Liver graft preservation methods during cold ischemia phase and normothermic machine perfusion

The growing demand for donor organs requires measures to expand donor pool.Those include extended criteria donors, such as elderly people, steatotic livers,donation after cardiac death, etc. Static cold storage to reduce metabolic requirements developed by Collins in late 1960 s is the mainstay and the golden standard for donated organ protection. Hypothermic machine perfusion provides dynamic organ preservation at 4°C with protracted infusion of metabolic substrates to the graft during the ex vivo period. It has been used instead of static cold storage or after it as short perfusion in transplant center. Normothermic machine perfusion(NMP) delivers oxygen, and nutrition at physiological temperature mimicking regular environment in order to support cellular function. This would minimize effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury.Potentially, NMP may help to estimate graft functionality before implantation into a recipient. Clinical studies demonstrated at least its non-inferiority or better outcomes vs static cold storage. Regular grafts donated after brain death could be safely preserved with convenient static cold storage. Except for prolonged ischemia time where hypothermic machine perfusion started in transplant center could be estimated to provide possible positive reconditioning effect. Use of hypothermic machine perfusion in regular donation instead of static cold storage or in extended criteria donors requires further investigation. Multicenter randomized clinical trial supposed to be completed in December 2021. Extended criteria donors need additional measures for graft storage and assessment until its implantation. NMP is actively evaluating promising method for this purpose.Future studies are necessary for precise estimation and confirmation to issue clinical practice recommendations.

Cold ischemia time in liver transplantation:An overview

The standard approach to organ preservation in liver transplantation is by static cold storage and the time between the cross-clamping of a graft in a donor and its reperfusion in the recipient is defined as cold ischemia time(CIT).This simple definition reveals a multifactorial time frame that depends on donor hepatectomy time,transit time,and recipient surgery time,and is one of the most important donor-related risk factors which may influence the graft and recipient’s survival.Recently,the growing demand for the use of marginal liver grafts has prompted scientific exploration to analyze ischemia time factors and develop different organ preservation strategies.This review details the CIT definition and analyzes its different factors.It also explores the most recent strategies developed to implement each timestamp of CIT and to protect the graft from ischemic injury.

New trends in cold-chamber die casting machine design

Larger and larger proportions of aluminium castings,especially those produced by the die casting process,can be observed during recent years in the automotive industry,house-hold articles and others.In case of the automotive industry,apart from the traditional elements produced by the die pressure method such as engine blocks or crank shaft bedplates,aluminium is displacing steel from structural parts of cars('body in white').The current state and development directions of the structural solutions of cold-chamber die castings are analysed in this paper.These solutions drive the prospective development of these machines and die casting technology.The focus is mainly on essential functional systems such as:hydraulic drives of closing and locking units,as well as pressing in die machines of known companies present on the European market.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR ROLLING PROCESS BASED ON SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE

A method for the calculation of the sensitivity factors of the rollingprocess has been obtained by differentiating the roll force model based on support vector machine.It can eliminate the algebraic loop of the analytical model of the rolling process. The simulationsin the first stand of five stand cold tandem rolling mill indicate that the calculation forsensitivities by this proposed method can obtain a good accuracy, and an appropriate adjustment onthe control variables determined directly by the sensitivity has an excellent compensation accuracy.Moreover, the roll gap has larger effect on the exit thickness than both front tension and backtension, and it is more efficient to select the roll gap as the control variable of the thicknesscontrol system in the first stand.

Hypothermic machine perfusion with metformin-University of Wisconsin solution for ex vivo preservation of standard and marginal liver grafts in a rat model

AIM To compare the effect of University of Wisconsin(UW) solution with or without metformin, an AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) activator, for preserving standard and marginal liver grafts of young and aged rats ex vivo by hypothermic machine perfusion(HMP).METHODS Eighteen young(4 mo old) and 18 aged(17 mo old)healthy male SD rats were selected and randomly divided into three groups: control group, UW solution perfusion group(UWP), and UW solution with metformin perfusion group(MUWP). Aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), interleukin-18(IL-18), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) in the perfused liquid were tested. The expression levels of AMPK and endothelial nitric oxide synthase(e NOS) in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells were also examined.Additionally, microscopic evaluation of the harvested perfused liver tissue samples was done. RESULTS AST, ALT, LDH, IL-18 and TNF-α levels in the young and aged liver-perfused liquid were, respectively,significantly lower in the MUWP group than in the UWP group(P < 0.05), but no significant differences were found between the young and aged MUWP groups.Metformin increased the expression of AMPK and e NOS protein levels, and promoted the extracellular release of nitric oxide through activation of the AMPK-e NOS mediated pathway. Histological examination revealed that in the MUWP group, the extent of liver cells and tissue damage was significantly reduced compared with the UWP group.CONCLUSION The addition of metformin to the UW preservative solution for ex vivo HMP can reduce rat liver injury during cold ischemia, with significant protective effects on livers, especially of aged rats.

Thin-Wall Aluminum Die-Casting Technology for Development of Notebook Computer Housing

Silicon-based aluminum casting alloys are known to be one of the most widely used alloy systems mainly due to their superior casting characteristics and unique combination of mechanical and physical properties. However,manufacturing of thin-walled aluminum die-casting components,less than 1.0 mm in thickness,is generally known to be very difficult task to achieve aluminum casting alloys with high fluidity.Therefore,in this study,the optimal die-casting conditions for producing 297 mm×210 mm×0.7 mm thin-walled aluminum component was examined experimentally by using 2 different gating systems,tangential and split type,and vent design.Furthermore,computational solidification simulation was also conducted.The results showed that split type gating system was preferable gating design than tangential type gating system at the point of view of soundness of casting and distortion generated after solidification.It was also found that proper vent design was one of the most important factors for producing thin-wall casting components because it was important for the fulfillment of the thin-wall cavity and the minimization of the casting distortion.

Influence of perfusate on liver viability during hypothermic machine perfusion

AIM: To optimize the perfusates used for hypothermicmachine perfusion(HMP).METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly to three groups(n = 12 per group) that received either saline, University of Wisconsin coldstorage solution(UW) or histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution(HTK) as the perfusate. Each group was divided into two subgroups: static cold storage(SCS) and HMP(n = 6 per subgroup). The liver graft was retrieved according to the method described by Kamada. For the SCS group, the graft was directly placed into cold perfusate(0-4?℃) for 6 h after liver isolation while the portal vein of the graft was connected to the perfusion machine for the HMP group. Then the perfusates were collected at different time points for analysis of aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine transaminase(ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) levels. Liver tissues were obtained for evaluation of histology, dry/wet weight(D/W) ratio, and malondialdehyde(MDA) and adenosine-triphosphate(ATP) levels. The portal vein pressure and velocity were monitored in real time in all HMP subgroups.RESULTS: Comparison of HMP and SCS: Regardless of the perfusate, HMP improved the architecture of donor graft in reducing the congestion around sinusoids and central vein and maintaining sinusoid lining in morphology; HMP improved liver function in terms of ALT, AST and LDH, especially during the 3-6 h period(SCS vs HMP using saline: ALT3, 225.00 ± 105.62 vs 49.50 ± 18.50, P = 0.047; LDH3, 1362.17 ± 563.30 vs 325.75 ± 147.43, P = 0.041; UW: LDH6, 2880.14 ± 948.46 vs 2135.00 ± 174.27, P = 0.049; HTK, AST6, 307.50 ± 52.95 vs 185.20 ± 20.46, P = 0.041); HMP decreased MDA level(saline, 2.79 ± 0.30 vs 1.09 ± 0.09, P = 0.008; UW, 3.01 ± 0.77 vs 1.23 ± 0.68, P = 0.005; HTK, 3.30 ± 0.52 vs 1.56 ± 0.22, P = 0.006). Comparison among HMP subgroups: HTK showed less portal vein resistance than UW and saline(vs saline, 3.41 ± 0.49 vs 5.00 ± 0.38, P < 0.001; vs UW, 3.41 ± 0.49 vs 4.52 ± 0.63, P = 0.007); UW reduced edema most efficiently(vs saline, 0.68 ± 0.02 vs 0.79 ± 0.05, P = 0.013), while HTK maintained ATP levels best(vs saline, 622.60 ± 29.11 vs 327.43 ± 44.66, P < 0.001; vs UW, 622.60 ± 29.11 vs 301.80 ± 37.68, P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: HMP is superior to SCS in maintaining both architecture and function of liver grafts. Further, HTK was found to be the optimal perfusate for HMP.

The Coordinated Influence of Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature and Arctic Sea Ice on Anomalous Northeast China Cold Vortex Activities with Different Paths during Late Summer

The Northeast China cold vortex(NCCV)during late summer(from July to August)is identified and classified into three types in terms of its movement path using machine learning.The relationships of the three types of NCCV intensity with atmospheric circulations in late summer,the sea surface temperature(SST),and Arctic sea ice concentration(SIC)in the preceding months,are analyzed.The sensitivity tests by the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3(CAM5.3)are used to verify the statistical results.The results show that the coordination pattern of East Asia-Pacific(EAP)and Lake Baikal high pressure forced by SST anomalies in the North Indian Ocean dipole mode(NIOD)during the preceding April and SIC anomalies in the Nansen Basin during the preceding June results in an intensity anomaly for the first type of NCCV.While the pattern of high pressure over the Urals and Okhotsk Sea and low pressure over Lake Baikal during late summer-which is forced by SST anomalies in the South Indian Ocean dipole mode(SIOD)in the preceding June and SIC anomalies in the Barents Sea in the preceding April-causes the intensity anomaly of the second type.The third type is atypical and is not analyzed in detail.Sensitivity tests,jointly forced by the SST and SIC in the preceding period,can well reproduce the observations.In contrast,the results forced separately by the SST and SIC are poor,indicating that the NCCV during late summer is likely influenced by the coordinated effects of both SST and SIC in the preceding months.

基于机器学习的寒区渠道冰情的遥感监测方法

寒区渠道冬季运行时常出现冰情,控制平封的封冻过程会大幅降低渠道输水能力,调控不当甚至可能产生冰塞、冰坝等灾害。国内外开展了大量渠道冰情研究,以期提升渠道冰期输水能力,但受限于观测资料的时空密度,数值模拟结果难以验证,调度决策缺少依据。遥感技术因其具有监测范围大、时效性高的特性,在渠道冰情监测中具有较大的应用潜力。为探索适用于寒区渠道冰情遥感监测的方法,该研究以南水北调中线京石段明渠段为研究区,基于Sentinel-2影像的11个波段反射率构建了完全特征、优选特征和组合特征3类特征空间数据集,作为支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)、最大似然估计(maximum likelihood estimation,MLE)、随机森林(random forest,RF)分类算法输入,训练得到了9个地物分类器,用于渠道结冰范围识别,并采用北拒马闸前影像渠道结冰范围提取试验,对比不同分类算法和输入特征组合下的分类性能。结果表明:在渠道结冰范围识别中,近红外、可见光和短波红外是关键波段。在样本数量有限的条件下,SVM算法结冰范围识别精度最高,不同特征输入下制图精度(producer’s accuracy,PA)可达85.10%~87.91%,错分误差(commission error,CE)为10.84%~16.08%;RF算法在完全特征和优选特征输入下分类精度与SVM接近,PA为84.67%~86.61%,CE为13.76%~14.41%,但其在组合特征下分类结果严重偏离实际;MLE算法在3类特征下的分类精度均较低,不适宜作为渠道结冰范围识别算法。综合来看,SVM算法对特征空间敏感性较低,在不同的特征输入下均能实现渠道结冰范围的高精度提取;RF算法对特征空间敏感性较高,当输入特征发生变化时,结冰范围识别精度不稳定。最后以完全特征下的SVM算法为例,进行了分类器的时空泛化性验证,结果表明模型在不同时间、不同渠段下,制图精度不低于82.09%,错分误差不高于13.82%,分类模型精度均较好,能有效识别渠道结冰范围。该研究方法可为寒区输水工程冰情监测提供新思路,亦可为类似工作提供参考。

寒地黑土区水稻秸秆还田机设计及最优耕作参数试验

针对寒地黑土区水稻秸秆还田机消耗功率大、秸秆腐解速度慢的问题,设计具有腐解剂精量喷施功能的秸秆还田机,并探究刀轴扭矩最小时的耕作参数组合。对还田机的自动升降平地装置、菌剂喷洒装置、秸秆量识别系统和还田弯刀进行设计:菌剂喷洒装置采用由PLC驱动的电磁阀控制喷施量;秸秆量识别系统可分别对粉碎堆积秸秆和留茬秸秆进行数量评估并将数据信息传递至菌剂喷洒装置;还田弯刀设计采用Workbench 2022 R1软件进行仿真分析,得到弯刀最佳参数结果:弯刀刃长240 mm、刃宽80 mm、弯折角115°;采用三因素三水平旋转正交试验,建立刀轴扭矩与试验因素的关系。采用Design-Expert软件进行方差分析处理,结果表明,因素对指标影响的顺序关系为:耕深>旋转速度>单位面积秸秆量>耕深的二次项>耕深与旋转速度的交互作用>旋转速度与单位面积秸秆量的交互作用,并得到交互作用的响应曲面图以及最优参数组合为耕深20 cm、旋转速度为240 r/min、单位面积秸秆量为3.5 kg/m^(2)。进行验证性试验,得到扭矩平均值为24.32 N⋅m,与模型预测值的相对误差为0.7%,预测模型可靠,且秸秆翻埋率达96.8%。

冷连轧弯辊力精度改进PSO-SVM预测及补偿分析

为了进一步控制冷连轧弯辊力精度,构建改进PSO-SVM预测模型。利用包含压缩因子的粒子群算法完成支持向量机参数的更高效寻优处理,对回归轧制参数实施反归一化获得弯辊力模型。根据现场实际轧制结果完成预测模型的验证过程。研究结果表明:采用改进PSO-SVM模型获得的预测性能指标在上述优化方法中达到了最低,改进PSO-SVM模型具备最优预测效果。设置可靠补偿后大幅降低了AFC系统工作量,促进了带钢板形效率的显著提升。弯辊力补偿值形成了与弯辊力几乎相同的变化规律,具备优异预测性能。

Study on the preservation effects of the amputated forelimb by machine perfusion at physiological temperature

Purpose:Ischemia and hypoxia are the main factors limiting limb replantation and transplantation.Static cold storage(SCS),a common preservation method for tissues and organs,can only prolong limb ischemia time to 4-6 h.The normothermic machine perfusion(NMP)is a promising method for the preservation of tissues and organs,which can extend the preservation time in vitro by providing continuous oxygen and nutrients.This study aimed to evaluate the difference in the efficacy of the 2 limb preservation methods.Methods:The 6 forelimbs from beagle dogs were divided into 2 groups.In the SCS group(n=3),the limbs were preserved in a sterile refrigerator at 4°C for 24 h,and in the NMP group(n=3),the perfusate prepared with autologous blood was used for the oxygenated machine perfusion at physiological temperature for 24 h,and the solution was changed every 6 h.The effects of limb storage were evaluated by weight gain,perfusate biochemical analysis,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and histological analysis.All statistical analyses and graphs were performed using GraphPad Prism 9.0 one-way or two-way analysis of variance.The p value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.Results:In the NMP group,the weight gained percentage was 11.72%±4.06%;the hypoxia-inducible factor-1αcontents showed no significant changes;the shape of muscle fibers was normal;the gap between muscle fibers slightly increased,showing the intercellular distance of(30.19±2.83)μm;and the vascularα-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)contents were lower than those in the normal blood vessels.The creatine kinase level in the perfusate of the NMP group increased from the beginning of perfusion,decreased after each perfusate change,and remained stable at the end of perfusion showing a peak level of 4097.6 U/L.The lactate dehydrogenase level of the NMP group increased near the end of perfusion and reached the peak level of 374.4 U/L.In the SCS group,the percentage of weight gain was 0.18%±0.10%,and the contents of hypoxia-inducible factor-1αincreased gradually and reached the maximum level of(164.85±20.75)pg/mL at the end of the experiment.The muscle fibers lost their normal shape and the gap between muscle fibers increased,showing an intercellular distance of(41.66±5.38)μm.The contents of vascularα-SMA were much lower in the SCS group as compared to normal blood vessels.Conclusions:NMP caused lesser muscle damage and contained more vascularα-SMA as compared to SCS.This study demonstrated that NMP of the amputated limb with perfusate solution based on autologous blood could maintain the physiological activities of the limb for at least 24 h.

神经网络增强的成对双线性因子分解机

基于神经网络增强的因子分解机模型因可以捕捉更多高阶特征的交互,使预测结果愈加精准而成为了当前推荐算法的研究热点。针对现有模型在对用户与物品交互特征进行建模时,并没有综合考虑高阶交互特征和原始低阶特征的问题,同时为了提高模型对用户偏好的建模能力,采用深度神经网络,并且结合成对学习提出了新的深度神经网络增强的成对双线性因子分解机模型DeepPRBFM。该模型采用一对分别包含正样本和负样本输入的双线性结构,利用多层ResNet保留低阶特征,利用DNN增强高阶特征的交互,并采用了基于Pairwise Ranking的损失函数。此外,双线性结构中,通过增加负样本的比例,不仅能大大减缓推荐系统的冷启动问题,而且还能提升模型的预测效果。在2个真实数据集上的实验结果表明,所提出的模型获得了更高的推荐准确率,在HR和NDCG等客观指标上都优于其他对比模型。

冷却液管路法兰复合成形工艺控制研究

目的增大法兰镦压成形面积,提高汽车冷却液管路法兰的加工质量,进而获得更好的汽车冷却系统密封性和整车安全性。方法在分析法兰自由端高度、管坯外径、管坯内径、接触摩擦因数等对传统法兰镦压成形影响的基础上,提出一种扩径-缩径-镦压的法兰复合成形工艺。一方面通过扩径提高法兰的成形面积,另一方面通过缩颈保证法兰与零件的正常配合,以此来突破传统镦压工艺的成形极限,并且通过DEFORM软件对扩径-缩径-镦压整个成形过程进行仿真分析,优化组合模具的结构参数。结果试制试验结果表明,使用传统工艺镦压成形的法兰直径最大可到达到23.2mm,而使用本文所提出的复合成形工艺可以使其直径增加到25.4 mm,法兰端面的接触面积由422.7 mm^(2)增加到506.7 mm^(2),提升约19.8%。结论采用扩径-缩径-镦压这种复合加工方式,可以在不降低加工质量的同时有效提高法兰面积的成形极限。该工艺可以为以后管路法兰的设计与生产工艺制定提供一定的参考。

Machine Learning-Based Temperature and Wind Forecasts in the Zhangjiakou Competition Zone during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games

Weather forecasting for the Zhangjiakou competition zone of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games is a challenging task due to its complex terrain.Numerical weather prediction models generally perform poorly for cold air pools and winds over complex terrains,due to their low spatiotemporal resolution and limitations in the description of dynamics,thermodynamics,and microphysics in mountainous areas.This study proposes an ensemble-learning model,named ENSL,for surface temperature and wind forecasts at the venues of the Zhangjiakou competition zone,by integrating five individual models—linear regression,random forest,gradient boosting decision tree,support vector machine,and artificial neural network(ANN),with a ridge regression as meta model.The ENSL employs predictors from the high-resolution ECMWF model forecast(ECMWF-HRES) data and topography data,and targets from automatic weather station observations.Four categories of predictors(synoptic-pattern related fields,surface element fields,terrain,and temporal features) are fed into ENSL.The results demonstrate that ENSL achieves better performance and generalization than individual models.The root-mean-square error(RMSE) for the temperature and wind speed predictions is reduced by 48.2% and 28.5%,respectively,relative to ECMWF-HRES.For the gust speed,the performance of ENSL is consistent with ANN(best individual model) in the whole dataset,whereas ENSL outperforms on extreme gust samples(42.7% compared with 38.7% obtained by ECMWF-HRES in terms of RMSE reduction).Sensitivity analysis of predictors in the four categories shows that ENSL fits their feature importance rankings and physical explanations effectively.

CFD与机器学习相结合的某数据机房冷通道热环境模拟

为了降低数据机房模拟的成本,快速地预测机房的热环境,本文以常州市某大型数据中心内一个实际运行中的机房为研究对象,首先采用多孔介质方法模拟服务器内部的流动与传热过程,并建立了一个CFD简化模型,然后将实测数据与CFD模拟结果对比,验证其有效性。在此基础上,通过改变机房工况参数,建立并比较了反向传播(BP)神经网络、随机森林及极限梯度提升树(XGBoost)3种机器学习模型在不同情形下的预测性能。结果表明:BP神经网络模型具有良好的泛化能力,其预测温度时,绝对误差在0.56℃以内,决定系数R 2在0.966以上;预测速度时,绝对误差在0.01 m/s以内,R 2为0.999。

免退火CH35A-M冷镦钢螺栓开裂原因分析

采用免退火CH35A-M冷镦钢制作的六角头螺栓调质处理后发现有个别开裂。对开裂螺栓进行了宏观检验、金相检验和断口分析。结果表明:螺栓无明显缺陷,裂纹两侧无脱碳现象,但断口被氧化成黑色。据此可以断定,螺栓淬火开裂是可能存在机加工缺陷所致。

60t高速五线旋转式冷拔机组浅析

本文实现了一种具有竖直提升上料、多模式毛管横移布料、芯棒水平穿芯、双工位旋转式芯棒台为特征的高速无缝钢管冷拔机组。该机组实现了冷拔管生产过程散料、提升上料、下位拔制、下料等工序自动运行;可实现最多五支直径φ28~φ63.5mm、壁厚3.5~10mm、长度8~26m碳钢及低合金钢管同时拔制;机组公称拔制力最大60t,拔制速度最高50m/min。该设备提升了国内冷拔管材生产机组设计、制造水平以及企业生产技术水平,对促进我国钢管行业技术装备发展具有深远意义。

空调水冷冷水制冷系统调适技术探讨

基于空调系统调适技术的发展现状,以空调水冷冷水制冷系统为研究对象,探讨了冷水机组、冷却塔和水泵的调试评价指标和效果验证方法,介绍了水冷冷水系统的常见系统形式和制冷机房常见问题及解决措施,以达到提高水冷冷水系统的整体运行性能、降低冷水系统运行能耗的目的。

钢管管端高频锻打成形设备研究

介绍了冷拔钢管打头工艺流程和技术装备,分析了打头机组设备技术创新特点,认为该设备核心技术及核心机构是分段倾斜式锤头臂,此机构改善了驱动主轴轴承受力状况,降低了锤头臂球面支撑的接触应力,实现了钢管管端高频次500次/min平稳径向锻打,且可实现无级调速,生产节奏提升1倍以上,产品成品率达到98%,提高了整机的工作寿命。