The Existence of Social Movement Organization (SMO) & Comparison of Collective and Connective Action in the Digital Era - an Analysis of 15-M Movement in Spain

Social movement organizations(SMOs)have been performing a significant role in terms of gathering like-minded civil individuals with common interests during social movements.Stepping into the digital era,the social media becomes prevailing in transforming people’s lifestyles.This essay will discuss the 15-M Movement in Spain to explore the transition of SMO’s position from conventional social movements to those in the digital era in the light of collective action logic and connective action logic.With the phenomenon that SMO itself sometimes is the original source of problems to trigger social movements,it is reasonable to see the decreasingly important SMO with the successful example of the 15-M Movement to engage over 60 cities in Spain and avoid the“free ride”problem via completely excluding brick and mortar organizations.

Participatory forest management in Burkina Faso: Members' perception of performance

This study examines variations in the performance of partic-ipatory forest management programs among four forest management groups (FMGs) in southern Burkina Faso, and assesses the factors that influence their members’ perceptions of performance through a house-hold survey of 216 members. Variations in performance scores among the FMGs were analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance while multinomial regression analysis was used to identify factors that influ-ence their perception of the performance. The results reveal significant differences in performance scores among FMGs. Members of some FMGs perceived that the participatory forest management program ena-bled them to get benefits from the sale of fuelwood while performance scores in the forest conservation and decision-making processes is gener-ally poor. The score for economic performance of FMGs in turn was related to better access to roads and markets. Group size tended to en-hance economic performance via its strong influence on annual fuelwood harvest, while the resource base appeared to be inconsequential. Mem-bers of the forest management groups perceived that large group size and group heterogeneity, particularly in terms of ethnicity, as well as knowledge and awareness of problems related to the forest environment have no influence on the performance of their respective groups. For rural communities to have a favorable disposition toward sustainable forest management, differences in member understanding of collective actions and their impact before and during the implementation of partic-ipatory forest management programs should be considered.

A Framework to Assess Possible Sources of Stakeholder Exploitation:A Developing Country Case

Solving complex post-disaster reconstruction challenges requires the altruistic involvement of heterogeneous stakeholder groups.However,small,more organized groups,such as government parastatals,private developers,and contractors often exploit large,unorganized groups,such as affected communities,leaving them more vulnerable to future disasters.Based on data collected from a case study in Pakistan,this study proposed a framework to assess,anticipate,and mitigate the exploitation of vulnerable stakeholders in post-disaster reconstruction projects.The framework draws on influential management theories and utilizes reciprocal relationships between stakeholder attributes(power,legitimacy,and urgency),participation,and exploitation.The study also argued for non-binary treatment of stakeholder attributes.The framework will allow practitioners to address issues around the exploitation of stakeholder interests in future post-disaster reconstruction projects.

Past Is Not a Frozen Concept: Considerations about Heritage Conservation in a Fast Changing World

The paper introduces seven essays from China,Europe,India,Japan,South Africa and South America included in issue No.3 of Built Heritage.It focuses on the necessity of a critical review of Western principles and methods of heritage conservation and suggests an approach open to different cultural models and practices.Concepts of history,memory,authenticity are analysed and some new issues originated by massive migrations and urbanisation processes examined.Heritage conservation is seen as an opportunity for developing post-Western/non-Western theoretical models,methodologies and practices.