On the Role of Cognitive Environment of Translation for English- Chinese Translation

This paper put forward the concept of cognitive environment of translation based on the concept of cognitive context and proposed world knowledge,language knowledge and translation knowledge as its three constituents.World knowledge can also be referred to as encyclopedic knowledge,including all the knowledge acquired about diverse aspects of internal and external life through direct and indirect experience.Language knowledge refers to all the knowledge about the phonetics,phonology,lexicology,syntax,pragmatics,stylistics,etc.of the two languages involved and the comparative and contrastive features between the two languages.Translation knowledge concerns all the knowledge about the strategies and techniques for translation in general and specific solutions applicable for the translation between the two languages in question.The three types of knowledge get involved at different stages of translation:world knowledge and language knowledge about the source text facilitate accurate understanding of the source text,knowledge about the target language and knowledge about the comparative and contrastive features between the source and the target language,in combination with translation knowledge help with the translation process.All the knowledge can be activated more than once in case any uncertainty occurred at understanding or translation stages.As regards English-Chinese translation,translators are expected to use Chinese words,syntactic and textual structures most acceptable to the Chinese readers to replace the original English text,rendering them as close as possible in content,style and receptor effect.Efforts must be made to cater to the Chinese conventions of language use.Three major suggestions,among others,can be summarized in the paper.The first one is to use suitable words or expressions to match the Chinese ways of expression in various cases.The second one is to break the chains off the long and sophisticated English sentences,using shorter Chinese ones with a subject or theme,converting the nouns in English back to the verb or adjective they are derived from,etc.The third is to re-organize the textual structure of the target text according to the temporal,spatial and logical ways of expression in Chinese.

The Space Dissimilation of Stakeholders' Environment Cognitive and Behavior Preference Response in the Area from Returning Fazing Land to Grasslands

The cognition and attitudes of resources environment affect environmental behavior of behavior subject,the changes of attitude and behavior become one of the key factors of influencing harmonious and healthy development of ecological environment. With PRA survey method for obtaining questionnaire data and based on behavior geography and social psychology theory,farming-pastoral,dry grassland,desert grassland, typical project village alpine grassland of returning fazing land to grasslands as an example,with main body cognitive perspective of the aid of resources,the article analyzed space dissimilation of stakeholders environmental cognitive and behavior preference response in the area of returning grazing land to grasslands from ecological environment from policy environment,ecological environment and family economic environment aspects. The results showed that： stakeholders judgment of Grassland degradation in different ecological function area had obvious regularity,the cognitive proportion of Grassland degradation gradually increase from farming-pastora to alpine savanes. The satisfaction from returning grazing land to grasslands showed a changing tendency of reversed U. stakeholders had more strongly negative cognition in the area of dry steppe and desertsteppe. From farming-pastoral to alpine savanes,the economic environment tend to worse situation. Negative environmental behaviors tend to increase,Positive behavior on the contrary.

How to enhance agricultural plastic waste management in China?Insights from public participation

Agricultural plastics play a pivotal role in agricultural production.However,due to expensive costs,agricultural plastic waste management(APWM)encounters a vast funding gap.As one of the crucial stakeholders,the public deserves to make appropriate efforts for APWM.Accordingly,identifying whether the public is willing to pay for APWM and clarifying the decisions’driving pathways to explore initiatives for promoting their payment intentions are essential to address the dilemma confronting APWM.To this end,by applying the extended theory of planned behavior(TPB),the study conducted an empirical analysis based on 1,288 residents from four provinces(autonomous regions)of northern China.Results illustrate that:1)respondents hold generally positive and relatively strong payment willingness towards APWM;2)respondents’attitude(AT),subjective norm(SN),and perceived behavioral control(PBC)are positively correlated with their payment intentions(INT);3)environmental cognition(EC)and environmental emotion(EE)positively moderate the relationships between AT and INT,and between SN and INT,posing significant indirect impacts on INT.The study’s implications extend to informing government policies,suggesting that multi-entity cooperation,specifically public payment for APWM,can enhance agricultural non-point waste management.

An analysis of Chinese-English soft news translation from a relevance theory perspective

The author gives a thorough interpretation of the translation process and methods under the framework of relevance theory based on the actual pairs of Chinese soft news and the counterpart English versions well selected from authoritative bilingual magazines. The author attests the explanatory force of relevance theory to soft news translation and shows that the aim of all the translation methods is to provide adequate contextual effects and achieve optimal relevance to the target audience, namely, to guarantee the successful communication--the intentions of the communicator and the expectations of the audience meet.

On the Role of Mutuality in Ironic Communication and Cognition

When ironic communication occurs,there must be a basic cognitive environment that may include inexhaustible elements,among which is a suggestion of complicity between the ironist and the hearer,which makes the process simple,convenient and fast.Complicity refers to the mutuality tacitly established or implied between the participants.This stduy explores its components,necessity and possibility in processing ironic communication and cognition.

Measurements of the Cognitive Level of Ecotourists for the Tourism Environment in the Mountain Resorts

Tourists are the main body of tourism activities,and studying the environmental cognition of tourists is beneficial for the environmental management of scenic spots.In this article,data obtained by questionnaire were used to compose a data matrix of 169×10 dimensions,and the cognitive level of ecotourists for the tourism environment was measured by two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN)and detrended correspondence analysis(DCA)in Luya Mountain Nature Reserve.This analysis revealed three main points.(1)TWINSPAN divided all the samples into the strict environment protection type,the ordinary environment protection type,the occasional environment protection type,and the natural enjoyment type.Both the strict and ordinary environment protection types agreed with biocentrism and had a consciousness regarding the protection of nature,but the former advocated that tourism activities should be restricted in nature reserves,while the latter did not agree with restrictions on tourism activities.The occasional environment protection types denied biocentrism;on the one hand,they thought that nature should serve human beings,but on the other hand,they showed a tendency toward environmental protection.The natural enjoyment type argued that natural resources should be maximized to meet human needs.(2)There were significant correlations between the first axis of the DCA and gender,age,education,number of trips,and cognition of nature reserve function,and the second axis of DCA was significantly correlated with gender,age,and education level.Under the impact of all the factors in the DCA figure,ecotourist types transitioned gradually from the first type to the second,the third,and the fourth types along the diagonal line,and accordingly,their cognitive level for the tourism environment was reduced slowly.(3)For nature reserves,the strict environment protection type had 74 people,who was the most popular.The ordinary and occasional environment protection types had 43 people and 31 people,respectively,who should be strived to raise environmental awareness.The natural enjoyment type had 21 people,who must be systematically educated.

Optical water quality and human perceptions of rivers:an ethnohydrology study

Rivers are revered worldwide for their ecologic,scenic,and recreational value.The capacity to communicate effectively among human groups with vested interest in rivers hinges on understanding the nature of human perceptions of water quality and the extent to which they vary intraculturally.Recognizing the intersection between measured water quality and the characteristics of rivers that influence human perceptions facilitates potential for better communication across disciplines and among stakeholders.We conducted interviews and a pile-sort task with water quality experts and nonexperts.Our analysis suggested human evaluation of water quality is guided by culturally constructed criteria,regardless of respondent expertise,experience,or demographics.Cluster analysis results implied that measured physical and chemical parameters of rivers were directly related to the visible attributes used in human judgments.We suggest that,regardless of variability among individual stakeholders,observable characteristics may be the foundation for a common understanding of water quality in rivers.