Analysis on Input-Output in Rice Cultivation Based on Cobb-Douglas Production Function

[Objective] To analyze the input and output in rice cultivation based on CD function. [Method] Based on the input factors, Cobb-Douglas production （CD） function was used to do the quantitative analysis on the input-output in rice production with rice growers as the objective. [Result] Considering the substitution effect of labor in- put and capital input, under the same technical conditions, the effect of increasing labor input on the rice production in per 667 m2 was negative, based on which 2 pieces of policy suggestions were put forward to promote the transfer of surplus la- bor force of rice growers and ensure the capital supply for rice production. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for the realization of reasonable allocation of rice production resources.

An Application of Non–Linear Cobb-Douglas Production Function to Selected Manufacturing Industries in Bangladesh

Recently, businessmen as well as industrialists are very much concerned about the theory of firm in order to make correct decisions regarding what items, how much and how to produce them. All these decisions are directly related with the cost considerations and market situations where the firm is to be operated. In this regard, this paper should be helpful in suggesting the most suitable functional form of production process for the major manufacturing industries in Bangladesh. This paper considers Cobb-Douglas (C-D) production function with additive error and multiplicative error term. The main purpose of this paper is to select the appropriate Cobb-Douglas production model for measuring the production process of some selected manufacturing industries in Bangladesh. We use different model selection criteria to compare the Cobb-Douglas production function with additive error term to Cobb-Douglas production function with multiplicative error term. Finally, we estimate the parameters of the production function by using optimization subroutine.

Application of Non-Linear Cobb-Douglas Production Function with Autocorrelation Problem to Selected Manufacturing Industries in Bangladesh

In developing counties, efficiency of economic development has been determined by the analysis of industrial production. An examination of the characteristic of industrial sector is an essential aspect of growth studies. The growth of a country can be measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is substantially affected by the industrial output. Industrial gross output is mainly a function of capital and labor input. If the effect of labor and capital input to output is at a satisfactory level in an industry or in a group of industries, then industrial investment will increase. As a result, the number of industries will increase, which will directly affect GDP and also will decrease the unemployment rate. This is why, industrial input-output relationship is so important for any industry as well as for the overall industrial sector of a country. To forecast the production of a firm is necessary to identify the appropriate model. MD. M. Hossain et al. [1] have shown that Cobb-Douglas production function with additive errors was more suitable for some selected manufacturing industries in Bangladesh. The main purpose of this paper is to detect the autocorrelation problem of Cobb-Douglas production model with additive errors. The result shows that autocorrelation is presented in some manufacturing industries. Finally, this paper removes the autocorrelation problem and re-estimates the parameters of the Cobb- Douglas production function with additive errors.

Productivity and technical efficiency of Robusta coffee farms at varying elevation categories in Sultan Kudarat, Philippines: implications on sustainability

Elevation can affect agricultural outputs,affecting farms’productivity and efficiency.This article identified the significant production inputs influencing productivity and factors influencing technical efficiency(TE)and determined the average TE scores of Robusta coffee farms at varying elevations in Sultan Kudarat,Philippines.Cross-sectional data from the Mahintana Foundation,Inc.using random stratified sampling and power analysis from September 9,2021,to January 13,2022,were used to analyze 604 farms from areas ranging from 0.33 to 1284.18 above mean sea level(amsl),classified as low,medium,and high elevation.Open-Data-Kit-based(ODK)mobile data collection systems were utilized to precisely determine the farms’coordinates and elevation.Using stochastic frontier analysis,results showed that increasing the total fertilizer amount and total trees by 1%significantly increased yield by 0.20%and 0.79%,respectively.Meanwhile,increasing the total land area by 1%,including areas unutilized for coffee farming,decreases total yield by 0.11%.Regarding TE,results showed that TE decreases by approximately 0.58%at high elevations.Meanwhile,increasing net income from coffee farming alone by 1%significantly increases TE by 0.00008%.With an average TE of 0.60,0.77,and 0.63 in low,medium,and high elevations,farms may be incentivized to improve farming practices to increase their TE further.TE improvement recommendations include promoting coffee-agroforestry systems and ecolabelling at medium elevations,such as shade-grown coffee,to promote sustainable production in Robusta coffee farms by assigning a premium to consumers demanding environmental conservation.

Technical efficiency of cocoa farms at varying elevation levels in Davao City, Philippines: implications to sustainable upland farming systems

Elevation is one of many components that influence agriculture, and this in turn affects the level of both inputs and outputs of farmers. This article focuses on the productivity and technical efficiency of 100 cocoa farms using cross-sectional data from areas ranging from 190 to 1021 m above sea level which were classified as low, medium, and high elevation in Davao City, considered as the chocolate capital of the Philippines. Using stochastic frontier analysis, the results showed that the cost of inputs per ha and the number of cocoa trees per ha significantly increase yield. Farms at high elevations were less technically efficient, as this entails lower temperatures and increased rainfall, and cocoa farming in those areas and conditions can be more challenging, especially with changes in farming practices, terrain, and distance to markets. Other significant variables were age of cocoa farms, married farmers, and age of the farmers. Older farms may be more developed, farmers who are married benefit from their spouses being able to readily contribute as farm labor, and lastly, older farmers' inefficiency may likely stem from nonadaptation of newer farming practices. With an average technical efficiency of 0.61, 0.63, and 0.26 in low, medium, and high elevation areas, respectively, farmers therefore have an incentive to improve farm practices and consider topographical variations found in high elevation areas. Recommendations for the improvement of technical efficiency of cocoa farms are better connectivity to markets, enhancing farm practices, and continuation and improvement of government programs on cocoa with an added emphasis on research. For farmers in high elevation areas, mitigating solutions such as sustainable agriculture practices and ecolabelling are key to improving efficiency and minimizing the potential negative impact on upland farming systems. Moreover, such adaptation measures may also contribute to sustainability of cocoa farming in high elevation areas.

Dependence of Consumption Volume on the Labor-Force in One-Productive Models of Economic Dynamics

In the work one-productive model of economic dynamics the labor-force involved in production is investigated the case when or function with constant elasticity of substitution （CES） is studied. is considered. The dependence of the consumption volume on production function coincides with the Cobb-Douglas function

Fertilizer Overuse in China:Empirical Evidence from Farmers in Four Provinces

[Objective] This paper aims to empirically analyze the situation of fertilizer overuse in China, considering that fertilizer, important for China＇s crop production, has brought serious environmental pollution to China due to over application. [Method] Based on field survey data in four provinces of China, the magnitude of fertilizer overuse at farm level was empirically analyzed with Cobb-Douglas Produc- tion Function Method and profit optimization theory in the research. [Result] The resuits show that by average, 110.5 kg of chemical fertilizer were applied per mu of land, and 46.9 kg fertilizer was overused, occupying 42.5%. [Conclusion] There is large potential to reduce the overused amount and it is of great importance to re- duce fertilizer overuse effectively, which needs further intensive study.

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的细胞生物化学功能及其开发应用研究

综述了生物体内一种重要的代谢中间体S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的生物学功能,并介绍了其生产制备和临床应用的进展。

D-S证据理论在驾驶行为决策中的应用

利用仿生学原理、D-S证据理论、模糊数学知识和产生式规则,研究了一种决策级多传感器信息融合算法。经仿真验证,此算法实时性好,能表示驾驶员的不确定性经验知识,克服其认知局限性,模拟其驾驶行为决策,快速、准确地确定车辆的运行模式,在一个或多个传感器失效的情况下也能保证一定的综合性能,具有良好的容错能力。同时,该研究也为智能车辆自动驾驶系统的仿真及实现提供了基础性理论依据。

基于D-S理论与QFD结合的物流服务产品设计

针对B2C电子商务物流的全过程,利用证据理论协同处理需求信息,应用质量功能展开法实现需求到服务的转换,设计了相应的物流服务产品。研究结果表明,为了满足B2C电子商务物流的需求,快递企业只有提供订单服务、仓储服务、运输与配送服务、末端派送服务及重构信息系统等全过程服务,才能实现自身在B2C电子商务物流服务领域的特色及竞争优势。

ARRANGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUOTIVE PLAN WITH SD

From the view of system and structure, this paper studies the developing strategy of an industrial productive plan. It uses the method--system dynamics to establish a model of decision programme of the system. By using this model, the paper studies the developing tendency of the industrial production in a city and gives the changing direction of economic indexes under various investment schemes. On methodology the paper integrates economic theory with quantitative and calculation techniques. Meanwhile, it also uses the software-- DYNAMO. With the real imitated operation on a computer satisfactory results are obtained.

A Construction That Produces Wallis-Type Formulas

Generalizations of the geometric construction that repeatedly attaches rectangles to a square, originally given by Myerson, are presented. The initial square is replaced with a rectangle, and also the dimensionality of the construction is increased. By selecting values for the various parameters, such as the lengths of the sides of the original rectangle or rectangular box in dimensions more than two and their relationships to the size of the attached rectangles or rectangular boxes, some interesting formulas are found. Examples are Wallis-type infinite-product formulas for the areas of p-circles with p > 1.

THE APPLICATION OF COBB-DOUGLAS FUNCTION IN FORECASTING THE DURATION OF INTERNET PUBLIC OPINIONS CAUSED BY THE FAILURE OF PUBLIC POLICIES

Gushes of Internet public opinions may trigger unexpected incidents that significantly affectsocial security and stability, especially for ones caused by the failure of public policies. Therefore,forecasting this kind of Interact public opinions is of great significance. The duration could be citedas one of the most direct indicators that can reflect the severity of a specific Internet public opinioncase. Based on this background, this paper aims to find the factors that may affect the duration of Internet public opinions, and accordingly proposes a model that can accurately predict the durationbefore the release of public policies. Specifically, an index system including 8 factors by consideringfour dimensions, namely, object, environment, reality （offline）, and the network （online）, isestablished. In addition, based on the dataset containing 23 typical Internet public opinion casescaused by the failure of public policies, 9 prediction models are gained by applying the multivariatelinear regression model, multivariate nonlinear regression model, and the Cobb-Douglas function.

A Growth Framework Using the Constant Elasticity of Substitution Model

Some results in growth theory based on the Cobb-Douglas production function model are generalized when the production function is chosen to be the Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) function. Such a generalization is of considerable interest because it is known that the Cobb-Douglas function cannot be used as a suitable model for some production technologies (like the US economy and climate changes). It is shown that in the steady state the growth rate of the output is equal to the Solow residual and that the capital deepening term becomes zero. The CES function is a homogeneous function of degree two and a result is obtained on the wage of a worker using the Euler’s theorem.

Engineering Quality and Knowledge Systems： An Appraisal for Improving the Spinning Stage

The industrial organisations have a vested interest in quality and its practices in making a quantum leap, thereby requiring proper refocusing and rethinking. This is targeted seriously towards firms acquiring Knowledge Systems （KS） in order to nurture the employees＇ capabilities. Therefore, to enhance performances and their highly creative direction takes consideration of QE （quality engineering） and KS and disciplines complementary to each other. Additionally, the flow of operations and activities of the KS through the application of quality engineering （QE） principles is according to the view of Japanese engineer Taguchi. This aims to achieve good quality in the product design and processes, and also to anticipate problems that may occur before the shipping of the products. In this study, the use of quality control engineering and Taguchi＇s function methods in determining these properties and the loss caused by the company will be examined. However, the adopted approach of study scope to the society will aid KS. Also, efforts in this direction motivate the employment of a statistical method by Taguchi which relied on the principle of target-oriented quality, representing the value characterising the product quality.

Motoyosi Sugita—A “Widely Unknown” Japanese Thermodynamicist Who Explored the 4th Law of Thermodynamics for Creation of the Theory of Life

The purpose of this paper is to introduce to you, the Western people, nowadays a “widely unknown” Japanese thermodynamicist by the name of Motoyosi Sugita and his study on the thermodynamics of transient phenomena and his theory of life. This is because although he was one of the top theoretical physicists in Japan before, during and after WWII and after WWII he promoted the establishment of the biophysical society of Japan as one of the founding members, he himself and his studies themselves have seemed to be totally forgotten nowadays in spite that his study was absolutely important for the study of life. Therefore, in this paper I would like to present what kind of person he was and what he studied in physics as a review on the physics work of Motoyosi Sugita for the first time. I will follow his past studies to introduce his ideas in theoretical physics as well as in biophysics as follows: He proposed the bright ideas such as the quasi-static change in the broad sense, the virtual heat, and the field of chemical potential etc. in order to establish his own theory of thermodynamics of transient phenomena, as the generalization of the Onsager-Prigogine’s theory of the irreversible processes. By the concept of the field of chemical potential that acquired the nonlinear transport, he was seemingly successful to exceed and go beyond the scope of Onsager and Prigogine. Once he established his thermodynamics, he explored the existence of the 4th law of thermodynamics for the foundation of theory of life. He applied it to broad categories of transient phenomena including life and life being such as the theory of metabolism. He regarded the 4th law of thermodynamics as the maximum principle in transient phenomena. He tried to prove it all life long. Since I have recently found that his maximum principle can be included in more general maximum principle, which was known as the Pontryagin’s maximum principle in the theory of optimal control, I would like to explain such theories produced by Motoyosi Sugita as detailed as possible. And also I have put short history of Motoyosi Sugita’s personal life in order for you to know him well. I hope that this article helps you to know this wonderful man and understand what he did in the past, which was totally forgotten in the world and even in Japan.

TS／CS模型及其应用

本文介绍了一种新型的计量经济模型－ＴＳ／ＣＳ模型，应并用ＴＳ／ＣＳ模型对江苏省各地市的生产函数进行了实证研究．

含硫注采系统生物群落结构与硫化物含量影响因素分析

目的为高效开展H2S防治,对靖边采油厂杨米涧区块“注水-采油”系统微生物群落进行结构分析与功能预测,并对硫化物生成关键因素开展分析研究。方法利用NovaSeq6000高通量测序方法对比了采出水、集输、水处理、注水4个阶段的水样生物群落差异性,利用FaPROTAX菌群功能分析方法对上述水样进行功能预测分析。结果①含硫油井中的脱硫菌门占比为16.7%~43.0%,显著高于集输、水处理和注水阶段,说明地层温度适宜的厌氧环境适于硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)生长繁殖,是产生H2S的主要原因;②含硫井O.3.1水样SRB和硝酸盐还原菌(NRB)在菌群中占比分别为33.02%和21.2%,但硝酸盐还原作用占比达到硫酸盐还原作用的2.3倍以上,说明NRB的存在对SRB具有明显的抑制作用。结论持续配注硝酸盐质量浓度高于40 mg/L以上的注水,可显著抑制SRB生长,减少H2S的产生,保障现场安全生产。

Product Form Solution of a Queuing-Inventory System with Lost Sales and Server Vacation

In this study,the authors consider an M/M/1 queuing system with attached inventory under an(s,S)control policy.The server takes multiple vacations whenever the inventory is depleted.It is assumed that the lead time and the vacation time follow exponential distributions.The authors formulate the model as a quasi-birth-and-dearth(QBD)process and derive the stability condition of the system.Then,the stationary distribution in product form for the joint process of the queue length,the inventory level,and the server’s status is obtained.Furthermore,the conditional distributions of the inventory level when the server is on and operational,and when it is off due to a vacation,are derived.Using the stationary distribution,the authors obtain some performance measures of the system.The authors investigate analytically the effect of the server’s vacation on the performance measures.Finally,several numerical examples are presented to investigate the effects of some parameters on the performance measures,the optimal policy,and the optimal cost.

Simultaneous determination of manufacturer’s process mean and production run length,and retailer’s order quantity

In Chen and Liu’s optimum profit model with a traditional production system,they did not consider the effect of product quality on the customer’s demand order quantity,and also ignored the used cost of customers for product.In fact,the customer’s demand quantity is always seriously related to product quality.Hence,in the present paper,we modify Chen and Liu’s model to address the determination of the optimal process parameters by employing the idea of quality loss and single sampling rectifying inspection plan.Assuming that the quality characteristic of the product is normally distributed,Taguchi’s symmetric quadratic quality loss function is applied in evaluating the product quality.Three decision variables,i.e.,the mean of the process characteristic,the production run length of the product and the retailer’s order quantity,are jointly determined in our modified model to maximize the expected total profit of society,which includes both the manufacturer and the retailer.A heuristic solution procedure is developed for this optimization problem,and a numerical example is provided for illustration.From the numerical results,it can be seen that both the sale price per unit and the intercept of the mean demand of the customer are two major(or significant)parameters in the model and should be more accurately estimated in practice.Finally,the quality investment policy is provided to compare its effect on the optimum profit model with quality improvement.