Advancements in understanding inflammatory responses and the development of cardiovascular diseases under cold stimulation

Cold stimulation has been linked to acute myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases.Residents in the frigid zones,such Heilongjiang Province,experience a higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular events during winter,posing a significant health threat and increasing the overall medical burden.Cold stimulation serves as an detrimental stressor,inducing inflammation in the body.Therefore,understanding the role of inflammatory responses induced by cold stimulation in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases is of paramount importance.Given the impact of cold on inflammation in cardiovascular diseases and the expanding array of anti-inflammatory methods for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases,delving into the inflammatory responses mediated by can significantly complement cardiovascular disease management.This review explorest the synergistic relationship between cold stimulation and inflammation induction,elucidating how this interplay influences the occurrence and progression of cardiovascular diseases.

Impacts of cold exposure on energy metabolism

Cold stimulation has been shown to regulate glucose,lipid,and amino acid metabolism,while also increasing heat production and energy expenditure in the body.Disordered energy metabolism is a key factor in the onset and progression of chronic metabolic conditiones such as diabetes,obesity,and cardiovascular disease.Recent research has unveiled the myriad pathways through which cold stimulation affects human energy metabolism.This article provides an overview of how cold stimulation affects energy metabolism across the three major metabolic pathways.Furthermore,it explores the implications and potential therapeutic applications of cold stimulation in the prevention and treatment of various metabolic diseases.

Contemporary understanding of the risk factors for chronic kidney disease in cold area

The management of chronic kidney disease(CKD)patients in cold areas is an important task in the daily practice of primary medical and health institutions.An important way to reduce the burden of CKD is to achieve early identification of and implement timely intervention on the relevant risk factors.Studies have shown that diet,alcohol,tobacco,air,sedentary and other factors in cold areas have negative impacts on human kidneys;yet,our current understanding of the effect of cold stimulation on CKD remains blurry.This paper introduces the research progress of risk factors related to CKD in cold areas and analytically summarizes the pathogenesis of CKD caused by cold stimulation,aiming to provide a reference work for the prevention,screening,evaluation,and management of CKD in cold areas.

Advances in the research field of osteoporosis in cold areas

While osteoporosis is a chronic disease caused by multiple factors,it is also a risk factor for fractures.At present,numerous risk factors for osteoporosis and secondary fractures have been identified,including sunlight,physical fitness,gender,age,trauma,dietary habits,tobacco,alcohol,drugs,air quality,and genetics.Despite that factors such as long winters,short daylight hours,less daily physical activity,air pollution,low calcium and high salt diet,and sedentary lifestyle could negatively impact the bones of residents in the alpine regions of northern China,the direct effect of low-temperature stimulation on bone growth and development remains unclear.In this study,by reviewing current research progress related to osteoporosis and fracture risk in northern China,we proposed appropriate preventive measures for different risk factors to reduce the occurrence of osteoporosis and fracture in cold areas of northern China.