次提出现代煤基能源技术体系定义及内涵,将其定义为基于煤炭原料的创新转化而生产具有低碳属性的煤基气、煤基油、煤基氢和煤基电等能源产品,并在矿区原位消纳二氧化碳,形成具有碳中和能力的清洁低碳能源生产系统,其技术内涵包括煤基气、煤基油、煤基氢、煤基电和矿区动态碳中和,共有5个技术模块、19个技术单元和61项关键技术。现代煤基能源技术体系在未来新型能源体系中将发挥“一主体三支撑一突破”的重要作用,即煤基电在我国电力保障中的“以煤稳电”主体作用,煤制油在我国油品安全的“以煤增油”支撑作用,煤基气对我国燃气安全的“以煤补气”支撑作用,煤基氢气对我国氢能发展的“以煤助氢”支撑作用,实现煤基能源动态碳中和技术的“以煤固碳”重大突破。当非化石能源与低碳化煤基能源之比保持在2.5~3.0,煤基能源及油气能源与风光水核能源可实现合理融合,组成具有强互补性、高可靠性、低碳排放的新质能源系统。研究预测,基于现代煤基能源技术实现重大突破和实际应用,2060年我国低碳化煤基能源产量可达10.2亿~14.6亿t标准煤,相当于全国能源需求量的18%~24%,二氧化碳排放量控制在5亿t以下,与目前基于“去煤化”的能源转型规划路径相比,煤炭在我国能源体系中的占比从10%提高到20%以上,二氧化碳排放量降低了50%。届时,现代煤基能源体系对我国能源安全保供和二氧化碳减排具有重大技术创新意义,助力我国走向能源自主独立强国。

壳聚糖-SiO_(2)气凝胶/纤维素/聚丙烯复合水刺材料的制备及其吸附染料性能

为制备用于有机染料废水处理的生物质材料,以纤维素纤维/聚丙烯(CF/PP)为基材,经氧化后与以壳聚糖(CS)和硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)为原料制备的CS-SiO_(2)混合溶液进行反应,再通过冷冻干燥得到CS-SiO_(2)气凝胶/氧化纤维素(OCF)/PP复合水刺非织造材料。对复合材料的形貌、结构和其对有机染料吸附性能进行测试与表征,结果表明:相较于CF/PP水刺非织造材料,CS-SiO_(2)气凝胶/OCF/PP复合水刺非织造材料表面出现明显的微孔结构,在OCF/PP水刺非织造材料表面出现了归属于CS和SiO_(2)的红外特征峰;当TEOS体积分数为25%时,制得的样品在30℃、pH值为7的条件下对亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附效率可达99.63%,经5次重复使用后,其对MB的吸附效率仍保持在80.59%左右;相比于CF/PP水刺非织造材料,CS-SiO_(2)气凝胶/OCF/PP复合水刺非织造材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率略有下降。

CeO_(2)载氧体对煤化学链燃烧中汞迁移影响机制

汞污染因其对人类和生态系统的严重危害而日益受到人们的关注,本研究旨在分析CeO_(2)载氧体在煤化学链燃烧过程中对汞迁移的影响。通过实验比较了“CeO_(2)+煤”“SiO_(2)+煤”“煤”在流化床反应器中的燃烧状况,在气化氛围中,载氧体与煤反应主要转化为CO_(2)和少量CO、CH_(4)、H_(2)等成分,“CeO_(2)+煤”体系消耗了最多的O_(2),产生了最多的CO_(2),表明CeO_(2)载氧体促使煤燃烧更加充分。汞在气化氛围下主要以Hg^(0)的形式释放,“CeO_(2)+煤”的Hg^(0)释放量占总汞量的49.75%,明显低于无载氧体组。汞在空气氛围下主要以Hg^(2+)的形式再次微量释放,“CeO_(2)+煤”的Hg^(0)和Hg^(2+)释放量均低于纯煤组。通过改变CeO_(2)载氧体和煤之间的不同位置,表明在气化氛围下CeO_(2)载氧体对Hg^(0)的吸附作用很弱,其催化性和释氧作用是脱除Hg^(0)的关键因素,且催化性占据主要地位。在气化氛围下,CO_(2)可以补充CeO_(2)中消耗掉的晶格氧使其具有更好的催化和再生性能。通过对还原/氧化后CeO_(2)载氧体进行XPS(X射线光电子能谱分析仪)分析,发现Ce 3d中的Ce^(3+)峰值消失全部转化为Ce^(4+),表明CeO_(2)载氧体具有良好的再生性能。

300 MW超临界二氧化碳燃煤发电机组热经济性分析

针对300 MW超临界二氧化碳(SCO_(2))部分冷却循环和部分冷却再热循环燃煤发电系统,建立了热经济性数学模型,以循环热效率η_(t)、系统㶲效率η_(ex)及平准化度电成本C_(LCOE)为评价指标,对不同系统和不同关键参数进行热经济性对比分析。结果表明:在设计工况下,与部分冷却循环系统相比,在部分冷却再热循环下η_(t)高0.33%,η_(ex)高0.35%;在相同参数条件下,2个发电机组燃煤消耗成本占比均超过70%,锅炉成本远高于其他设备成本;存在最优的主压缩机入口压力,使得η_(t)、η_(ex)达到最大,同时C_(LCOE)达到最小;随着主压缩机入口温度的增大,η_(t)、η_(ex)逐渐减小,C_(LCOE)则逐渐增大;η_(t)、η_(ex)随着透平入口温度的增大线性提升,C_(LCOE)则先减小后增大。

低碳化现代煤基能源开发关键技术体系

煤炭为人类工业文明进步做出了重大贡献,但面临高碳排放的重大难题。现代煤基能源是破解煤与碳矛盾的新路径,能够立足我国资源禀赋实现能源自主可控,提升我国油气自主性,支撑电力清洁转型和新能源产业发展,是保障能源安全和实现双碳目标的重要创新方向。基于现代煤基能源概念及技术体系,系统梳理和介绍了现代煤基能源内涵和产品谱系。通过对现代煤基能源的煤基气开发技术、煤基油开发技术、煤基氢开发技术、煤基电生产技术、矿区动态碳中和技术等5个核心技术模块及其19个技术单元和61项关键技术进行分析和论述,提出了10项低碳化煤基能源开发的变革性技术:①基于自移式等离子体气化机的智能煤炭地下气化技术,具有自动燃烧、自动推进、自动封闭、自动监测、自动调控组分等功能;②煤炭地下气化与间接液化耦合可形成低成本、低排放、短流程煤制油路线(UCG-ICL);③利用太阳能加热或干热岩加热的富油煤原位干馏化学开采技术设想;④基于原位碳捕集利用与封存(CCUS)的深部煤炭地下气化制氢路径(UCG-H2),循环CO2作为气化剂提高煤气有效组分产量,捕集CO2就地封存于地下气化空腔,形成近零排放UCG-H2技术路线;⑤纳米富氢水煤浆掺氢发电技术,实现低温低压下的低碳煤基电生产,显著降低煤电CO2排放量;⑥煤炭地下气化耦合IGCC的低碳发电系统构思(UCG+IGCC),减少了IGCC煤制气环节,显著降低CO2排放部分;⑦煤粉爆燃直线驱动发电技术架构,理论做功能量是煤炭燃烧的15倍以上;⑧基于现代煤基能源内循环的CO2加氢合成“绿色甲醇”路线,利用低碳UCG制取的煤基“蓝氢”与捕集CO2合成制取甲醇;⑨现代煤基能源产生的CO2原位地下封存技术系统,有助于实现零碳煤基能源生产;⑩矿区动态碳中和煤基能源系统架构,将智能保供、绿色开发、清洁转化、低碳利用、洁净排放耦合在一个矿区闭环系统中,实现矿区动态碳中和。