New strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of immune-checkpoint inhibitor-mediated colitis

Immune-checkpoint inhibitor-mediated colitis(IMC)is an increasingly recognized adverse event in cancer immunotherapy,particularly associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)such as anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 and anti-programmed cell death protein-1 antibodies.As this revolutionary immunotherapy gains prominence in cancer treatment,understanding,diagnosing,and effectively managing IMC becomes paramount.IMC represents a unique challenge due to its immune-mediated nature and potential for severe complications.However,a precise picture of IMC pathophysiology is currently unavailable.Therefore,we aimed to summarize the existing data while acknowledging the need for further research.This comprehensive review explores the mechanisms underlying ICIs,gastrointestinal adverse effects,and,in particular,IMC’s incidence,prevalence,and features.Our review also emphasizes the importance of recognizing IMC’s distinct clinical and histopathological features to differentiate it from other forms of colitis.Furthermore,this paper highlights the urgentneed for evolving diagnostic methods,therapeutic strategies,and a multidisciplinary approach to effectively manage IMC.

High densities of serotonin and peptide YY cells in the colon of patients with lymphocytic colitis

AIM： TO investigate colonic endocrine cells in lympho- cytic colitis （LC） patients. METHODS： Fifty-seven patients with LC were in- cluded. These patients were 41 females and 16 males, with an average age of 49 years （range 19-84 years）. Twenty-seven subjects that underwent colonoscopy with biopsies were used as controls. These subjects underwent colonoscopy because of gastrointestinal bleeding or health worries, where the source of bleed- ing was identified as haemorrhoids or angiodysplasia. They were 19 females and 8 males with an average age of 49 years （range 18-67 years）. Biopsies from the right and left colon were obtained from both patients and controls during colonoscopy. Biopsies were fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and cut into 5 μm-thick sections. The sections immunostained by the avidin-biotin-complex method for se- rotonin, peptide YY （PYY）, pancreatic polypeptide （PP） enteroglucagon and somatostatin cells. The cell densi- ties were quantified by computerised image analysis using Olympus software. RESULTS： The colon of both the patient and the control subjects were macroscopically normal. Histo- pathological examination of colon biopsies from con- trols revealed normal histology. All patients fulfilled the diagnosis criteria required for of LC： an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes （〉 20 lymphocytes/100 epithelial cells） and surface epithelial damage with increased lamina propria plasma cells and absent or minimal crypt architectural distribution. In the colon of both patients and control subjects, serotonin-, PYY-, PP-, enteroglucagon- and somatostatin-immunoreac- tive cells were primarily located in the upper part of the crypts of Lieberk0hn. These cells were basket- or flask-shaped. There was no statistically significant dif- ference between the right and left colon in controls with regards to the densities of serotonin- and PYY- immunoreactive cells （P = 0.9 and 0.1, respectively）. Serotonin cell density in the right colon in controls was 28.9 ± 1.8 and in LC patients 41.6±2.6 （P = 0.008）. In the left colon, the corresponding figures were 28.5± 1.9 and 42.4± 2.9, respectively （P = 0.009）. PYY cell density in the right colon of the controls was 10.1 ± 1 and of LC patients 41 ± 4 （P = 0.00006）. In the left colon, PYY cell density in controls was 6.6± 1.2 and in LC patients 53.3 ± 4.6 （P = 0.00007）. CONCLUSION： The change in serotonin cells could be caused by an interaction between immune cells and serotonin cells, and that of PYY density might be sec- ondary.

Multidisciplinary management of ulcerative colitis complicated by immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated colitis with life-threatening gastrointestinal hemorrhage:A case report

BACKGROUND Programmed cell death 1(PD-1)inhibitors are immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICI)that have demonstrated significant efficacy in treating various advanced malignant tumors.While most patients tolerate treatment well,several adverse drug reactions,such as fatigue,myelosuppression,and ICI-associated colitis,have been reported.CASE SUMMARY This case involved a 57-year-old male patient with ulcerative colitis complicated by hepatocarcinoma who underwent treatment with tirelizumab(a PD-1 inhibitor)for six months.The treatment led to repeated life-threatening lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.The patient received infliximab,vedolizumab,and other salvage procedures but ultimately required subtotal colectomy due to uncontrollable massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding.Currently,postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding has stopped,the patient’s stool has turned yellow,and his full blood cell count has returned to normal.CONCLUSION This case highlights the necessity of early identification,timely and adequate treatment of ICI-related colitis,and rapid escalation to achieve the goal of improving prognosis.

Real-world efficacy and safety of tofacitinib treatment in Asian patients with ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND Real-world data on tofacitinib(TOF)covering a period of more than 1 year for a sufficient number of Asian patients with ulcerative colitis(UC)are scarce.AIM To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of TOF treatment for UC,including clinical issues.METHODS We performed a retrospective single-center observational analysis of 111 UC patients administered TOF at Hyogo Medical University as a tertiary inflammatory bowel disease center.All consecutive UC patients who received TOF between May 2018 and February 2020 were enrolled.Patients were followed up until August 2020.The primary outcome was the clinical response rate at week 8.Secondary outcomes included clinical remission at week 8,cumulative persistence rate of TOF administration,colectomy-free survival,relapse after tapering of TOF and predictors of clinical response at week 8 and week 48.RESULTS The clinical response and remission rates were 66.3%and 50.5%at week 8,and 47.1%and 43.5%at week 48,respectively.The overall cumulative clinical remission rate was 61.7%at week 48 and history of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)agents use had no influence(P=0.25).The cumulative TOF persistence rate at week 48 was significantly lower in patients without clinical remission than in those with remission at week 8(30.9%vs 88.1%;P<0.001).Baseline partial Mayo Score was significantly lower in responders vs non-responders at week 8(odds ratio:0.61,95%confidence interval:0.45-0.82,P=0.001).Relapse occurred in 45.7%of patients after TOF tapering,and 85.7%of patients responded within 4 wk after re-increase.All 6 patients with herpes zoster(HZ)developed the infection after achieving remission by TOF.CONCLUSION TOF was more effective in UC patients with mild activity at baseline and its efficacy was not affected by previous treatment with anti-TNF-αagents.Most relapsed patients responded again after re-increase of TOF and nearly half relapsed after tapering off TOF.Special attention is needed for tapering and HZ.

Upadacitinib for refractory ulcerative colitis with primary nonresponse to infliximab and vedolizumab:A case report

BACKGROUND Many patients with ulcerative colitis(UC)do not respond well to,or tolerate conventional and biological therapies.There is currently no consensus on the treatment of refractory UC.Studies have demonstrated that the selective Janus kinase 1 inhibitor upadacitinib,a small-molecule drug,is effective and safe for treating UC.However,no studies have revealed that upadacitinib is effective in treating refractory UC with primary nonresponse to infliximab and vedolizumab.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 44-year-old male patient with a chief complaint of bloody diarrhoea with mucus and pus,in addition to dizziness.The patient had recurrent disease after receiving mesalazine,prednisone,azathioprine,infliximab and vedolizumab over four years.Based on the endoscopic findings and pathological biopsy,the patient was diagnosed with refractory UC.In particular,the patient showed primary nonresponse to infliximab and vedolizumab.Based on the patient’s history and recurrent disease,we decided to administer upadacitinib.During hospitalisation,the patient was received upadacitinib under our guidance.Eight weeks after the initiation of upadacitinib treatment,the patient’s symptoms and endoscopic findings improved significantly.No notable adverse reactions have been reported to date.CONCLUSION Our case report suggests that upadacitinib may represent a valuable strategy for treating refractory UC with primary nonresponse.

Five commonly used traditional Chinese medicine formulas in the treatment of ulcerative colitis:A network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Currently,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)formulas are commonly being used as adjunctive therapy for ulcerative colitis in China.Network meta-analysis,a quantitative and comprehensive analytical method,can systematically compare the effects of different adjunctive treatment options for ulcerative colitis,providing scientific evidence for clinical decision-making.AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of commonly used TCM for the treatment of ulcerative colitis(UC)in clinical practice through a network metaanalysis.METHODS Clinical randomized controlled trials of these TCM formulas used for the adjuvant treatment of UC were searched from the establishment of the databases to July 1,2022.Studies that met the inclusion criteria were screened and evaluated for literature quality and risk of bias according to the Cochrane 5.1 standard.The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using ReviewManager(RevMan)5.4,and a funnel plot was constructed to test for publication bias.ADDIS 1.16 statistical software was used to perform statistical analysis of the treatment measures and derive the network relationship and ranking diagrams of the various intervention measures.RESULTS A total of 64 randomized controlled trials involving 5456 patients with UC were included in this study.The adjuvant treatment of UC using five TCM formulations was able to improve the clinical outcome of the patients.Adjuvant treatment with Baitouweng decoction(BTWT)showed a significant effect[mean difference=36.22,95%confidence interval(CI):7.63 to 65.76].For the reduction of tumor necrosis factor in patients with UC,adjunctive therapy with BTWT(mean difference=−9.55,95%CI:−17.89 to−1.41),Shenlingbaizhu powder[SLBZS;odds ratio(OR)=0.19,95%CI:0.08 to 0.39],and Shaoyao decoction(OR=−23.02,95%CI:−33.64 to−13.14)was effective.Shaoyao decoction was more effective than BTWT(OR=0.12,95%CI:0.03 to 0.39),SLBZS(OR=0.19,95%CI:0.08 to 0.39),and Xi Lei powder(OR=0.34,95%CI:0.13 to 0.81)in reducing tumor necrosis factor and the recurrence rate of UC.CONCLUSION TCM combined with mesalazine is more effective than mesalazine alone in the treatment of UC.

Emerging role of exosomes in ulcerative colitis: Targeting NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome

Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a chronic recurrent inflammatory bowel disease.Despite ongoing advances in our understanding of UC,its pathogenesis is yet unelu-cidated,underscoring the urgent need for novel treatment strategies for patients with UC.Exosomes are nanoscale membrane particles that mediate intercellular communication by carrying various bioactive molecules,such as proteins,RNAs,DNA,and metabolites.The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3)inflammasome is a cytosolic tripartite protein complex whose activation induces the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and IL-18,triggering the inflammatory response to a pathogenic agent or injury.Growing evidence suggests that exosomes are new modulators of the NLRP3 inflammasome,with vital roles in the pathological process of UC.Here,recent evidence is reviewed on the role of exosomes and NLRP3 inflammasome in UC.First,the dual role of exosomes on NLRP3 inflammasome and the effect of NLRP3 inflammasome on exosome secretion are summarized.Finally,an outlook on the directions of exosome-NLRP3 inflammasome crosstalk research in the context of UC is proposed and areas of further research on this topic are high-lighted.

Exploring the autophagy-related pathogenesis of active ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis(UC)is complex,and recent therapeutic advances remain unable to fully alleviate the condition.AIM To inform the development of novel UC treatments,bioinformatics was used to explore the autophagy-related pathogenesis associated with the active phase of UC.METHODS The GEO database was searched for UC-related datasets that included healthy controls who met the screening criteria.Differential analysis was conducted to obtain differentially expressed genes(DEGs).Au-tophagy-related targets were collected and intersected with the DEGs to identiy differentially expressed autophagy-related genes(DEARGs)associated with active UC.DEARGs were then subjected to KEGG,GO,and DisGeNET disease enrichment analyses using R software.Differential analysis of immune infiltrating cells was performed using the CiberSort algorithm.The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithm and protein-protein interaction network were used to narrow down the DEARGs,and the top five targets in the Dgree ranking were designated as core targets.RESULTS A total of 4822 DEGs were obtained,of which 58 were classified as DEARGs.SERPINA1,BAG3,HSPA5,CASP1,and CX3CL1 were identified as core targets.GO enrichment analysis revealed that DEARGs were primarily enriched in processes related to autophagy regulation and macroautophagy.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DEARGs were predominantly associated with NOD-like receptor signaling and other signaling pathways.Disease enrichment analysis indicated that DEARGs were significantly linked to diseases such as malignant glioma and middle cerebral artery occlusion.Immune infiltration analysis demonstrated a higher presence of immune cells like activated memory CD4 T cells and follicular helper T cells in active UC patients than in healthy controls.CONCLUSION Autophagy is closely related to the active phase of UC and the potential targets obtained from the analysis in this study may provide new insight into the treatment of active UC patients.

Blautia producta displays potential probiotic properties against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice

Blautia has attracted attention because of its potential efficacy in ameliorating host energy metabolism and inflammation.This study aims to investigate the influences of Blautia producta D4 on colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)and to reveal the underlying mechanisms.Results showed that B.producta D4 intervention significantly relieved body weight loss,and suppressed the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines(including interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-1β(IL-1β))and excessive oxidative stress(myeloperoxidease(MPO)activity,superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)activity,and malondialdehyde(MDA)level)in colitis mice.Moreover,the concentrations of tight junction proteins(occludin,claudin-1,and ZO-1)related to the intestinal barrier were obviously elevated,and colitis-related TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation was remarkably inhibited after B.producta D4 intervention.The intestinal microbial disorder was evidently ameliorated by increasing the relative abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1,Bifidobacterium,GCA-900066225,Enterorhabdus,and reducing the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group.In conclusion,oral administration of B.producta D4 could ameliorate DSS-induced colitis by suppressing inflammatory responses,maintaining the intestinal barrier,inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway,and regulating intestinal microbiota balance.These results are conducive to accelerate the development of B.producta D4 as a functional probiotic for colitis.

D-Psicose intake exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through alteration in the gut microbiota and dysfunction of mucosal barrier

D-Psicose,as a low-calorie rare sugar,has attracted a lot of attention in recent years for alternating to sucrose.The anti-obesity effect of D-psicose has been extensively confirmed in previous studies,however,the impact of D-psicose on colitis remains vague.Here,we firstly evaluated the effect of the D-psicose prophylactic intervention on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice.The pathological symptoms,inflammatory cytokines levels,gut microbiota composition,short chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production and colonic barrier integrity were comprehensively evaluated.The results confirmed that D-psicose intervention aggravated colitis,characterized by the exacerbation of colon shortening,increase of colonic inflammatory infiltration,and marked exaltation of disease activity indices and IL-6,IL-1βand TNF-αlevels.Further,the dysfunction of gut microbiota was identified in the psicose group.The abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group was significantly up-regulated while the abundance of probiotics Akkermansia and Lactobacillus were significantly down-regulated in the psicose group compared to the model group.Moreover,the production of SCFAs was suppressed in the psicose group,accompanied by a decrease in the level of mucin 2(Muc-2).Collectively,the underlying mechanism of the exacerbation of colitis by D-psicose intervention might be attributed to microbiota dysfunction accompanied by the reduction of SCFAs,which leads to the damage of the mucosal barrier and the intensifi cation of inflammatory invasion.

Are we ready to use new endoscopic scores for ulcerative colitis?

For ulcerative colitis(UC),the variability in inflammatory activity along the colon poses a challenge in management.The focus on achieving endoscopic healing in UC is evident,where the UC Endoscopic Index of Severity and Mayo Endoscopic Subscore are commonly used for evaluation.However,these indices primarily consider the most severely affected region.Liu et al recent study validates the Toronto Inflammatory Bowel Disease Global Endoscopic Reporting(TIGER)score offering a comprehensive assessment of inflammatory activity across diverse segments of the colon and rectum and a reliable index correlating strongly with UC Endoscopic Index of Severity and moderately with Mayo Endoscopic Subscore(MES).Despite recommendation,certain aspects warrant further invest-igation.Fecal calprotectin,an intermediate target,correlates with TIGER and should be explored.Determining TIGER scores defining endoscopic remission and response,evaluating agreement with histological activity,and assessing inter-endoscopist agreement for TIGER require scrutiny.Exploring the correlation between TIGER and intestinal ultrasound,akin to MES,adds value.

Tofacitinib for ulcerative colitis: A promising treatment option

A single center retrospective clinical study revealed the efficacy and safety of tofa-citinib in the treatment of ulcerative colitis(UC).This study has clinical reference value but also has some limitations.Previous studies,including this clinical trial,have shown that tofacitinib could be a promising treatment option for UC,but further clinical research is required to prove this point.

Reveal the pharmacodynamic substances and mechanism of an edible medicinal plant Rhodiola crenulate in DSS-induced colitis through plasma pharmacochemistry and metabolomics

Rhodiola crenulate is the edible medicinal herbal medicine widely used for altitude sickness in China.Interestingly,our previous work has found that R.crenulate extract(RCE)could significantly improve the pathology associated with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis.Thus,the current research aims to reveal the pharmacodynamic material basis of RCE,as well as its mechanism against colitis.The chemical characterization of RCE was performed by UHPLC-HR-MS,through which a total of 88 constituents were identified.Meanwhile,our results also found 29 constituents absorbed into blood and 8 metabolized absorbable compounds.The decreased flavonoids prototype and the elevated sulfated products of phenols were observed under pathophysiological conditions of colitis.The metabolomics study revealed that colitis caused the alternation of fatty acid metabolism,steroid hormone biosynthesis and bile acid metabolism.Correspondingly,RCE could prevent colitis by improving fatty acid metabolism and secondary bile acid metabolism.

Refractory ulcerative colitis:Upadacitinib versus other biologics

In this editorial we comment on an article published in World Journal of Clinical Cases in 2024,in which a case of refractory ulcerative colitis(UC)was discussed based on the response to different lines of biologics.Different studies showed that different classes of biologics have their advantages and disadvantages in the treatment of refractory UC.Certain classes are superior to others and if tried earlier on would lead to a possible change in the outcome.

Game changer:How Janus kinase inhibitors are reshaping the landscape of ulcerative colitis mana

Recent advancements in the treatment landscape of ulcerative colitis(UC)have ushered in a new era of possibilities,particularly with the introduction of Janus kinase(JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription inhibitors.These novel agents offer a paradigm shift in UC management by targeting key signaling pathways involved in inflammatory processes.With approved JAK inhibitors(JAKis),such as tofacitinib,filgotinib,and upadacitinib,clinicians now have powerful tools to modulate immune responses and gene expression,potentially revolutionizing the treatment algorithm for UC.Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of JAKis in inducing and maintaining remission,presenting viable options for patients who have failed conventional therapies.Real-world data support the use of JAKis not only as first-line treatments but also in subsequent lines of therapy,particularly in patients with aggressive disease phenotypes or refractory to biologic agents.The rapid onset of action and potency of JAKis have broadened the possibilities in the management strategies of UC,offering timely relief for patients with active disease and facilitating personalized treatment approaches.Despite safety concerns,including cardiovascular risks and infections,ongoing research and post-marketing surveillance will continue to refine our understanding of the risk-benefit profile of JAKis in UC management.

Effect of fermented Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit juice on gut microbiota in a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model

This study mainly investigated the regulatory effect of Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit juice fermented by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SR10-1(LAB-RRTJ)on modulating gut microbiota in dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice.Compared to control group,DSS induction decreased body weight of mice,indexes of Shannon,Simpson,Chao1 and Faith_pd,and increased disease activity index(DAI)and levels of interleukin 1β(IL-1β),IL-6,tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)and interferon-γ(IFN-γ);And this induction also led to an increase in Proteobacteria,Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria at phylum level,harmful bacterial species richness at genus level,and relative richness of S.sciuri,Desulfovibrio C21_c20,R.gnavus and Akkermansia muciniphila at species level,and a decrease in Firmicutes at phylum level and relative richness of B.acidifaciens in mice.LAB-RRTJ increased body weight of mice with DSS induced ulcerative colitis(UC)and indexes of Shannon,Simpson,Chao1 and Faith_pd,reduced DAI and the content of four infl ammatory factors and improved gut microbiota imbalance in DSS induced UC mice.Besides,the number of operational taxonomic units(OTUs)increased,α-diversity andβ-diversity were restored and similar to those in mice in the control group after LAB-RRTJ treatment.Compared with the positive drug treatment group,LAB-RRTJ has a better effect on regulating gut microbiota diversity in colitis mice.Correlation analysis showed that infl ammatory factors were positively correlated with harmful bacteria and negatively correlated with beneficial bacteria which commonly found in some colitis mice.Taken together,our study demonstrated that LAB-RRTJ could alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice through the modulation of infl ammatory cytokines and gut microbiota composition.

Congestive ischemic colitis successfully treated with antiinflammatory therapy: A case report

BACKGROUND Congestive ischemic colitis is a rare subtype of ischemic colitis with an unknown pathophysiology.Excluding conservative management,such as fasting,no established treatment exists;therefore,surgical intervention should be considered in some cases if symptoms worsen.Current literature suggests that anti-inflam-matory agents may effectively treat congestive ischemic colitis.CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a 68-year-old female patient who underwent laparoscopic left hemicolectomy for transverse colon cancer 3 years ago.Postoperatively,follow-up included an annual colonoscopy and abdominal computed tomography(CT)at a local clinic.However,progressive erythema and edema of the sigmoid colon were observed 1 year postoperatively.Upon admission to our hospital,she complained of abdominal pain and diarrhea.Abdominal CT showed thickening of the sigmoid colon walls,and colonoscopy revealed erythema,edema,and multiple ulcers with exudate in the sigmoid colon.CT angiography showed engorgement of the sigmoid vasa recta without any vascular abnormalities.The diagnosis was congestive ischemic colitis,and we treated the patient with anti-inflammatory agents.After 2 mo of glucocorticoid therapy(20 mg once daily)and 7 mo of 5-aminosalicylate therapy(1 g twice daily),the ulcers completely healed.She has not experienced any recurrence for 2 years.CONCLUSION Anti-inflammatory therapy,specifically glucocorticoids and 5-aminosalicylate,has demonstrated promising efficacy and introduces potential novel treatment options for congestive ischemic colitis.

Enhancing Ulcerative Colitis Diagnosis:A Multi-Level Classification Approach with Deep Learning

The evaluation of disease severity through endoscopy is pivotal in managing patients with ulcerative colitis,a condition with significant clinical implications.However,endoscopic assessment is susceptible to inherent variations,both within and between observers,compromising the reliability of individual evaluations.This study addresses this challenge by harnessing deep learning to develop a robust model capable of discerning discrete levels of endoscopic disease severity.To initiate this endeavor,a multi-faceted approach is embarked upon.The dataset is meticulously preprocessed,enhancing the quality and discriminative features of the images through contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization(CLAHE).A diverse array of data augmentation techniques,encompassing various geometric transformations,is leveraged to fortify the dataset’s diversity and facilitate effective feature extraction.A fundamental aspect of the approach involves the strategic incorporation of transfer learning principles,harnessing a modified ResNet-50 architecture.This augmentation,informed by domain expertise,contributed significantly to enhancing the model’s classification performance.The outcome of this research endeavor yielded a highly promising model,demonstrating an accuracy rate of 86.85%,coupled with a recall rate of 82.11%and a precision rate of 89.23%.

Incidence and Survivability of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients in the United States: Analysis of SEER Data Set from 2000-2019

The main goal of this research is to assess the impact of race, age at diagnosis, sex, and phenotype on the incidence and survivability of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) among patients in the United States. By taking these factors into account, the study aims to explore how existing cancer registry data can aid in the early detection and effective treatment of ALL in patients. Our hypothesis was that statistically significant correlations exist between race, age at which patients were diagnosed, sex, and phenotype of the ALL patients, and their rate of incidence and survivability data were evaluated using SEER*Stat statistical software from National Cancer Institute. Analysis of the incidence data revealed that a higher prevalence of ALL was among the Caucasian population. The majority of ALL cases (59%) occurred in patients aged between 0 to 19 years at the time of diagnosis, and 56% of the affected individuals were male. The B-cell phenotype was predominantly associated with ALL cases (73%). When analyzing survivability data, it was observed that the 5-year survival rates slightly exceeded the 10-year survival rates for the respective demographics. Survivability rates of African Americans patients were the lowest compared to Caucasian, Asian, Pacific Islanders, Alaskan Native, Native Americans and others. Survivability rates progressively decreased for older patients. Moreover, this study investigated the typical treatment methods applied to ALL patients, mainly comprising chemotherapy, with occasional supplementation of radiation therapy as required. The study demonstrated the considerable efficacy of chemotherapy in enhancing patients’ chances of survival, while those who remained untreated faced a less favorable prognosis from the disease. Although a significant amount of data and information exists, this study can help doctors in the future by diagnosing patients with certain characteristics. It will further assist the health care professionals in screening potential patients and early detection of cases. This could also save the lives of elderly patients who have a higher mortality rate from this disease.

Isoimperatorin alleviates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of isoimperatorin on histopathological and biochemical changes in acetic acid-induced colitis rats.Methods:Colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of acetic acid solution(4%v/v)in rats.Rats were divided into six groups including the sham group,the negative control group,the dexamethasone-treated group,and the groups treated with isoimperatorin(0.1,1,and 10 mg/kg/d by gavage).The treatments were administered for three days and then colonic status was assessed by macroscopic,histopathological,and biochemical analyses.Results:Isoimperatorin significantly alleviated colonic damage in a dose-dependent manner and improved histological changes in rats with acetic acid-induced colitis.It also significantly reduced myeloperoxidase,TNF-α,IL-1β,and malodialdehyde levels.Conclusions:Isoimperatorin alleviates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats and may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of colitis.