Habitat influences on diversity of bacteria found on German cockroach in Beijing

Cockroaches are worldwide indoor pests carrying microorganisms of medical importance. German cockroaches （Blattella germanica） were sampled in five habitats （hospital, restaurant, office home, and market） in Beijing, and the bacteria were isolated from their external surface and alimentary tract and identified using a Biolog identification system. Cockroach densities significantly differed among habitats （market 〉 home 〉 office 〉 restaurant 〉 hospital）. However, no significant differences in bacterial abundance carried by individual German cockroaches （of either sex） were found among habitats. The bacterial abundance in the gut was significantly higher than that on the surface. There were no significant differences in bacterial species richness observed among habitats, sex, carrying position or their interaction. Cluster analysis showed that cockroach densities and bacterial abundance found in the market differed significantly from the other four habitats. The bacterial diversity was not significantly reduced in sensitive facilities such as hospital and restaurant, even though pesticide and bactericide were more frequently applied there. The implications of these findings were discussed in this article.

External Bacterial Flora and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Two Household Cockroaches, Blattella germanica and Blatta orientalis

A study was performed to estimate the prevalence of the external bacterial flora of two domestic cockroaches （Blattella germanica and Blatta orientalis） collected from households in Tebessa （northeast AIgeria）.Three major bacterial groups were cultured （total aerobic, enterobacteria, and staphylococci） from 14 specimens of cockroaches, and antibiotic susceptibility was tested for both Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas isolates. Culturing showed that the total bacterial load of cockroaches from different households were comparable （P〈0.001） and enterobacteria were the predominant colonizers of the insect surface, with a bacterial load of （2.1×10^5 CFU/insect）, whereas the staphylococci group was the minority. Twenty-eight bacterial species were isolated, and susceptibility patterns showed that most of the staphylococci isolates were highly susceptible to chloramphenicol, gentamycin, pristinamycin, ofloxacin, clindamycin, and vancomycin; however, Pseudomonas strains exhibited resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, imipenem, and the second-generation antibiotic cephalosporin cefuroxime.

Molecular Characteristics of Cockroach Allergens

Cockroaches, commonly found in urban dwellings worldwide, have long been considered vectors of various infectious diseases and cockroach allergens are one of the major etiologic risk factors for IgE-mediated allergic respiratory illness throughout the world. A high prevalence of cockroach hypersensitivity in atopic （20-55 %） and asthmatic （49-60 %） populations has been documented. Cockroach allergens with molecular weights ranging from 6 to 120 kD have been identified by various standard immunochemical techniques. This article covers the characteristics of major cockroach allergens that have been purified, sequenced, cloned, and produced as recombinant proteins. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2005;2（3）： 177-180.

Prevalence of sensitivity to cockroach allergens and IgE crossreactivity between cockroach and house dust mite allergens in Chinese patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma

Background Cockroaches are an important indoor allergen source causing allergic rhinitis and asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate the cockroach prevalence in mainland of China and the cross-reactivity of IgE between cockroach and house dust mite allergen in Chinese patients.Methods The cockroach sensitization pattern was based on a skin prick test （SPT） obtained from a national multicenter prevalence study, in which 6304 patients from 25 allergy centers across China participated. Factors, including different regions of China, age, gender and the correlations between the American and German cockroaches and house dust mite Der p were investigated. Eighteen out of 1236 clinical sera from south China were selected to perform the cross-inhibition assay between house dust mites and cockroaches.Results Totally 25.7% of patients were SPT positive to the American cockroach （Periplaneta Americana, Per a） and 18.7% SPT positive to the German cockroach （Blattella germanica, Bla g）. The prevalence of positive cockroach SPT was higher in southern than in northern China, higher in adults than in children, and higher in males than in females.Patients had relatively low levels of cockroach SPT reactions, mainly class 1 or 2. Of the SPT positive cockroach patients,88% were also SPT positive to house dust mite （Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Der p）. An IgE cross-inhibition study confirmed that Der P sensitization could cause false positive SPT reactions against cockroach.Conclusions A relatively high prevalence of cockroach sensitivity was found in mainland of China. However, a cross-inhibition study showed that only a small number of patients appear to have Bla g and/or Per a as primary sensitizing source. The importance of cockroaches as a risk factor for sensitization and triggers of allergic symptoms in mainland of China needs to be further investigated.

2022年上海市黄浦区蜚蠊密度及德国小蠊抗药性监测分析

目的了解上海市黄浦区不同生境蜚蠊密度和种群构成,以及德国小蠊对3种常用杀虫剂的抗药性情况,为有效防治德国小蠊侵害提供科学依据。方法采用粘捕法开展蜚蠊监测,采用药膜法开展德国小蠊抗药性实验测定。结果黄浦区2022年1—12月共布放粘蟑纸1200张,有效粘蟑纸1139张,阳性49张,粘捕率为4.30%,捕获蜚蠊253只,总密度为0.22只/张夜,其中德国小蠊248只,黑胸大蠊3只,美洲大蠊2只。监测结果显示不同生态环境的蜚蠊密度有明显差异,农贸市场密度最高,其次为中小餐饮机构。抗药性结果显示高效氯氰菊酯、乙酰甲胺磷、残杀威对黄浦区德国小蠊现场品系的半数击倒时间(KT50)分别为213.51、155.36、96.02 min,德国小蠊对3种杀虫剂的抗性倍数分别是90.09、3.84、8.45。结论德国小蠊对常用杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性,是黄浦区蜚蠊防治的重点。

蜚蠊改善错配修复基因缺失肠癌细胞对氟尿嘧啶敏感性的机制研究

目的:探讨中药蜚蠊改善氟尿嘧啶对错配修复基因缺失(dMMR)肠癌细胞敏感性的相关机制。方法:选择dMMR肠癌细胞,予以不同浓度氟尿嘧啶和蜚蠊作用后,利用MTT法检测两药联合的抑瘤性,根据抑制率计算出治疗指数(CI)值,明确联合增效作用,应用二代基因测序及脂质代谢分析,挖掘出差异代谢基因,数据库分析差异基因与相关机制通路。结果:中药蜚蠊可以改善氟尿嘧啶在HCT116和DLD1肠癌细胞中的疗效,GO功能富集分析和KEGG分析结果显示脂质代谢、自噬调控和凋亡通路发生主要改变,利用LC/MS进行脂质组学检测,共有153个脂质分子发生变化,包括脂肪类、鞘脂代谢物、磷脂代谢物和甘油酯。结论:蜚蠊与氟尿嘧啶联合用于dMMR肠癌细胞具有协同增效作用,可能通过调控代谢通路、自噬及凋亡通路机制改善药物疗效。

2022年西安市蟑螂监测

目的了解西安市蟑螂的种群构成、生境分布、季节消长情况,为防治工作提供科学依据。方法采用粘捕法。结果共捕获蟑螂135只,德国小蠊130只,其余5只为褐斑大蠊。蟑螂平均密度为0.032只/张,平均粘捕率为1.51%。农贸市场和餐饮行业中蟑螂密度和粘捕率均较高;不同季节蟑螂密度和粘捕率分布呈单峰曲线,且峰值均在9月。城区年平均蟑螂密度低于郊区。结论农贸市场和餐饮行业仍是蟑螂侵害较高的场所,需要重点关注。

Kinematics Analysis and Experiment of a Cockroach-Like Robot

This article describes the structure of the cockroach-like robot.Both kinematics and locomotion control are inspired by biological observations in cockroaches.Based on cockroach-like robot kinematics analysis,screw theory,and the production-of-exponential (POE) formula,this paper focuses on the inverse kinematics which uses Paden-Kahan sub-problems to obtain directly the displacement of joint angles.The forward kinematics derives the relationship between joint angles according to the natural restrictions.Then,by using the POE formula,it can deduce the body pose and realize online trajectory control and planning.Through simulation and experimentation,it is proved that the straight-line walking and turning gait algorithms have static stability and the inverse kinematics analysis of cockroach-like robot is correct.

Testing decreasing variabililty of cockroach forewings through time using four Recent species： Blattella germanica, Polyphaga aegyptiaca, Shelfordella lateralis and Blaberus craniifer, with implications for the study of fossil cockroach forewings

Vrsansky, （2000） considered there is decreasing variability in the forewings of cockroaches through time, based on a study of fossil and Recent species. This study tests his theory, based on a study of four Recent species of cockroaches： Blattella germanica （Blattellidae）, Polyphaga aegyptiaca （Polyphagidae）, Shelfordella lateralis （Blattidae） and Blaberus craniifer （Blaberidae）. The new results, based on the coefficient of variation （CV） of the number of veins, indicate that Recent species can be more variable than fossil species and therefore do not support the theory. The results also show that at least 30 complete wings of the same species are required for a reliable CV value that is compa- rable between species.

Derived, still living cockroach genus Cariblattoides （Blattida： Blattellidae） from the Eocene sediments of Green River in Colorado, USA

Cariblattoides labandeirai sp.n. from the Eocene sediments of Green River in Colorado, USA bear only two plesiomorphies, but also several significant autapomorphies within the advanced and highly derived living cockroach genus. Thus, Cariblattoides with extant occurrence in the Caribbean and South America was historically common in the Nearctic, and represents important evidence for the occurrence of derived living genera of cockroaches -50 Ma ago. Generally, the vast majority of living genera were absent during the Palaeocene, thus the diversification of most living cockroach lineages near the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary must have been extremely rapid. Females of living C. suave, the type species, have identical （sophisticated） coloration ofpronotum, but the most related living taxa are C. piraiensis and C.fontesi from Brazil （supported by phylogenetical analysis）.

First molecular genetic evidenee for automictic parthenogenesis in cockroaches

Parthenogenesis is an asexual mode of reproduction that plays an important role in the evolution of sex, sociality, and reproduction strategies in insects. Some species of cockroach exhibit thelytoky, a type of parthenogenesis in which female offspring are produced without fertilization. However, the cytological and genetic mecha? nisms of parthenogenesis in cockroaches are not well understood. Here we provide the first molecular genetic evidence that cockroaches can reproduce through automixis. Using the American cockroach Periplaneta aniericana, we performed microsatellite analysis to investigate the genetic relationship between parthenogenetically produced nymphs and the parent virgin females, and found that all parthenogenetic offspring were homozygous for autosomal microsatellite markers, whereas the female parents were heterozygous. In addition, flow cytometry analysis revealed that the parthenogenetic offspring were diploid. Taken together, our results demonstrate that P. americana exhibits automixis-type thelytoky, in which diploidy is restored by gamete duplication or terminal fusion. These findings highlight the unique reproduction strategies of cockroaches, which are more varied than was previously recognized.

Book review:Cockroaches of Southeastern China

The book, Cockroaches of Southeastern China, wrote by Xianwei Liu, Weibing Zhu, Li Dai and Hanqiang Wang, was published in 2017.In this book,the cockroachs fauna of the Southern China was observed,occupied Shandong, Anhui,Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Guangdong and Hainan Provinces.

济南口岸输入性蜚蠊携带病原体宏基因组分析

目的探讨利用宏基因组分析为济南口岸防控输入性蜚蠊传播疾病提供技术支持。方法选取2022年至2023年6月间济南海关辖区截获送检的623只蜚蠊作为研究对象。每批次40~50只为一组制作成体表样本和组织样本。对样本进行霍乱弧菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、诺如病毒多重PCR扩增;采用宏基因组测序对蜚蠊携带病原体进行监测分析。结果623只蜚蠊经鉴定均为德国小蠊;霍乱弧菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、诺如病毒PCR检测均为阴性;15组蜚蠊样本中通过宏基因组检测出蟑螂杆状体细菌、大肠埃希菌、肠球菌属、不动杆菌属、魏斯氏菌属、变形杆菌、克雷伯菌属等多种细菌。结论病原体宏基因组分析可以检出蜚蠊携带的多种病原体,且在大肠杆菌检出方面,灵敏度优于PCR检测技术,口岸需加强蜚蠊监控,及时拦截。

北京市丰台区蟑螂监测

目的了解北京市丰台区蟑螂在不同生境的分布及侵害状况,为科学防治提供依据。方法采用目测法,检查并记录每个场所3 min内观察到的蟑螂种类、数量、活卵鞘数和蟑迹数。结果丰台区蟑螂以德国小蠊为主,平均侵害率为3.27%。受侵害最严重的生境为农贸市场(6.61%)、餐饮店(5.02%)、商场超市(1.93%),密度最高的生境为机关单位、居民区、医院。河西地区和城区的蟑螂密度分别为1.25和1.75只/间。结论北京市丰台区防治蟑螂以德国小蠊为主要防治对象,重点生境是农贸市场、餐饮店和商场超市。

2019年芜湖市集贸市场蟑螂侵害状况调查

目的了解芜湖市集贸市场蟑螂侵害状况,为集贸市场蟑螂防治提供科学依据.方法采用粘捕法调查芜湖市2019年集贸市场蟑螂侵害情况,结果芜湖市建成区9个集贸市场,共布放蟑螂屋1153张,回收1104张,捕获蟑螂3839只,隶属2科2属2种,分别为德国小蠊(3320只,86.5%),黑胸大蠊(519只,13.5%);平均侵害率为28.0%,平均密度为3.5只/张,全年均有蟑螂活动,9月蟑螂密度(6.1只/张)和侵害率(43.3%)最高;蟑螂密度排在前五位的生境区域分别为:水产区(15.8只/张)、肉类区(7.0只/张)、活禽区(2.6只/张)、蔬菜区(2.5只/张)、面点区(2.3只/张);临时市场的蟑螂侵害率高于标准化市场,其差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.097,P<0.05);蟑螂密度与上月平均气温之间存在线性关系(r=0.840,P<0.05),蟑螂侵害率与上月平均气温之间存在线性关系(r=0.965,P<0.05).结论侵害芜湖市建成区集贸市场蟑螂的优势种群为德国小蠊,夏秋季侵害最为严重,今后应加强对集贸市场水产区、肉类区、活禽区、蔬菜区、面点区等重点区域的防治力度,加大对标准化市场的建设和改造,改善室内环境,降低蟑螂密度,控制蟑螂侵害.

2021年自贡市蟑螂密度及德国小蠊抗药性调查

目的 了解自贡市本地不同生境蟑螂种群结构、密度情况及德国小蠊抗药性,为科学防治提供依据。方法 使用粘捕法进行蟑螂密度监测,使用药膜法测定德国小蠊抗药性。结果 2021年自贡市粘捕率为36.48%,密度为3.63只/张,密度指数为9.95只/张;不同生境中蟑螂密度存有差异(χ^(2)=14.00,P=0.003),餐饮外环境密度最高。德国小蠊对溴氰菊酯、残杀威、敌敌畏抗性倍数分别为51.145、0.731、1.872倍。结论 德国小蠊是自贡市蟑螂优势种群,对溴氰菊酯产生高度抗性。

2017—2021年青岛市蟑螂监测分析

目的了解青岛市蟑螂种群构成、不同生境下密度和季节消长规律,为制定有效的蟑螂防治措施提供科学依据。方法采用粘捕法调查,设置3个监测点,选择农贸市场、超市、餐饮行业、宾馆、医院和居民区为监测生境。结果2017—2021年青岛市蟑螂年平均密度为0.22只/张,年平均侵害率是15.60%,德国小蠊占98.22%,为优势种群;蟑螂密度季节性消长呈单峰分布,在7月达到活动高峰;不同生境中农贸市场蟑螂平均密度和侵害率最高,分别为0.46只/张和29.05%,宾馆平均密度和侵害率最低,分别为0.09只/张和5.97%。结论青岛市蟑螂密度基本保持在较低水平,根据蟑螂种群构成及季节消长情况,应采取以环境治理为基础的综合防治策略。

蜚蠊提取物脂质体的制备、表征及其抗溃疡性结肠炎的疗效

目的探索制备蜚蠊提取物长效脂质体的最佳工艺,并评价其对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)模型小鼠的治疗效果。方法采用薄膜分散法制备蜚蠊提取物长效脂质体(CE-Lip),正交实验优化CE-Lip的处方及冻干工艺,进行形态学表征并评价其体外释放速率,并通过UC小鼠模型进行药效学评价。结果最佳制备工艺为胆固醇-磷脂质量比1∶5,提取物-磷脂质量比1∶4,水化时间0.75 h,水化体积3 mL,水化温度30℃;最佳冻干工艺为采用5%甘露醇、10%海藻糖作为混合冻干保护剂;所制得的CE-Lip平均粒径为(276.7±5.6)nm,呈囊泡状结构,冻干后稳定性良好,在体外释放速率显著低于原料药。药效学结果显示CE-Lip可以显著降低UC小鼠的DAI评分、结肠长度、CMDI评分、TNF-α表达量、HS评分,显著升高EGF表达量、杯状细胞中的黏液素表达量。结论获得简便、稳定、重现性良好的CE-Lip制备工艺。制得的CE-Lip,大小分散均匀,稳定性好,具有缓释的效果,相比于普通制剂,CE-Lip显著提高了CE对UC小鼠的治疗作用,为CE-Lip的进一步开发研究奠定了基础。

内江市蟑螂密度监测及德国小蠊抗药性调查

目的 掌握内江市蟑螂种群变化趋势及德国小蠊对常用杀虫剂的抗性情况,为科学防治提供依据。方法 2017—2021年在内江市5个县(市、区)采用粘捕法进行蟑螂密度监测,2021年采用药膜法测定德国小蠊抗药性。结果 2017—2021年共粘捕蟑螂23 289只,平均密度为1.08只/张,密度逐年呈先升高后降低的趋势,优势种为德国小蠊,占95.67%。蟑螂在1—12月均有活动,各年密度峰值集中在5—8月,以农贸市场和餐饮外环境密度较高。内江市德国小蠊野外品系对溴氰菊酯、残杀威和DDVP的抗性倍数分别为3.51、2.67、15.51。结论 蟑螂防治应采取以环境治理为基础的综合治理措施,科学使用杀虫剂。