Investigation of Types and Hazard of Weeds in Coffea arabica Orchads in Nujiang River Basin

[Objective] Through the investigation of weeds in Coffea arabica orchads in NuJiang River basin, this study aimed to provide scientific guidance for the weed control and improving the ecological and economic benefits of the plantation of Cof- fea arabica. [Method] The types of weeds and the characteristics of weed occur- rence in Coffea arabica orchads in Nujiang River basin were investigated from July to August in 2012. [Result] The results showed that there were 69 types of weeds belonging to 21 families in Coffea arabica orchads. The predominant harmful types were shown as follows： Commelina nudiflora L. ＋ Leptochloa chinensis, Cyperus ro- tundus L. ＋ Bidens pilosa L. ＋ Eleusine indica, Imperata cylindrical ＋ Ageratum conyzoides L. ＋ Eupatorium odoratum L., Ageratum conyzoides L. ＋ Digitaria san- guinalis （L.） Scop. The preponderant weeds consisted mainly of 10 species, namely, Cyperus rotundus L., Commelina nudiflora L., Leptochloa chinensis, Digitaria san- guinalis （L.） Scop, Imperata cylindrical, Bidens pilosa L., Ageratum conyzoides L, E- upatorium odoratum L., Eleusine indica and Chenopodium serotinum L. [Conclusion] The result from this study is of great significance for the plantation of Coffea arabica in Nujiang River basin, as well as the control of weeds.

New Dammarane Triterpenoids,Caffruones A–D,from the Cherries of Coffea arabica

In present study,four new dammarane-type triterpenoids,namely caffruones A–D(1–4),were isolated from the cherries of Coffea arabica.Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D,2D NMR(HSQC,HMBC,^(1)H–^(1)H COSY,and ROESY),HRMS and IR spectra.This is the first time that tetracyclic triterpenes have been reported in genus Coffea.

Modeling of Molecular Distillation Parameters： Case Study of Green Coffee Oil （Coffea arabica）

In principle, the free fatty acids, diterpene fatty acid esters and triglycerides from green coffee oil can be separated effectively, by a suitable separation process, due to the differences between molar mass and vapor pressures. In addition, in the case of component separation by molecular distillation, boiling point is replaced by evaporation rate at a given temperature. Several experiments and theoretical analyses have been carried out to identify the impact of important parameters （mean free path, evaporation rate, relative volatility and Knudsen number）, which determine the performance of these processes and degree of separation. In this work, a process development based on molecular distillation, for the enrichment of coffee diterpenes from green coffee oil is presented. The distillates were enriched in diterpene fatty acid esters and free fatty acids, while the residues were enriched in high molar mass triglycerides.

Botanical Aspects,Caffeine Content and Antioxidant Activity of Coffea arabica

Brazil is the largest coffee exporter in the world. In addition, it occupies the second position, among the consuming countries of the drink. To investigate the chemical composition and quality of the coffee drink from Coffea arabica species, samples grown in the city of Ourinhos, the third most productive region in the state of Sao Paulo, a study of its properties and characteristics was conducted. The pharmacobotanical characteristics were investigated performed according to usual techniques in these researches through macroscopic and microscopic studies through cross-sections. The oil obtained for analysis was extracted by soxhlet, and the caffeine content was measured for green grains using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using as stationary phase, column C18 and gradient mobile phase formed by 80% water and 20% methanol. The concentration obtained was 44.983 ± 0.86 μg/mL. The antioxidant activity was measured in triplicate through the DPPH test of the in natura coffee oil, and presented antioxidant action of EC50 25.89 ± 1.16 μg/mL.

Modeling Leaf Area Estimation for Arabica Coffee (<i>Coffea Arabica</i>L.) Grown at Different Altitudes of Mana District, Jimma Zone

This study was aimed at establishing allometric models for estimating LA (Leaf Area) of eight Coffea arabica genotypes in Mana district of Jimma Zone Oromia Regional State, South Western Ethiopia (7&deg;46'N, 36&deg;0'E). Many Methodologies and instruments have been devised to facilitate measurement of leaf area. However, these methods are destructive, laborious and expensive. For modeling leaf area, leaf width, leaf length and leaf area of 1200 leaves (50 leaves for each genotype) was measured for model calibration and the respective measurements on 960 leaves were used for model validation. Linear measurement was taken from leaves and branch diameters of eight genotypes of C. arabica, cultivated in field following a randomized complete blocks design at three altitudes (High, Medium and Low) were evaluated to identify best option for input in the models, and to validate the method to estimate the leaf area. Linear and non-linear models were tested for their accuracy to predict leaf area of the eight C. arabica genotypes. The use of linear model resulted in high accuracy for all of the eight C. arabica genotypes. No significant effect of growing altitude and genotype was obtained among the slopes of the models. Therefore, one single model was fitted to the combined data of all genotypes at all altitudes (LA = 0.6434LW). Comparison between observed and predicted leaf area was made using this model in another independent dataset, conducted for model validation, exhibited a high degree of correlation (r = 0.98 - 0.99, P < 0. 01). The over or under estimation of the leaf area using this model ranges between 0.02% to 1.7% and this model is adequate to estimate the leaf area for the eight C. arabica genotypes. Hence, this model can be proposed to be reliably used and with this developed model, researchers can estimate the leaf area of newly released eight genotypes of C. arabica at different altitudes accurately.

Mechanism of Action of Low Dose Preparations from <i>Coffea arabica</i>, <i>Gelsemium</i>and <i>Veratrum</i>Based on <i>in Vivo</i>and <i>in Vitro</i>Neurophysiological Findings

Low dose remedies are widely administered in medicine. We used Tele-Stereo-EEG and the hippocampal slice preparation to measure physiological effects of orally given Coffea D6 (40 mg/kg), Gelsemium D4 (10 mg/kg) and Veratrum D6 (30 mg/kg) in rats. Adult rats were implanted with electrodes positioned stereotactically into four brain regions. Changes in field potentials were transmitted wirelessly. After frequency analysis data from 6 - 8 animals were averaged. For in vitro testing, preparations were superfused directly on hippocampal slices. Stimulation of Schaffer Collaterals by single stimuli (SS) or theta burst stimulation (TBS) resulted in stable population spike amplitudes. All three low dose preparations produced decreases of spectral power. Statistically significant changes were observed in delta, theta and alpha2 spectral power. In the hippocampal slice preparation Coffea facilitated signal transfer presumably by enhancing glutamate AMPA receptor transmission. Gelsemium showed a similar effect, but only after single shock stimulation. Opposite to this, attenuation of the electric pathway was recognized after theta burst stimulation due to AMPA receptor and glutamate metabotropic II receptor mediated transmission. Veratrum was able to attenuate glutamatergic due to receptor-mediated signalling sensitive to AMPA and NMDA. The results strongly speak in favour of the existence of biologically active molecules in these low dose preparations.

Coffee Leaf Rust(Hemileia vastatrix)Disease in Coffee Plants and Perspectives by the Disease Control

Coffee Leaf Rust(CLR)is caused by Hemileia vastatrix in Coffea spp.It is one of the most dangerous phytopathogens for coffee plantations in terms of coffee productivity and coffee cup quality.In this review,we resume the problem of CLR in Mexico and the pathogenesis of H.vastatrix.The review abord plant-pathogen interactions which lead a compatible or incompatible interactions and result in CLR disease or resistance,respectively.The review abord Coffea spp.defense response pathways involved in H.vastatrix pathogenicity.Additionally,current measures to control H.vastatrix proliferation and germination were aborded focused on phytosanitary actions,and biological and chemical control.Finally,new trendlines to reduce the impact of CLR as nanoparticles and nanotechnology were analyzed.

Damage and Control Suggestions for the Emerging Disease Coffee Root Rot

[Objectives]The paper was to elucidate the symptoms,morphological characteristics,etiological factors,and current extent of damage associated with coffee root rot disease.[Methods]The symptoms,morphological characteristics,and etiological factors associated with coffee root rot disease were systematically observed,described,and analyzed.The assessment of damage was carried out using a specialized investigative methodology.[Results]The application of bottom fertilizer containing Fusarium incarnatum facilitated the pathogen's entry through root wounds during transplantation,resulting in the development of water-soaked depression lesions in the affected areas.This infection significantly reduced the number of lateral roots in coffee plants,leading to symptoms such as wilting,withering,and ultimately,the death of the aboveground foliage.F.incarnatum exhibited three distinct types of spore morphology:macroconidia,which were sickle-shaped;mesoconidia,which were spindle-shaped;and microconidia,which were oval-shaped.The incidence rate of the disease in the affected region reached 100%,with a disease index exceeding 91,indicating severe damage.[Conclusions]This study serves as a valuable reference for the prevention and management of the emerging disease known as coffee root rot.

绿肥种植密度对咖啡幼龄园杂草群落及咖啡生长的影响

绿肥种植是一种比较理想的杂草控制技术,通过田间试验研究了绿肥硬皮豆不同种植密度对咖啡幼龄园杂草群落和咖啡生长的影响。绿肥种植5月后,对5种硬皮豆种植密度〔S0、S1、S2、S3、S4分别为0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1)〕的杂草群落和咖啡生长情况开展调查。结果表明,随着硬皮豆种植密度的增加,优势杂草香附子重要值显著降低,杂草群落及优势杂草香附子的高度、密度、盖度及生物量均低于对照S0。随着硬皮豆种植密度增加,杂草群落Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数先降低后增加,Simpson优势度指数逐渐降低,Pielou均匀度指数逐渐增加。硬皮豆种植处理下杂草群落高度、密度、盖度及生物量的响应比均显著低于对照S0,硬皮豆种植显著降低了Simpson优势度指数的响应比,显著提高了Pielou均匀度指数的响应比。功能群分类中禾本科的重要值表现为S2和S3处理显著高于对照S0,其余功能群的重要值差异不显著。杂草功能群分类的重要值与群落多样性指数间相关性不显著。硬皮豆种植后咖啡植株的株高、冠幅、地径、叶长、叶宽、一级分枝对数、最长一级分枝长、最长一级分枝节间数及叶片厚度均高于对照S0,其中叶宽差异达显著水平。整体上,硬皮豆种植在一定程度上促进了咖啡植株生长,对杂草群落及优势杂草香附子具有显著的控制效果,显著降低了杂草群落优势度,短期内对杂草群落丰富度及多样性无影响。咖啡幼龄园种植硬皮豆建议采用种植密度1.0 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1),可获得较高的经济效益和生态效益。

‘波邦’咖啡叶绿体基因组密码子使用特征研究

本研究对小粒咖啡‘波邦’叶绿体基因组进行系统分析,探讨影响密码子使用偏性形成的因素。结果表明,‘波邦’叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性较弱,倾向于A/T结尾的密码子。ENC-GC3s绘图、PR2绘图以及中性绘图分析表明,‘波邦’密码子偏好性受突变影响的同时,也受自然选择等因素的影响,但自然选择起到更大的作用。进一步对应分析发现,基因表达水平、基因长度、GC含量对‘波邦’密码子偏性也有影响。密码子使用频率结果表明,拟南芥、烟草和酿酒酵母可考虑作为‘波邦’基因的表达受体系统,其中,烟草与酿酒酵母更为理想。研究表明,在‘波邦’中发现了GCT、TGT、GAT等20个高频密码子,确定了GCA、GCT、TGT等21个最优密码子。

咖啡绿蚧对小粒咖啡果实的影响

为明确咖啡绿蚧对小粒咖啡果实的影响,通过对果实的13个表型性状进行测定,分析有无咖啡绿蚧危害对咖啡果实的影响。结果表明,咖啡绿蚧危害显著降低了浆果重、浆果纵径、浆果横径、种子纵径、种形指数、果皮重、种子数,显著提高了果实硬度。咖啡大多数果实性状间存在相关性,咖啡绿蚧危害对果实间性状相关性产生了影响,有无咖啡绿蚧危害的果实共同相关性状有4对,差异相关性状分别为4对和6对。主成分分析显示,13个表型性状可归纳为2个主成分,分别为种子数量因子和硬度因子,最终确定种子数和硬度2个指标可作为咖啡绿蚧影响小粒咖啡果实的关键性指标。

Characterization of New Ent-kaurane Diterpenoids of Yunnan Arabica Coffee Beans

Five new ent-kaurane diterpenoids,named mascaroside Ⅲ–Ⅴ(1–3),and 20-nor-cofaryloside Ⅰ–Ⅱ(4–5),together with seven known diterpenoids,were isolated from methanol extracts of the green coffee beans of Yunnan Arabica Coffee.Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses.Meanwhile,cytotoxicity assay against HL-60,A-549,SMMC-7721,MCF-7 and SW480 cell lines showed that they have not evident inhibition of cytotoxicity.

小粒咖啡叶绿素合成基因CaPOR的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

叶绿素是植物进行光合作用、积累有机物的重要物质,其中POR(pro tochlorophyllide oxidoreductase)负责催化光合体中的光合色素前体原叶绿素酸转化为叶绿素a,是光诱导被子植物转绿的关键酶,对光合作用至关重要。为研究小粒咖啡叶片叶绿素合成POR基因,通过基因家族分析和转录组测序分析,筛选和鉴定小粒咖啡POR基因,并进一步利用实时荧光定量分析关键基因的表达。结果表明,CaPOR基因家族成员蛋白质的理化性质相似,所含保守基序大致相同,在启动子区域主要以光响应元件和生长发育类元件为主。结合染色体定位、共线性分析以及密码子偏好分析发现,CaPOR基因在小粒咖啡中已形成基因簇,且出现复制加快的现象,这一现象是由碱基突变以及自然选择共同影响所致。对筛选出的7个CaPOR基因的表达量进行分析发现,在小粒咖啡叶片的生长发育过程中,7个CaPOR基因的表达量均为成熟叶片显著高于嫩叶,与小粒咖啡叶片生长发育过程中叶绿素合成变化正相关。以上研究结果为进一步揭示小粒咖啡叶片叶绿素合成以及POR基因的功能研究提供参考。

基于SLAF-Seq的阿拉比卡咖啡遗传多样性分析

【目的】采用特异性位点扩增片段测序(SLAF-Seq)技术对阿拉比卡咖啡种质资源进行遗传多样性分析,明确本地咖啡种质遗传背景,为阿拉比卡咖啡新品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】以国内外40份阿拉比卡咖啡和4份非阿拉比卡咖啡(外类群对照)种质资源为材料,采用SLAF-Seq技术对其进行SNP标记开发及系统发育、群体遗传结构及主成分分析。【结果】所有供试咖啡属种质资源测序共获得220.54 Mb数据,测序样品平均Reads数量为5012189条,测序平均Q30为95.90%,平均GC含量为39.48%。定位到参考基因组的Clean reads占所有Clean reads总数的百分比平均为95.05%。从44份咖啡属种质资源中共检测到214254个SLAF标签,平均每份样品SLAF标签数量为140742。SLAF标签在每份样本中的分布数量为46234~171026个。共开发出1186433个群体SNP分子标记,每个样品的SNP分子标记数目为381105~903823个,SNP分子标记完整度为32.12%~76.18%,杂合率为6.23%~17.49%。阿拉比卡咖啡SNP分布具有一定的区域集中性,主要集中在1c~11c这套来自其中一个亲本卡尼弗拉咖啡(中粒种)染色体组上。系统发育、群体遗传结构及主成分3种聚类结果显示,阿拉比卡咖啡铁皮卡型、阿拉比卡咖啡波邦型和含有Catimor的类群被明显区分开来独立成群,并明确了18份阿拉比卡咖啡种质的遗传背景。【结论】40份阿拉比卡咖啡主要分为铁皮卡型类群、波邦型类群和含有Catimor商品种质的类群。采用SLAF-Seq技术所开发的SNP分子标记可准确分析阿拉比卡咖啡资源遗传多样性。

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Coffee (<i>Coffee arabica</i>L.) Germplasm Accessions Growing in the Southwestern Saudi Arabia Using Quantitative Traits

Coffee (Coffea arabica) is an economically important crop cultivated on the terraced slopes and narrow valleys of the mountains in the south-western Saudi Arabia. The objective of the study was to evaluate genetic diversity among nineteen coffee accessions collected from different coffee growing areas based on quantitative morphological and pomological traits. Data of 17 quantitative traits were collected and subjected to various statistical analyses. The analysis of variance showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the accessions for the majority of quantitative traits measured. A principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to determine the nature and degree of divergence among accessions. PCA showed that four principal components explained about 85.62% of the total variation. Differentiation of germplasm into different clusters was because of cumulative effects of a number of characters. Cluster and distance analysis of quantitative traits revealed the existence of five different groups. The maximum distance was seen between clusters IV and V (76.4) while the minimum was seen between I and II (16.13). Accessions like KSA6 and KSA8 from Tallen valley and KSA10 and KSA11 from Hada and Shada valleys collection are recommenced for the next breeding work as they are high yielder accessions compared to the others. However, it is suggested to complete the present results by additional assessment of the in situ collection and variety trials. These results are of great interest for future breeding programs for this species.

低温胁迫对小粒种咖啡幼苗生理特性的影响

为探讨小粒种咖啡的耐寒机制,以1年生小粒种咖啡为试验材料,对不同低温过程中叶片渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性及细胞膜透性等生理指标进行测定,探究其变化规律,并对各个指标间的关系进行相关性及主成分分析。结果表明,小粒种咖啡叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量以及总超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性在8℃处理时平稳上升,在4、0、-2℃处理时均呈先升后降的趋势;过氧化物酶活性随着温度的降低和处理时间的延长也先升高后降低。丙二醛含量和相对电导率变化趋势相似,均随着温度降低逐渐增加,二者均在0℃处理48 h和-2℃处理48 h时达较大值,为132.00、124.58 nmol·g^(-1)和91.29%、98.35%,相关性分析表明丙二醛和相对电导率呈极显著正相关关系。综上所述小粒种咖啡在低温胁迫下通过调节自身的抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质含量来缓解低温胁迫造成的伤害,表现出较强的抗寒能力,该结果可为咖啡的资源保护、引种驯化及品种选育提供理论支持。

不同遮荫环境对小粒种咖啡光合作用的影响

为深入了解不同遮荫条件下小粒种咖啡的光合作用能力,测定和分析了遮光率为33%(遮荫Ⅰ)和59%(遮荫Ⅱ)时咖啡树的光合作用参数。结果表明,遮荫Ⅰ环境下荫质和遮荫效果均小于遮荫Ⅱ,咖啡树光合作用能力明显低于遮荫Ⅱ;在饱和光强下,两种遮荫环境下咖啡树叶片的CO_(2)净吸收率(A)主要受气孔因素(l_(s))限制。适当地提高咖啡园的荫质和遮荫效果能够有效增加光能利用效率,而降低叶片的气孔限制能够增加CO_(2)净吸收率。

老咖啡园嫁接改良技术

咖啡是云南省最具优势特色的经济作物之一,也是该省边疆少数民族地区脱贫致富和乡村振兴的重要支柱产业。随着近年来高品质咖啡需求量的不断增加,迫切需要对已广泛种植的卡蒂姆系列品种进行品种改良,而嫁接技术是一种比较理想的品种改良技术。文章从品种选择、嫁接方法及接后管理等多个嫁接技术环节提出建议,以期为促进云南老咖啡园改造、提高云南咖啡精品率及推动云南咖啡产业高质量发展提供技术性指导。

小粒咖啡铁皮卡叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性分析

为了解铁皮卡叶绿体基因组密码子的使用特征及其成因,以筛选的52条蛋白编码序列为研究对象,利用CodonW和CUSP在线软件对其密码子使用特征进行系统分析。结果表明,基因组各位置的GC含量GC 1、GC 2、GC 3分别为47.47%、39.52%、27.92%,30个高频密码子中,以U结尾占比53.33%,以A结尾占比43.33%,以G结尾占比3.33%,说明铁皮卡叶绿体基因偏好使用NNA和NNU型密码子,尤其偏好使用NNU型密码子。有效密码子数(ENC)、密码子适应指数(CAI)、最优密码子频率(Fop)分别为46.85、0.167、0.352,均揭示该基因组的密码子偏性较弱。中性绘图、ENC-plot、PR2-plot以及对应分析揭示密码子的偏好性受到选择及其他因素共同作用,最终确定了AUU、GUU和UCU等20个最优密码子。表明铁皮卡叶绿体基因组密码子的偏性较弱,偏好AU结尾的密码子。密码子的使用偏好性受到突变及选择等多种作用共同影响。

保山小粒咖啡园杂草种类及危害现状

杂草是制约咖啡生长和产量稳定的关键因子,系统性了解咖啡园杂草种类及危害现状,对小粒咖啡园杂草的科学防控具有积极作用。2019—2022年对保山小粒咖啡产区杂草种类及危害进行系统调查,共发现杂草37科86属97种,其中,外来杂草15种,危害较为严重的杂草有白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)、鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)、小蓬草(Erigeron canadensis)、紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)、香附子(Cyperus rotundus)、反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)及饭包草(Commelina benghalensis)。建议采用人工、物理、机械及生态除草的方法进行杂草综合防控,禁止使用化学除草。