Application of Critical Discourse Analysis in Post-Colonial Literary Studies

Post-colonial literary studies, as a significant academic field, have recently garnered widespread attention from scholars due to their integration with critical discourse analysis. This study explores the application of critical discourse analysis in post-colonial literary research, focusing on how this method reveals implicit power relations, identity construction, and cultural conflicts within texts. Through in-depth analysis of representative works, this study demonstrates how critical discourse analysis provides new perspectives and methodological tools for post-colonial literary studies. The research finds that critical discourse analysis can effectively deconstruct colonial discourse in texts, reveal authors’ ideological positions, and offer profound insights into understanding the complexity of post-colonial societies. This study not only enriches the methodology of post-colonial literary research, but also provides valuable references for interdisciplinary studies.

A Post-colonial Approach to The Last of the Mohicans

The Last of the Mohicans is one of the five frontier novels written by famous American novelist James Fenimore Cooper in the early 19thcentury.Although it has been criticized for its narrative flaws,its length and formal prose style,it was one of the most popular in its time and is of a high literary value nowadays.With the coming of the white European colonialists,the Indians underwent various changes.Some Indians submitted themselves to the white while some Indians rebelled against the invaders and sought their revenge.With a post-colonial approach,the changes of the Indians will be better understood,and people nowadays will also have a better understanding of the Indian history and culture in early American history.

Performance in Caribbean and African Literatures as Subversion of the Colonial Order

In the past oral Caribbean and African cultures,performances by the“griots”reminded the community of its heroic past.In colonial studies,performance is a way for the colonized people to reconnect with its original soul and language and to become magnificent of creativity like the storyteller Solibo in Chamoiseau’s Solibo Magnifique(Caribbean).In Chamoiseau’s novel,the Black policemen who came to investigate on Solibo’s sudden death during the performance look grotesque.They mimic the French colonizers with their“baton”and their racism at thinking evil of the Black community and they provoke laughter.Mimicry and the irony it conveys,subverts the formerly ironclad authority of the colonial order(Homi K.Bhabha in Location of Culture).The Cameroonian writer Werewere Liking-Gnépo also warns the Africans of the danger of wearing the White Mask of the colonizers(like Fanon in Black Skin,White Masks).She demonstrates in her Song/Novel She will be of Jasper and Coral,that while the African Mask empowers the performer of metaphysical powers,the White Mask of colonialism on the contrary weakens the performer who internalizes his inferiority and becomes complicit of his subjugation.Fortunately,Werewere Liking-Gnépo shows ithat the White Mask of colonialism can be used to mimic the harshness and corruption of the Colonial order and in doing so to bring back regeneration of Africa.

The Actualization of Post-colonialism in Movies

The post-colonialism is a theory proposed by the eastern colonial academist Edward W. Said. With the understanding and the definition of post-colonialism, the paper is to analyze phenomena of the movie 2012 and Avatar from several aspects. Firstly, the ＂other＂ is the first angle to be talked about. In the Westerners＇ perspective, they are the center of the world, and they dominate the world. Their rules are the accepted rules, and people of different origin or different cultures are all called ＂other＂. Secondly, it is the degeneration of eastern culture. In the complex of the degeneration of the culture, the demonization of the under-developed nations, the dominant language of English in the communication with the people around, feminization of the characters in the movies, and the updated colonialism of the colonized countries are to be mentioned.

Some Thoughts on the Portuguese Colonial City and Architecture in Post-Colonial Times

The research on the architecture and urbanism of the former Portuguese Africa allows us to consider and to establish the real intrinsic value, typological and morphological diversity, and the lengthy duration of the legacy of this architectural/urban heritage. Portuguese colonization in Africa produced more recently, mostly in the period 1950-1975, some vast and great material values, of which seven or eight main cities, including the vast contents of their modern architecture, are striking examples. We can evaluate the most positive aspects with future impact represented by this Portuguese architects＇ practice （cultural ethics, use of modern technology, and service to society） and the architectonic work produced during that era. Although these cities and its architecture were created within a late colonial context of indisputable discrimination, they have prevailed despite wars and circumstantial abandonment. Now they represent a consistent material basis for the modernization and/or revitalization of urban life in these countries. Architects that are at present working and intervening in these countries should understand this ambivalence and complementary nature between the ex-colonial ＂concrete city＂ and the ＂informal city＂ pre- and post-colonial, so that their performance is socially and culturally informed, correct, and positive.

Sublimated Colonialism： The Persistence of Actually Existing Settler-Colonialism

In my paper, “Sublimated Colonialism： The Persistence of Actually Existing Settler-Colonialism,” I interrogate the remaining settler-colonialisms that refused to disappear during the epoch of decolonization. I am most concerned with those settler-colonialisms that persist at the centers of world capitalism, and examine bow this social context often produces an ideology that relegates the concrete reality of settler-colonialism to the past, pushing its existence under supposedly “modem” social relations. Since Frantz Fanon＇s analysis of settler-colonialism, and the class contradiction between colonizer and colonized, was developed in an era where settler-colonialism was partially defined by the relationship between motherland and colony, some often imagine that the era of settler-colonialism is over. Clearly settler-colonialism did not vanish along with this distinction; internal colonies are retained in North America, for example, and the state of Israel is perhaps the most recent historical of this type of colonialism since it was settled and established in the 20th century. Moreover, there is often talk of a “world-wide indigenous movement” which claims to represent a global anti-colonialist front. The point of my paper, therefore, is to examine how settler-colonialism functions and persists when the settler-colony has become synonymous with the motherland. In this social context, colonizers often imagine themselves as the native inhabitants, while those who remain colonized are pushed even further out of history than they were during the previous era of settler-colonialism.

Defining Landscape： Resolving Contradictions at Postcolonial Omhedi, the Oukwanyama Royal Palace, Namibia

The history of Omhedi in north-central Namibia is not simply about place but is a site that internalizes conflictual and contradictory social forces which are inscribed in place. While Omhedi was a contested site of conflict during the war of liberation and served as a stage for ethnographic tours and photography, it has in post-colonial period come to represent a segment of important local power as it is currently the seat of the new Oukwanyama kingship. The central aim of this paper is to explain the transformation of Omhedi as a site of＂spectacles＂ of culture during the colonial period and as the seat of Oukwanyama monarchy in post-colonial Namibia. It centrally asks how the colonial politics of the time influenced the way Omhedi was organized and accessed and the ways in which people attach meaning to and organize a sense of space and place in the postcolonial era. This paper is significant as it explores how political legitimacy can be reactivated at such a contradictory site of＂traditional＂ power like Omhedi and what meanings these hold in terms of access in postcolonial Namibia. I conclude by raising issues of the past with the restoration of the Oukwanyama monarchy and its installation at Omhedi after independence, posing key questions about shifts in political legitimacy in both the colony and the post-colony. My analysis utilizes theories on the important use of landscape as a physical ＂space＂ for living, but also as a ＂place＂ with its meanings and contributions to societal identity. Consequently the place identity is a particular element contributing to sense of place. I argue that there exists a sense of nostalgia that many Ovakwanyama people have for a precolonial past, and the Omhedi landscape serves that purpose. In analyzing these sentiments against the construction of Omhedi as a space and place, this highlights a sense of identity and belonging that many Ovakwanyama people have towards Omhedi in default of any site with deeper legitimation or authenticity.

Postcolonialism and Socio-political Development in Africa： Learning Through the Literary Eyes of Ngugi Wa Thiong＇O

This study presents the fact that the relationship between the white colonialists and the black indigenous population threw up a myriad of socio-political cross fertilization in Africa. The way and manner the Whites related with the Black people, the levels of reactions and response of the black population to the invading socio-political values and standards during the colonial era has been the subject of interesting writings in Africa. Of significance in this class of writing in Kenya is Ngugi Wa Thiong＇O＇s works. His profound sympathy with his people in their weaknesses, their poverty in the socio-political development in Kenya, and particularly his hatred of exploitation, cruelty, and injustice are noteworthy. It is the thrust of this work to critically look at the socio-political change in postcolonial Kenya through the literary eyes of Ngugi in his remarkable and compelling work, Petals of Blood （1977）, with a view to establish the contributions of the work to real socio-political development in Kenya through the approaches of textual criticism, interpretation, and post-colonial theory. Thus, the study examines the socio-political development in postcolonial Kenyan society, the lifestyle of people, and the relationships that exist among Kenyan citizens, especially between the rich and the poor, the government （ruling class）, and the governed （masses）. It also establishes the basis for the continued prevalence of the themes of violence, corruption, injustice, disillusionment, decadence, and disintegration in contemporary Kenyan literature, in spite of the transformation and change in the socio-political setting of the State.

The Narrative Method of Colonial History and Cultural Politics--Taiwan Residents Literature Studies in Japan

Starting with the debate on Taiwan Residents national consciousness between Chen Yingzhen and Japanese scholar Shozo Fujii, and Chen＇s supporter Masayoshi Matsunaga around 2004, the paper examines the historiography of Taiwan Residents literature studies since postwar Japan. It is argued that Shozo Fuji＇s study of Taiwan Residents literature during the Japanese occupation period is different from Yoshinori Kobayashi＇s On Taiwan, which deliberately seeks to erase the sin of colonial rule. However, in applying Western theories mechanically it is indeed easy to end up on the opposite side of historical criticism, for the reason Shozo Fujii did not provide a necessary alert to the crux in Anderson＇s theory. The argumentation among the three parties not only involves how to understand Taiwan Residents history and literature in the complex structure of East Asia, but more importantly about how to make value judgments regarding two hundred years of colonialism.

半殖民体验与晚清民族国家文学的主体性建构

现代文学研究的民族国家文学命题需要在半殖民体验中重审。晚清文本在殖民西方认知中,试图移植西欧范式的民族国家文学,实现反殖文本的建构。但在帝国内陆文化传统隐脉的影响下,晚清文本中的民族国家成为再次通往世界大同的途径,实则表明了西欧范式在中国本土的不适用性;因晚清文本生成于沿海都市社会,在缺少对内陆农村的主体认知前提下,晚清文人未完成“殖民西方”认知中民族国家文学的主体性建构。

欲望生产与民族国家共同体的构建——英国文艺复兴文学中的旅行冒险与殖民流散

英国文艺复兴时期的旅行冒险与殖民流散创作将英国人的私欲同英国殖民政治紧密联系在一起。由英国社会问题引发的国家扩张欲是英国殖民生产力的核心。在埃德蒙·斯宾塞、沃尔特·罗利、威廉·莎士比亚和克里斯托弗·马洛等人的作品中,情欲是英国统治阶级共同体的黏合剂,暴力是英国殖民主义政治经济运作的必要手段。作家们将对情欲和暴力欲的描写从力比多本能层面提升至关乎个人和民族国家共同体发展的道德层面,使二者成为统一英国人思想的“社会资本”和构建早期大英帝国的驱动力。

中国台湾地区日据时期通俗文学研究述略与评价

中国台湾地区日据时期的通俗文学是中国现代文学的一部分,有着不可忽略的重要意义。在刊物的发现、通俗小说选本出版等因素的刺激下,有关台湾地区日据时期通俗文学的研究成为热点。在命名上,学界对于使用“通俗文学”还是“大众文学”存在争议;在流通问题上,学界主要关注内地的通俗文学作品在台湾地区的传播与改写现象;在研究路径的类目细化上,开始出现针对侦探小说、武侠小说的文类研究,还有针对代表性作家作品、通俗文学刊物的个案研究。重视台湾地区日据时期通俗文学,既能补充台湾地区文学史的空白,同时也是刺激台湾文学研究活力的关键所在,为“多元共生”的中国现代文学研究弥补台湾视角。

新加坡现当代文学特点及成因综述

由于独特的历史、地理和文化因素,新加坡现当代文学历史相对较短。该文学起源于20世纪60年代末,并在20世纪90年代迅速发展,主要涉及的作品是由新加坡独立后的作家创作的。就创作主题而言,新加坡现当代文学涵盖了南亚历史和文化的丰富多样性,包括马来半岛文化、殖民文化、族裔文化、娘惹文化、都市文化和甘榜文化等。由于其独特的历史、地理、经济和文化背景,新加坡现当代文学成为东南亚文学的主流之一,代表了该地区文学发展的脉络、特点和流行趋势。

恩古吉茅茅作品中的反殖民斗争历史叙事

恩古吉是首位以茅茅运动为主题进行创作的非洲作家,他在一系列小说和剧作中勾勒了20世纪肯尼亚民众反对英国殖民主义的斗争史,作品具有鲜明的历史性特征。本文采用新历史主义视角,在研究了恩古吉的茅茅历史叙事语境后,首先探讨他如何在反殖民斗争的叙事中通过塑造反殖民英雄和背叛者的形象,重构了吉库尤族人反抗殖民的民族斗争史;进而分析他打破了历史的单一叙述,把历史人物融入作品,展现了茅茅运动中的历史真实和他们为反抗殖民压迫而英勇斗争。恩古吉重塑了肯尼亚的历史记忆,表达了政治独立诉求的内涵。他以此重构了肯尼亚的历史篇章,为肯尼亚的民族独立谱写了一曲赞歌。

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子不良反应的文献分析

目的通过文献分析方法,汇总重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子使用后不同系统的不良反应发生情况及其与剂量、剂型的关系,为临床更安全的用药提供参考。方法本研究检索了PubMed、EMBASE、Cochrane library、中国生物医学数据库(CBM)、CNKI、VIP等文献数据库,纳入了所有重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子的临床实验和临床研究,对相应安全性指标进行数据提取,进行综合分析。结果从目前的文献报道来看,用于化疗后骨髓抑制时,rhG-CSF不良反应发生率低,患者耐受性较好,主要的不良反应集中在高剂量治疗时的骨骼肌肉痛、头痛、乏力等方面。结论化疗后预防骨髓抑制日剂量应<5μg.kg-1,骨髓动员日剂量<8.8μg.kg-1,可以明显减少rhG-CSF的不良反应发生。

从自我殖民到后殖民解构——论新移民文学的女性叙事

新移民文学作为中国大陆改革开放的衍生物,在某种程度上具有民族寓言的性质。尤其是新移民文学中的女性叙事,以其从自我殖民到后殖民解构的运行轨迹,生动展示了后殖民语境所赋予的文化政治学方面的丰富含义。

外国文学学科的困境与出路

在全球化文化语境下,外国文学作为一个学科一次次面对以下诘问和质疑:什么是外国文学?我们以什么标准研究和评价外国文学?我们为谁研究外国文学?外国文学并不等于翻译的外国文学,外国文学也不是不同国别文学的简单相加。外国文学研究是一种整体性的、综合性的文学研究。外国文学研究不能是殖民文学或后殖民文学的一部分,而应该是中国的文学研究的一部分,这种文学研究应该包含世界性的意义和价值。在全球化时代我们应当警惕以西方的观念"化全球"。

日本殖民侵略的自供、掩饰和美化——日据后期在台日本作家长篇小说析论

西川满的《台湾纵贯铁道》、滨田隼雄的《南方移民村》和庄司总一的《陈夫人》 被视为日据末期在台日人作家的长篇小说代表作。《纵贯铁》宣扬北白川官率军征服台的“功 绩”,史载台湾军民的殊死抵抗被写成“土匪”式骚扰,而日军的屠城式大规模烧杀行径则被 淡化或合理化。《移民村》宣扬日本人的毅力、信念、真诚品行和科学精神,赋予日本对台湾 的“移民”(殖民)以正当性。《陈夫人》具有人性的深度开掘和对台湾庶民生活细节的细腻描 写,甚至写出了现代性、本土性和殖民性的复杂纠葛,但仍带有殖民文学的明显印痕:对中国 (台湾)文化的“误读”以及宣扬日本人带给台湾“现代化”的理念。它们不同程度地都是日 本对台殖民侵略的自供、掩饰和美化。

印度英语文学在美国:研究范式与关注热点

作为英语文学的一个分支,印度英语文学在世界文坛上具有重要地位。尽管这一独特的文学处于话语权弱势地位,但其文学价值和文化魅力一直吸引着印度之外的英、美、法、加拿大等国学者的关注。美国对印度英语文学的接受和研究萌芽很早,但成熟却较晚。从1793年印度英语文学产生到20世纪70年代,美国的印度英语文学研究一直处在酝酿和演化阶段,学者们主要聚焦于印度英语文学与英国文学在表现手法等方面的相同之处。到20世纪80、90年代,美国的印度英语文学研究在后殖民主义理论的推动下得到长足发展。新千年后,印度英语文学阔步走进美国高校,成为一道亮丽的风景线。同时,相关研究机构纷纷成立,其研究视野也从小说扩展到印度英语文学的其他形式,并从女性批评等新的视角对印度英语文学的重要作家和作品进行全新解析。印度英语文学获得了应有的地位,终于迈入主流英语文学的行列。

后殖民文学

国内通常将对于后殖民文学的讨论局限于殖民地文学,这样难以看清后殖民理论与文学的关系。萨义德的《东方主义》对于英美文学的后殖民解读,颠覆了传统的英美文学经典。比尔.阿希克洛夫特等人撰写的《逆写帝国》一书首次从后殖民理论角度解读殖民地文学,成为后殖民文学乃至后殖民理论的先导。博尔默《殖民与后殖民文学》一书同是一部综合之作,它试图将对于帝国文学与殖民地文学结合起来进行"对位"解读,从而发现两者的互动关系。