Fine-mapping and primary analysis of candidate genes associated with seed coat color in mung bean(Vigna radiata L.)

Seed coat color affects the appearance and commodity quality of mung beans(Vigna radiata L.).The substances that affect mung bean seed coat color are mainly flavonoids,which have important medicinal value.Mapping the seed coat color gene in mung beans would facilitate the development of new varieties and improve their value.In this study,an F2 mapping population consisting of 546 plants was constructed using Jilv9(black seed coat)and BIS9805(green seed coat).Using bulk segregated analysis(BSA)sequencing and kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers,the candidate region related to seed coat color was finally narrowed to 0.66 Mb on chromosome(Chr.)4 and included eight candidate genes.Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that three of the eight candidate genes(LOC106758748,LOC106758747,and LOC106759075)were differentially expressed,which may have caused the differences in flavonoid metabolite content between Jilv9 and BIS9805.These findings can provide a research basis for cloning the genes related to seed coat color and accelerate molecular markerassisted selection breeding in mung beans.

Molecular characterization of two candidate genes associated with coat color in Tibetan sheep(Ovis arise)

Coat color is a key economic trait in sheep. Some candidate genes associated with animal＇s coat color were found. Partic- ularly, v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog （KIT） and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor （MITF） play a key role in the modulation of hair pigmentation in mammals. This study investigated those two candidate genes＇ mutations and expressions associated with wool color in Tibetan sheep. First, the gene polymorphisms of those two genes were analyzed, and then, relative mRNA expression levels of those two genes in skin tissue with different coat colors were compared. Thirdly, KIT and MITF protein expression levels were detected through Western blot and immune- histochemical. Allele C was predominant allele in the white coat color Tibetan sheep population of the MITF coding region g. 1548 C/T loci. The relative MITF mRNA expression in black coat skin tissue was significantly higher than white （P〈0.01）. However, no significant differences were detected in the KIT gene＇s mRNA expression of these two different coat color skin tissues （P〉0.05）, while the level of KIT protein expression in skin tissues of white and black coats was also roughly equivalent. Our study observed that, the level of MITF protein expression in black coat skin tissue was significantly higher than that in white coat skin tissue, and positive staining for MITF protein expression was detected mainly in the epidermis and the dermal papilla, bulb, and outer root sheath of hair follicles. We conclude that the black coat of Tibetan sheep is related to high MITF expression in the hair follicles, and MITF may be important for coat color formation of Tibetan sheep.

Study on Red Coat Color Gene and Prediction of the Secondary Structure in Chinese Holstein

The nucleotide sequence of the melanocortin-l-receptor （MC1R） gene was studied with the help of the polymerase chain reaction （PCR）, in which the protein structure in Chinese Holstein was predicted, and the molecular mechanism of the red coat color was investigated. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） was performed to genotype the individuals. The bioinformatics and biotechnology softwares were used to predict the secondary structure of MC1R. The results showed that the EE genotype was the dominant genotype in Chinese Holstein Black and White herd, whereas, it was ee in Chinese Holstein Red and White herd. The secondary structure of the mutational MC1R protein was changed and the deletion mutation caused an earlier termination in translation, which led to the formation of the red coat color. The allele E was mainly associated with the black coat color, whereas, e was associated with red.

Novel intron 2 polymorphism in the melanophilin gene is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and is not associated with coat color in goats

Pigmentation plays important adaptation and physiological efficiency roles in animals. In the sequence of a 648 bp fragment representing intron 1, exon 2, and part of intron 2 of the MLPH mammalian pigmentation gene, we identified a novel g.469C> G mutation in intron 2, and genotyped it in 266 Nigerian goats using PCR-RFLP analysis. The C allele had frequencies of 0.9625, 0.9804 and 0.97405 in West African Dwarf (WAD),Sahel(SH) and Red Sokoto (RS) breeds, respectively. The G allele was the highest in WAD (0.0375), followed by RS (0.02595), and then SH (0.0196). Overall low FIS and FST and high Nm values demonstrate little differentiation within and among the goat breeds at this intronic locus. This g.469C> G polymorphism in MLPH gene is the first in any goat breed and also first in Nigerian goats. Our results suggest that this intronic SNP locus is maintained at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.05) and the lack of association of this SNP with coat color may indicate its neutrality in goats.

Genetic structure and domestication footprints of the tusk,coat color,and ear morphology in East Chinese pigs

The domestication and artificial selection of wild boars have led to dramatic morphological and behavioral changes,especially in East Chinese(ECN)pigs.Here,we provide insights into the population structure and current genetic diversity of representative ECN pig breeds.We identify a 500-kb region containing six tooth development-relevant genes with almost completely different haplotypes between ECN pigs and Chinese wild boars or European domestic pigs.Notably,the c.195A>G missense mutation in exon 2 of AMBN may cause alterations in its protein structure associated with tusk degradation in ECN pigs.In addition,ESR1 may play an important role in the reproductive performance of ECN pigs.A major haplotype of the large lop ear-related MSRB3 gene and eight alleles in the deafness-related GRM7 gene may affect ear morphology and hearing in ECN pigs.Interestingly,we find that the two-end black(TEB)coat color in Jinhua pigs is most likely caused by EDNRB with genetic mechanisms different from other Chinese TEB pigs.This study identifies key loci that may be artificially selected in Chinese native pigs related to the tusk,coat color,and ear morphology,thus providing new insights into the genetic mechanisms of domesticated pigs.

Coat color and its effect on preference for the scent marks of opposite-sex conspecifics in the meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus

Many mammal species can distinguish between opposite-sex conspecifics that differ in a certain trait. In that coat coloration is associated with differences in physiological and behavioral traits, coat color may affect the attractiveness of odor cues produced by conspecifics. Individuals may be able to respond preferentially to conspecifics with a particular coat color. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that scent marks of brown and blond voles differ in their attractiveness to male and fe- male conspecifics. Male voles and brown females did not discriminate between blond- and brown-coated opposite-sex con- specifics suggesting that they are neither selecting potential mates dissociatively nor associatively. However, blond females be- haved as if the scent marks of blond males were more attractive than were the scent marks of brown males. Our data suggest that blond females who are already conspicuous to predators, may select blond males as mates because they do not appreciably in- crease the risk of detection to predators, particularly avian predators. Moreover, because these conspicuous males have survived to mate they may have good genes that reflect their relatively higher quality

A chromosome-level genome assembly of chia provides insights into high omega-3 content and coat color variation of its seeds

Chia(Salvia hispanica)is a functional food crop for humans.Although its seeds contain high omega-3 fatty acids,the seed yield of chia is still low.Genomic resources available for this plant are limited.We report the first high-quality chromosome-level genome sequence of chia.The assembled genome size was 347.6 Mb and covered 98.1%of the estimated genome size.A total of 31069 protein-coding genes were predicted.The absence of recent whole-genome duplication and the relatively low intensity of transposable element expansion in chia compared to its sister species contribute to its small genome size.Transcriptome sequencing and gene duplication analysis reveal that the expansion of the fab2 gene family is likely to be related to the high content of omega-3 in seeds.The white seed coat color is determined by a single locus on chromosome 4.This study provides novel insights into the evolution of Salvia species and high omega-3 content,as well as valuable genomic resources for genetic improvement of important commercial traits of chia and its related species.

The role of MC1R gene in buffalo coat color

Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) plays a major role in pigmentation in many species.To investigate if the MC1R gene is associated with coat color in water buffalo,the coding region of MC1R gene of 216 buffalo samples was sequenced,which included 49 black river buffalo (Murrah and Nili-Ravi),136 swamp buffalo (Dehong,Diandongnan,Dechang,Guizhou,and Xilin) with white and gray body,and 31 hybrid offspring of river buffalo Nili-Ravi (or Murrah) and swamp buffalo.Among the three variation sites found,SNP684 was synonymous,while SNP310 and SNP384 were nonsynonymous,leading to p.S104G and p.I128M changes,respectively.Only Individuals carrying homozygote EBR/EBR were black.The genotype and phenotype analysis of the hybrid offspring of black river buffalo and gray swamp buffalo further revealed that the river buffalo type allele EBR or the allele carrying the amino acid p.104S was important for the full function of MC1R.The in silico functional analysis showed that the amino acid substitutions p.G104S and p.M128I had significant impact on the function of MC1R.Above results indicate that the allele EBR or the allele carrying the amino acid p.104S was associated with the black coat color in buffalo.

Comparison of Five Selection Procedures for Seed Coat and Hilum Color in Interspecific Crossing of Soybeans

Five selection procedures for seed coat and hilum color were studied with F4 progenies in two interspecific crossing of soybeans. The seed coat and hilum color indicated that pedigree, 5% and 10% mass selection method were equally successful, and were better than picking-pod and 25% mass selection in cross S17. However, no significant differences in seed coat and hilum color were found in cross G18.

大豆巢式关联作图(NAM)群体构建及花色和种皮色遗传分析

巢式关联作图(Nested Association Mapping,NAM)群体在作物学遗传与育种研究中具有广泛的应用。本研究在前期大豆种质资源评价基础上,利用35份不同地区来源的代表性种质与中豆41(公共母本)杂交,构建了一套大豆NAM群体。PCA和聚类分析发现,不同亲本组合的RIL群体基本聚在一起,显示出清晰的遗传结构。利用该NAM群体亲本间花色和种皮色具有显著差异的RIL群体进行全基因组关联分析,定位到1个主要位点qFC13-1与花色显著关联,该位点与W1位点重合;定位到12个位点与种皮色显著相关,其中9个位点为3种以上方法共定位,3个位点为2种方法共定位,包括4个已知位点和8个新位点。研究结果表明,构建的NAM群体适于进行大豆相关性状遗传分析,为大豆复杂性状的遗传解析和育种实践提供了良好的基础材料。

影响无机涂料调色的因素

无机涂料调色受粉体的种类与数量、漆料中乳液的含量与种类、分散剂的种类、硅酸盐的种类的影响。选取不同的粉体、助剂、乳液、硅酸盐对无机涂料进行平行对照实验,目测其色彩变化情况。结果表明,不同的粉体、分散剂、乳液、硅酸盐均对无机颜料的调色有一定的影响,选用400目重钙做填料最佳,WJ-70做分散剂最好,J-504B做乳液最佳,硅溶胶8802做硅酸盐最好。

基于色彩地理学理论的城市有轨电车涂装设计研究——以成都市有轨电车为例

为了提升有轨电车涂装传达城市地域文化的效果。引用色彩地理学理论及方法,通过辨识、提取、测色记录、转译、编谱的步骤分析具有城市特征的色彩,并应用到有轨电车设计流程中。以成都市有轨电车为设计实践案例,得到三套色彩涂装方案,并且在10名乘客对方案的语义评价中获得认可。表明色彩地理学理论及方法可以为城市有轨电车涂装设计提供指导作用,提高城市有轨电车涂装设计的综合质量。

杜陆母猪与川乡黑猪杂交产仔性能及后代毛色分析

为了测定杜洛克×陆川(杜陆)二元母猪产仔性能及其与川乡黑猪杂交后代毛色情况,本研究记录了海南省3个川乡×杜洛克×陆川(川杜陆)三元商品猪生产场在2022年1月至2023年6月期间的共计5862窝有效繁殖情况,根据胎次和猪场对母猪产仔性能进行了比较,并统计了三元商品猪的毛色性状。结果显示:总产仔数、产健仔数及初生窝重在不同猪场间存在差异显著(P<0.05)。胎次比较发现2、3、4、5胎的总产仔数和产健仔数差异不显著(P>0.05),第1胎的各项指标显著低于其他胎次(P<0.05),6胎及以上的指标也与其他胎次差异显著(P<0.05)。第4胎的窝重显著低于其他胎次,而第2胎窝重显著高于其他胎次(P<0.05)。试验组所产仔猪主要为黑毛色,少数为红毛色,极个别为白毛色,平均黑毛色比例达98.79%。综上所述,不同猪场间母猪的产仔性能有显著性差异,2~5胎母猪繁殖力强,仔猪初生窝重有显著差异性;川杜陆三元商品猪绝大多数为黑毛色。

褐土色低红外发射率涂层的制备及性能研究

以环氧树脂为黏合剂,片状Cu粉为功能颜料,石墨烯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)为界面结构改性剂,制备得到了一种具有良好综合性能的褐土色低红外发射率涂层。系统研究了片状Cu粉添加量(质量分数)、石墨烯添加量(质量分数)及DOP添加量(质量分数)对涂层微结构、发射率、光泽度及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:合适的片状Cu粉添加量可以构建出表面结构规整、颜料分散均匀、片状Cu粉定向与涂层表面平行的微观结构,从而使涂层实现较低的发射率性能。石墨烯改性可提高涂层的致密度,减少由树脂填充的空隙,从而可进一步降低涂层的发射率。黑色石墨烯改性可明显强化涂层对可见光的吸收作用,从而降低涂层的光泽度。另外,利用石墨烯固有的高强度及高韧性特点,可改善涂层的柔韧性和耐冲击强度。DOP可通过减弱环氧树脂分子间作用力和增强分子链的移动性来提高涂层的塑性和韧性,从而可明显改善涂层的柔韧性和耐冲击强度。当涂层中片状Cu粉、石墨烯和DOP的添加量分别为40%、8%和7%时,所制备的褐土色涂层具有最佳的发射率(0.222)、光泽度(20.4)、附着力(1级)、柔韧性(2mm)及耐冲击强度(50kg·cm)性能。

不同被毛颜色成年斯布牦牛生长性能比较及分子育种潜力分析

斯布牦牛作为我国青藏高原重要牦牛资源,其种质资源特性挖掘与遗传改良提升对西藏牦牛产业提质增效具有重要意义。本研究旨在通过挖掘不同被毛颜色斯布牦牛类群成年阶段生长性能特点,明确重要经济性状相关联候选标记的优势基因型分布,评估斯布牦牛分子育种潜力。结果显示:5~7岁龄黑色斯布牦牛的管围及体高指标均极显著(P <0.01)高于棕色类群,群体组间体重及体斜长差异不显著(P> 0.05)。然而,棕色牦牛各年段的成年体重均值略优于黑色群体。另外,5个分布于ACSL1、MyoD1及TMEM18基因的已知与牦牛生长和泌乳等经济性状相关的标记在两个斯布牦牛类群中均存在较高比例的优势基因型,特别是TMEM18_C4447T和MyoD1_C1710T位点。两个斯布牦牛群体内各位点均未显著偏离哈代温伯格平衡(P> 0.05),表明斯布牦牛群体在历史上尚未经历强烈的关于经济性状的人工选择。本研究明确了不同被毛颜色斯布牦牛成年生长特性,解析了一系列经济性状相关遗传标记在斯布牦牛种群内的育种潜力,为探索斯布牦牛适时出栏技术及提升斯布牦牛选育进程提供了理论参考。

白菜种子cDNA酵母文库的构建及BrTTG1互作蛋白的筛选及分析

【目的】通过构建白菜种子的cDNA文库,筛选WDR 40蛋白TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1(TTG1)的互作蛋白,探究TTG1参与MBW三元复合体调控种皮原花青素形成的分子机制。【方法】以棕籽白菜自交系‘B147’的种子为材料,提取总RNA并建立cDNA文库,通过gateway技术构建诱饵载体pGBKT7-TTG1并进行酵母双杂交筛库。【结果】酵母文库库容为1.2×10^(7)CFU,文库滴度是5.0×10^(7)CFU/mL,插入片段平均长度大于1000 bp,诱饵载体在酵母中无自激活活性。通过构建的诱饵载体pGBKT7-TTG1与构建的cDNA文库杂交,共获得了38个阳性互作蛋白,功能预测显示其中一个蛋白注释为MYB转录因子,注释为MYB73,序列分析结果显示该基因含有R2R3-MYB型抑制子保守基序C1和C2,推测该基因为白菜中参与种皮颜色形成的R2R3-MYB型抑制子,暗示着白菜中可能存在不同MYB转录因子参与的调控网络,影响着原花青素的形成。【结论】本研究构建了白菜种子组织的酵母双杂交cDNA文库,获得了38个TTG1阳性互作蛋白,首次挖掘到了可能影响白菜种皮颜色原花青素形成的R2R3-MYB型抑制子MYB73,为后期探究白菜种皮原花青素的调控网络奠定良好的基础。

基于持续学习的中医舌色苔色协同分类方法

中医(traditional Chinese medicine, TCM)舌诊客观化研究中需要分析的舌象特征很多,不同的舌象特征往往采用单独的方法进行分析,导致分析系统的整体实现复杂度大幅增加。为此,基于持续学习的思想,提出一种中医舌色苔色协同分类方法,该方法将舌色分类作为旧任务,将苔色分类作为新任务,充分利用2个任务的相似性和相关性,仅通过一个网络结构就同时实现舌色和苔色的准确分类。首先,设计一种基于全局-局部混合注意力机制(global local hybrid attention, GLHA)的双分支网络结构,将网络高层语义特征与低层特征相融合,提升特征的表达能力;然后,提出基于正则化和回放相结合的持续学习策略,使得该网络在学习新任务知识的同时有效防止对旧任务知识的遗忘。在2个自建的中医舌象特征分析数据集上的实验结果表明,提出的协同分类方法可以获得与单个任务相当的分类性能,同时可以将2个分类任务的整体复杂度降低一半左右。其中,舌色分类准确率分别达到93.92%和92.97%,精确率分别达到93.69%和92.87%,召回率分别达到93.96%和93.16%;苔色分类准确率分别达到90.17%和90.26%,精确率分别达到90.05%和90.17%,召回率分别达到90.24%和90.29%。

家马不同毛色遗传特性研究综述

家马的毛色是识别马匹和进行品种登记的主要内容及依据。古DNA研究表明,最先出现的家马毛色是骝色,在后续的演化过程中出现黑色和栗色,这3种毛色统称为基础毛色。与其他哺乳动物一样,家马的色素细胞通过真黑素和棕黑素的不同组合产生不同毛色。本文系统地总结了家马的13种不同毛色分类,综述了近三十年内关于家马不同毛色形成的候选基因研究进展,为深入解析家马不同毛色形成遗传机理、减少相关遗传疾病的发生以及后续的系谱登记和选种选育工作提供理论参考和依据。

舌诊在慢性肝病中的应用刍议

舌诊作为中医特色诊法之一,在肝病的诊治与预防中具有重要意义。慢性肝病患者在不同的病理阶段有不同的舌象改变。舌色可反映肝病轻重缓急,如缓解期多见淡红舌,发作期多见红绛舌,而严重肝病多见青紫舌;舌形可反映肝病形气神,其中长条舌、圆柱舌是慢性肝病的常见舌形,舌缘肿大或者肝积舌多代表慢性肝病中的占位性病变;舌苔与肝病轻重及疾病预后有关,还可辅助诊断慢性肝病的细菌感染情况。此外,舌象在慢性肝病的临床用药指导中也具有重要意义,可多方面、多角度指导临床。

中国家驴TYRP1基因第二内含子多态性分析

为了探究TYRP1基因对中国家驴毛色的影响,试验采集410只不同毛色中国家驴的血液样本,采用聚合酶链式反应及单链构象多态性(polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism, PCR-SSCP)方法检测中国家驴TYRP1基因第二内含子中的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点,对不同毛色中国家驴个体进行基因分型,并计算基因型频率和等位基因频率,分析TYRP1基因第二内含子多态性与中国家驴不同毛色之间的关系。结果表明:在中国家驴TYRP1基因第二内含子中检测到1个SNP位点(g.1 702A→G),该位点存在AA、AG、GG三种基因型;乌头、黑三粉、青三粉、灰三粉、白色和白化家驴的优势等位基因均为A。乌头、黑三粉和青三粉均为AA基因型频率最高,GG基因型频率最低;灰三粉为AA基因型频率最高,AG基因型频率最低(0)。在乌头、黑三粉、青三粉、灰三粉家驴中,AA基因型频率为灰三粉最高,然后依次为青三粉、黑三粉和乌头;以黑毛色为主色调的家驴(乌头、黑三粉、青三粉)GG基因型频率低于以灰毛色为主色调的家驴(灰三粉),有白毛混杂的黑三粉和青三粉的GG基因型频率低于纯黑的乌头。样本中的白色家驴和白化家驴各有2头,其基因型均为AA纯合子。说明随着中国家驴黑色被毛比例的增加,TYRP1基因g.1 702A→G位点的AA基因型频率逐渐降低,推测该位点可能与中国家驴毛色性状有关。