Three-dimensional color particle image velocimetry based on a cross-correlation and optical flow method

Rainbow particle image velocimetry(PIV)can restore the three-dimensional velocity field of particles with a single camera;however,it requires a relatively long time to complete the reconstruction.This paper proposes a hybrid algorithm that combines the fast Fourier transform(FFT)based co-correlation algorithm and the Horn–Schunck(HS)optical flow pyramid iterative algorithm to increase the reconstruction speed.The Rankine vortex simulation experiment was performed,in which the particle velocity field was reconstructed using the proposed algorithm and the rainbow PIV method.The average endpoint error and average angular error of the proposed algorithm were roughly the same as those of the rainbow PIV algorithm;nevertheless,the reconstruction time was 20%shorter.Furthermore,the effect of velocity magnitude and particle density on the reconstruction results was analyzed.In the end,the performance of the proposed algorithm was verified using real experimental single-vortex and double-vortex datasets,from which a similar particle velocity field was obtained compared with the rainbow PIV algorithm.The results show that the reconstruction speed of the proposed hybrid algorithm is approximately 25%faster than that of the rainbow PIV algorithm.

Measurements Of Cerebral Blood Flow in Postasphyxiated Newborns by Color Doppler Imaging（CDI）

Cerebral blood flow of 10 asphyxiated term newborns was continuously measured during the first 7 days of life and compared with that of 10 normal term infants by CDI. Frequency spectrum and blood flow variables in the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries were studied. The results showed evidently lower systolic amplitude in patients than that in normal subjects. End diastolic amplitude was zero in part of vessels, and values of bloed flow variables were all lower in day 1 of the life as compared with the control groups. Frequency spectrum recovered to normal patterns in 9 survived infants in day 2. but blood flow variables recovered to normal by day 7. Values of resistance index (RI) rose to 1 in some vessels of moderate hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) infants and stayed at 1 in the severe HIE infants. It is concluded that low CBF plays a key role in brain damage of post-asphyxiated newborns and RI may be an important parameter in the evaluation prognosis.

Real-time Three-Dimensional Color Doppler Flow Imaging： An Improved Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Aortic Regurgitation

The recently introduced real-time three-dimensional color Doppler flow imaging （RT-3D CDFI） technique provides a quick and accurate calculation of regurgitant jet volume （RJV） and fraction. In order to evaluate RT-3D CDFI in the noninvasive assessment of aortic RJV and regurgitant jet fraction （RJF） in patients with isolated aortic regurgitation, real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic studies were performed on 23 patients with isolated aortic regurgitation to obtain LV end-diastolic volumes （LVEDV）, end-systolic volumes （LVESV） and RJV, and then RJF could be calculated. The regurgitant volume （RV） and regurgitant fraction （RF） calculated by two-dimensional pulsed Doppler （2D-PD） method served as reference values. The results showed that aortic RJV measured by the RT-3D CDFI method showed a good correlation with the 2D-PD measurements （r= 0.93, Y=0.89X＋ 3.9, SEE= 8.6 mL, P〈0.001 ）; the mean （SD） difference between the two methods was - 1.5 （9.8） mL. % RJF estimated by the RT-3D CDFI method was also correlated well with the values obtained by the 2D-PD method （r=0.88, Y=0.71X＋ 14.8, SEE= 6.4 %, P〈0. 001）; the mean （SD） difference between the two methods was -1.2 （7.9） %. It was suggested that the newly developed RT-3D CDFI technique was feasible in the majority of patients. In patients with eccentric aortic regurgitation, this new modality provides additional information to that obtained from the two-dimensional examination, which overcomes the inherent limitations of two-dimensional echocardiography by depicting the full extent of the jet trajectory. In addition, the RT-3D CDFI method is quick and accurate in calculating RJV and RJF.

Hemodynamic Changes on Color Doppler Flow Imaging and Intravenous Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound for Assessing Transplanted Liver and Early Diagnosis of Complications

The value of color Doppler flow imaging （CDFI） and intravenous contrast-enhanced ultrasound （CEUS） for assessing the transplanted liver and early diagnosing complications by examining hemodynamic changes was discussed. Seventy-five patients with orthotopic liver transplantation （OLT） underwent CDFI. The following parameters were measured： peak systolic velocity （PS）, resistance index （RI） and Doppler perfusion index （DPI） of the hepatic artery （HA）, time average velocity （TAV） of portal vein （PV） and velocity of hepatic vein （HV） in different stages postoperation, And 11 patients of them received CEUS. Thirty healthy subjects were enrolled as controls, The results showed that： （1） In 23 patients without obvious complications, TAV of PV within 15 days post-operation was significantly higher than in controls （P〈0.05）, PS and DPI of HA within 7 days postoperation were lower, but RI was higher than in controls （P〈0.05）; （2） When the hepatic artery thrombosis （HAT） occurred, PS and DPI of HA were obviously decreased, but TAV of PV significantly increased like a high saw-tooth wave; （3） While rejection occurred, both TAV of PV and PS of HA were decreased with the increase in RI of HA, and the triphasic wave of HV disappeared and displayed as saw-tooth wave; （4） The incidence of biliary complications in liver transplantation was increased when DPI was reduced; （5） Seven cases of hepatic carcinoma relapse after OLT demonstrated hyperecho in the arterial phase and hypoecho in the portal and later phase on CEUS; （6） In 2 cases of HA thrombus, there was no visualized enhancement in arterial phase of CEUS, but enhancement during the portal vein and parenchymal phase. It was concluded that the hemodynamic changes of PV, HA and HV in the transplanted liver are valuable for assessing the transplanted liver and early diagnosing complications on CDFI and CEUS.

COLOR FLOW IMAGING OF HEPATIC CARCINOMA

Color flow imaging(CFI)ultrasound technique can discover the tumor vascularity and superimposed it to convontional B-mode ultrasonogram in real-time. The flow velocity on spectral Doppler sonogram can be measured by setting the sample volume to any selected site.One hundred and thirty-six patients with solid hepatic space-occupied lesions had been admitted and 113 cases were confirmed by operation and pathology,23 patients were strongly suspected by hepatic angiography (HAA).Ninety nine patients with 109 nodules were finally diagnosed as hepatic cellular carcinoma(HCC).According to color flow distribution pattern,3 kinds of color configuation had been nominated.Tumor vascularity discovered by CFI,especially the arterial blood flow was easy to be recognized,and its emerge rate was quite different between HCC group(94.5%)and hemangioma(HCH)group(17.07%)(P<0.01).Spectral Doppler studies were also carried out in these cases and the detectability of arterial flow in HCC group(95.41%)was much higher than that to HCH group (21. 95%) (P<0. 005).Resistant index(RI)and pulsatile index(PI)could be used to differentiate HCC (>0. 50 and >0.80 respectively)from HCH (P<0.001 and P<0.001 respectively).Arterial-portal(A-P) shunt could also be detected by CFI and spectral Doppler(mostly its Vmax>0.6m/s).The detection rate of A-P shunt was 64% in HCC group,but no case could be detected in HCH group.

Left Coronary Artery Fistula Identified by Color Doppler Flow Imaging

Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is an abnormal communication between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber, great vessel,or other vascular structures. The presence of the fistula is usually identified by angiography. In this paper, the diagnosis of left coronary artery-right ventricle fistula was made by color Doppler before angiography? and it was confirmed by surgery.Color Doppler flow imaging is a noninvasive method which can reveal the proximal dilatation, the course and the draining site of CAF.

PRELIMINARY APPLICATION OF COLOR DOPPLER FLOW IMAGING IN THE LOCALIZATION OF PARATHYROID ADENOMAS

From December 1991 to April 1993, we performed color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) in 11 patients with parathyroid adenoma, and all cases were confirmed by operation and pathology. In all the parathyroid adenomas,vessels were clearly revealed at the periphery of the upper pole and/or anterior periphery, where arterial signals were elicited. These arteries had branches into the adenomas and originated from inferior thyroid arteries on the same side in most cases. The internal flow signals were increased markedly as compared to normal thyroid, and high-velocity arterial signals were detected. Because of the thyroid' s rich blood supply and landmark peripheral vessels, CDFI can distinguish parathyroid foci from thyroid nodules, lymph nodes, and normal tissues and provide a sound basis for the diagnosis of small parathyroid foci.

Thrombelastography and color Doppler flow imaging in the perioperative period after closed lower limb fracture

Objective To observe the changes of thrombelastography (TEG) and color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) in the perioperative period after closed lower limb fracture.Methods Fasting venous blood samples in the morning from 11 healthy adults were used

Design of axial flaps with color Doppler flow imaging technique for repairing deep wounds of heels

To report the methods and effect of axial pattern flap on lower limb in repairing deep wounds of heels by using color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) technique so as to solve the ever before problems that the vessel can not be displayed in designing axial flap.Methods Suitable axial flaps on lower limbs were selected according to the character of the wounds.There were 25 flaps including 10 cases of the distal-based sural neurovascular flap,nine medial sole flap and six medial leg flap.All the axial pattern flaps were designed on the basis of traditional design ways before operation;then,CDFI appliance with high resolution was used to examine the starting spot,exterior diameter,trail and length of the flap’s major artery.The flaps were redesigned according to the results of CDFI and transferred to cover the wounds.In the meantime,both the results of operation and examination were compared.Results The major artery’s starting spot,exterior diameter,trail and anatomic layers were displayed clearly,in consistency with the results of operation.The flaps survived completely and recovered well,with perfect appearance,color and arthral function.Conclusion CDFI is a simple,macroscopic and atraumatic method for designing the axial pattern flap on lower limb,can provide more scientific and accurate evidence for preoperative determination of flap transplantation and is worthy of clinical application.10 refs,4 figs,2 tabs.

iFlow彩色血流编码成像技术在下肢动脉硬化闭塞症诊断中的应用价值

目的研究iFlow彩色血流编码成像技术在下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(LEASO)诊断中的应用价值。方法选择2022年3月至2023年10月期间确诊的106例LEASO患者作为本研究的LEASO组,以一般资料与LEASO组匹配且无动脉病变的80例志愿者作为对照组。两组受试者均进行数字减影血管造影(DSA)并采用iFlow彩色血流编码成像技术检测股骨头区域和踝关节区域达峰时间(TTP)、计算踝关节区域与股骨头区域TTP的差值,测量踝肱指数(ABI)。结果两组研究对象年龄、性别、体质量指数、吸烟史、高血压病史、糖尿病史、冠心病史、股骨头区域TTP的比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);LEASO组踝关节区域TTP及TTP差值均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);LEASO组中不同Rutherford分类患者股骨头区域TTP的比较以及左侧病变患者与右侧病变患者股骨头区域TTP、踝关节区域TTP、TTP差值的比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),Rutherford分类越高,踝关节区域TTP及TTP差值越低(P<0.05);经Pearson检验,LEASO患者的踝关节区域TTP、TTP差值与ABI呈负相关(P<0.05);经受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析,踝关节区域TTP、TTP差值对LEASO具有诊断效能;经Delong检验,TTP差值诊断的ROC曲线下面积高于踝关节区域TTP(P<0.05)。结论iFlow彩色血流编码成像技术测定踝关节区TTP及TTP差值是诊断LEASO的量化指标。

Value of Acceleration Flow in the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery for the Detection of Coronary Artery Stenosis by Transthoracic Coronary Color Doppler Echocardiography

Summary： Whether the localized flow acceleration occurs in the resting stenotie left anterior descending coronary artery was explored and its value for detection of coronary stenosis estimated. Blood flow in the left anterior descending coronary arteries in 45 patients was detected by transthoratio color Doppler echocardiograph and multipoint pulse Doppler spectrums were recorded in the same segment. The ratio of the maximal peak diastolic velocity to the minimal peak diastolic velocity was calculated. The ratio ≥1.5 was the cutoff value for the presence of localized acceleration flow. There were 23 patients with localized acceleration flow examined by eehoeardiography. Twenty of them were found to have luminal diameter stenosis （60%-98%） in the left anterior descending coronary arteries by coronary angiography and 3 patients were normal. There were 22 patients without localized acceleration flow examined by eehoeardiography. Eighteen of them had no or %60 stenosis. Four patients had serious stenosis （≥95%） or occluded segments in the left anterior descending coronary arteries on coronary angiography. The ratio of the maximal peak diastolic velocity to the minimal peak diastolic velocity was significantly higher in patients with left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis than that in those without stenosis （1.9±0.3 vs 1.3±0.2, P〈0.01） and it correlated significantly with left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis （r=0.77, P〈0.01）. The specificity by using the ratio≥1. 5 for stenosis detection was 85.7% （18/ 21）, and the sensitivity was 83.3% （20/24）. This study demonstrated that local blood flow velocity was increased in the resting stenotie left anterior descending coronary artery. Transthoraeie color Doppler eehoeardiography is a reliable noninvasive method to detect localized acceleration flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis and it is useful in the noninvasive diagnosis of stenosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery.

彩色多普勒超声血流评分对附件扭转患者卵巢活性的预测价值

目的研究卵巢彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)评分预测附件扭转患者卵巢活性的价值。方法选取经手术证实的32例附件扭转患者,根据卵巢血流信号进行评分,将其与术中卵巢活性进行对比分析。结果卵巢CDFI评分推测卵巢存活的灵敏度为90%,特异度为81.82%,阳性预测值为69.23%,阴性预测值为94.74%,卵巢CDFI血流存在与手术中卵巢存活的一致性较好,Kappa值为0.664。结论CDFI能够对附件扭转者卵巢活性进行预估,卵巢血流评分可为临床提供较为可靠、有效的影像学依据。

二维超声联合微血管血流成像对睾丸结核的诊断价值

目的:探讨二维超声联合微血管血流成像(MV-flow)对睾丸结核的诊断价值。方法:选择2023年1月至12月在郑州大学第一附属医院因阴囊疼痛、坠胀,或伴有阴囊肿块就诊,疑似睾丸结核的91例患者为研究对象。均行二维超声检查、彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)和MV-flow。以病理结果为金标准,比较二维超声联合MV-flow及二维超声联合CDFI诊断睾丸结核的效能,同时计算血流像素占比。另外选取20例疑似睾丸结核患者,通过MV-flow获取血管指数(VI),采用同类相关系数(ICC)评估MV-flow检测结果的一致性。结果:91例患者中共有80例病理确诊为睾丸结核。二维超声联合MV-flow诊断睾丸结核的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为96.3%、54.6%和91.2%,高于二维超声联合CDFI(87.5%、18.2%、79.1%)。MV-flow睾丸内血流像素占比高于CDFI[(2.13±0.81)%vs(1.86±0.70)%,P=0.360]。VI在观察者内和观察者间的一致性良好[ICC(95%CI)分别为0.874(0.683~0.950)、0.945(0.860~0.978)]。结论:相比二维超声联合CDFI,二维超声联合MV-flow对睾丸结核的诊断效能更高。

CDFI血流信号分级、抗CCP抗体、G6PI、RF对类风湿性关节炎的诊断价值

目的分析彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)血流信号分级、抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体(CCP)、葡萄糖6磷酸异构酶(G6PI)、类风湿因子(RF)对类风湿性关节炎(RA)的诊断价值。方法回顾性选取2022年4月至2023年10月新疆医科大学附属中医医院收治的100例RA患者纳入观察组,根据病情分为RA活动期组(n=50)和RA非活动期组(n=50);依据血流信号CDFI分级分为0~1级组(n=20)、2级组(n=17)、3级组(n=13)。选取同期本院收治的100例其他自身免疫性疾病患者纳入对照组。比较观察组、对照组一般临床资料(性别、病程、年龄、RA家族史、体重指数、吸烟史、饮酒史、居住地、职业等),比较不同活动期患者抗CCP抗体、G6PI及RF水平;比较不同血流信号分级组患者抗CCP抗体、G6PI及RF水平;采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估CDFI血流信号分级、抗CCP抗体、G6PI、RF联合检测对RA的诊断价值。结果两组患者性别构成比、病程、年龄、RA家族史、体重指数、吸烟史、饮酒史、居住地、职业比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组患者抗CCP抗体、G6PI及RF水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。RA活动期组患者抗CCP抗体、G6PI及RF水平均高于RA非活动期组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血流信号3级组患者抗CCP抗体、G6PI及RF水平均高于血流信号0-1级组、2级组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CDFI血流信号分级、抗CCP抗体、G6PI、RF单独检测RA的敏感度分别为79.57%、86.45%、82.14%、77.89%,特异度分别为83.89%、79.28%、83.67%、84.15%,AUC分别为0.855(0.804~0.907)、0.940(905~0.976)、0.893(0.852~0.935)、0.800(0.736~0.864),CDFI血流信号分级、抗CCP抗体、G6PI、RF联合检测RA的敏感度为89.36%,特异度为77.24%,AUC为0.957(0.933~0.980)。结论RA患者血清CCP抗体、G6PI、RF水平升高,随着CDFI血流信号分级增大,升高愈加明显,CDFI血流信号分级、抗CCP抗体、G6PI、RF联合检测RA诊断价值较高,对判断RA进展具有意义。

经阴道彩色多普勒超声在子宫内膜病变患者中的应用价值

目的分析经阴道彩色多普勒超声在子宫内膜病变患者中的应用价值。方法选取2021年2月至2022年4月南昌大学第四附属医院收治的88例子宫内膜病变患者作为研究对象,所有患者均接受经阴道彩色多普勒超声及病理学检查,按照病理学检查结果将患者分为息肉组与癌变组,每组44例。比较两组二维超声子宫内膜情况、病灶血流动力学情况、经阴道彩色多普勒超声血流相关参数;以病理学检查结果为金标准,分析经阴道彩色多普勒超声对子宫内膜癌变的诊断效能。结果癌变组子宫内膜厚度厚于息肉组,内膜-肌层分界清晰、病灶回声均匀占比均低于息肉组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);癌变组血流丰富占比高于息肉组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);癌变组血流阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI)均低于息肉组,时间平均峰值流速(TAP)慢于息肉组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);经阴道彩色多普勒超声对子宫内膜癌变的诊断灵敏度为86.36%,特异度为84.09%,准确度为85.23%;诊断息肉的灵敏度为84.09%,特异度为86.36%,准确度为85.23%。结论经阴道彩色多普勒超声对子宫内膜病变的诊断准确率较高,能通过血流动力学、RI、PI、TAP及影像学表现鉴别息肉或癌变。

彩色多普勒血流成像在缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉狭窄评估中应用价值分析

目的:探讨彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)在缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉狭窄评估中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2021年1月—2023年11月寿光市人民医院收治的125例缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉数字减影血管造影(DSA)及CDFI检查结果,以DSA结果为金标准分析CDFI诊断颈动脉狭窄的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,并用Kappa检验验证CDFI与DSA诊断颈动脉狭窄的一致性;根据DSA结果显示的颈动脉狭窄情况将患者分为颈动脉狭窄组与正常组,比较两组患者颈动脉血搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)、舒张期血流速度(EDV)、收缩期峰值流速(PSV)。结果:DSA结果显示,125例患者中74例存在颈动脉狭窄,设为颈动脉狭窄组;51患者无颈动脉狭窄,设为正常组。CDFI检查结果显示,125例患者中73例存在颈动脉狭窄,以DSA结果为金标准,CDFI诊断颈动脉狭窄的灵敏度为97.30%、特异度为98.04%、准确率为97.60%、阳性预测值为98.63%、阴性预测值为96.15%,且Kappa检验结果显示,CDFI与DSA诊断颈动脉狭窄的一致性极好(Kappa值=0.950,P<0.05)。颈动脉狭窄组患者PI、RI高于对照组,EDV、PSV低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:CDFI在缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉狭窄评估中的应用价值较高,便于临床更好地对患者进行治疗,促进患者病情好转。

iFlow成像辅助诊断脑血管性病变

目的评估iFlow成像在脑血管性病变中的辅助诊断价值。方法对65例脑血管病变患者进行常规全脑2DDSA检查,对所采集的图像用iFlow软件编码,由低年资和高年资医师分别观察2D DSA图像及iFlow彩色编码血流图的血管解剖、病灶形态、大小、血流动力学情况,评估iFlow对脑血管病变是否具有辅助诊断价值。结果 iFlow成像能在一幅iFlow彩色编码血流图上完整显示脑血管DSA采集的动态序列所包含的病变信息,包括病灶的解剖形态、血流动力学变化及组织灌注情况,较2D DSA更加直观。低年资医师和高年资医师对iFlow辅助诊断价值认定的差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.032,P=0.014)。结论 iFlow较单独2D DSA图像显示病变更全面,能对临床医师、尤其是低年资医师诊断和评估脑血管病变提供帮助。

B-Flow技术在椎动脉疾病中的应用

目的 探讨二维血流显像技术在诊断椎动脉 (VA)疾病中的应用价值。方法 本组对 80例脑梗塞、糖尿病和冠心病等血管疾病多发人群 ,分别进行双侧椎动脉CDFI、PDI及B Flow检查 ,观察椎动脉形态、走行 ,管壁厚度 ,管腔内血流情况 ,并进行血流动力学检测。结果 根据所测内膜、内径和斑块等图像特征 ,可以反映椎动脉硬化及狭窄等情况。B Flow显像是一种新型血管疾病影像学检查方法 ,能同时显示血流和背景组织结构 ,与CDFI、PDI结合使用 ,能清晰显示异常影像 ,提高椎动脉疾病诊断率。结论 在椎动脉疾病的检查中 ,B

超微细血管成像技术与彩色多普勒血流成像的Adler分级对乳腺癌辅助化疗疗效的评估价值

目的 探讨超声超微细血管成像技术(SMI)与彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)的Adler分级对乳腺癌辅助化疗疗效的评估价值。方法 选取108例进行辅助化疗的乳腺癌患者,均进行SMI、CDFI检查。比较化疗前后SMI和CDFI的Adler分级,并分析其对化疗疗效的评估价值。比较化疗前不同肿瘤最大径和分期乳腺癌患者CDFI的Adler分级。结果 化疗前后,乳腺癌患者SMI、CDFI的Adler分级比较,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。CDFI的Adler分级评估化疗疗效的灵敏度为91.9%(68/74),特异度为79.4%(27/34),准确度为88.0%(95/108),与疗效评价结果的一致性Kappa值为0.719。SMI的Adler分级评估化疗疗效的灵敏度为94.6%(70/74),特异度为76.5%(26/34),准确度为88.9%(96/108),与疗效评价结果的一致性Kappa值为0.733。化疗前不同肿瘤最大径和分期乳腺癌患者CDFI的Adler分级比较,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。结论 SMI和CDFI的Adler分级对乳腺癌辅助化疗疗效均具有一定的评估价值,并且SMI诊断效能更高。

e-flow技术评价尿毒症患者人工动静脉内瘘的价值

目的探讨超声e-flow血流显像技术评价终末期肾病患者人工动静脉内瘘的临床应用价值。方法对患有终末期肾病并行人工动静脉内瘘的115例患者,应用e-flow血流显像技术辅以彩色多普勒(CDFI),观察内瘘是否通畅及是否合并相关并发症。结果超声e-flow技术显示,79例人工动静脉内瘘血流通畅,10例狭窄,18例血栓形成,8例静脉瘤样扩张。e-flow显像技术能同时清晰显示血流和邻近背景组织,与CDFI结合可提高异常图像显示率。结论 e-flow显像技术对监测终末期肾病人工动静脉瘘具有良好的应用价值。