Coupling of reduced inorganic fertilizer with plant-based organic fertilizer as a promising fertilizer management strategy for colored rice in tropical regions

Colored rice is a type of high-quality,high-added-value rice that has attracted increasing attention in recent years.The use of large amounts of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in rice fields results in low fertilizer use efficiency and high environmental pollution.Organic fertilizer is a promising way to improve soil quality and sustain high yields.However,most studies focus on the effect of animal-based organic fertilizers.The effects of different ratios of plantbased organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on the grain yield and quality of colored rice have rarely been reported.Therefore,a two-year field experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021 to study the effects of replacing inorganic N fertilizers with plant-based organic fertilizers on the yield,nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and anthocyanin content of two colored rice varieties in a tropical region in China.The experimental treatments included no nitrogen fertilization(T1),100% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer(T2),30%inorganic nitrogen fertilizer substitution with plant-based organic fertilizer(T3),60%inorganic nitrogen fertilizer substitution with plant-based organic fertilizer(T4),and 100% plantbased organic fertilizer(T5).The total nitrogen provided to all the treatments except T1 was the same at 120 kg ha-1.Our results showed that the T3 treatment enhanced the grain yield and anthocyanin content of colored rice by increasing nitrogen use efficiency compared with T2.On average,grain yields were increased by 9 and 8%,while the anthocyanin content increased by 16 and 10% in the two colored rice varieties under T3 across the two years,respectively,as compared with T2.Further study of the residual effect of partial substitution of inorganic fertilizers showed that the substitution of inorganic fertilizer with plant-based organic fertilizer improved the soil physiochemical properties,and thus increased the rice grain yield,in the subsequent seasons.The highest grain yield of the subsequent rice crop was observed under the T5 treatment.Our results suggested that the application of plantbased organic fertilizers can sustain the production of colored rice with high anthocyanin content in tropical regions,which is beneficial in reconciling the relationship between rice production and environmental protection.

Modeling Dynamics of Leaf Color Based on RGB Value in Rice

This paper was to develop a model for simulating the leaf color changes in rice （Oryza sativa L.） based on RGB （red, green, and blue） values. Based on rice experiment data with different cultivars and nitrogen （N） rates, the time-course RGB values of each leaf on main stem were collected during the growth period in rice, and a model for simulating the dynamics of leaf color in rice was then developed using quantitative modeling technology. The results showed that the RGB values of leaf color gradually decreased from the initial values （light green） to the steady values （green） during the first stage, remained the steady values （green） during the second stage, then gradually increased to the final values （from green to yellow） during the third stage. The decreasing linear functions, constant functions and increasing linear functions were used to simulate the changes in RGB values of leaf color at the first, second and third stages with growing degree days （GDD）, respectively; two cultivar parameters, MatRGB （leaf color matrix） and AR （a vector composed of the ratio of the cumulative GDD of each stage during color change process of leaf n to that during leaf n drawn under adequate N status）, were introduced to quantify the genetic characters in RGB values of leaf color and in durations of different stages during leaf color change, respectively; FN （N impact factor） was used to quantify the effects of N levels on RGB values of leaf color and on durations of different stages during leaf color change; linear functions were applied to simulate the changes in leaf color along the leaf midvein direction during leaf development process. Validation of the models with the independent experiment dataset exhibited that the root mean square errors （RMSE） between the observed and simulated RGB values were among 8 to 13, the relative RMSE （RRMSE） were among 8 to 10%, the mean absolute differences （da） were among 3.85 to 6.90, and the ratio of da to the mean observation values （Clap） were among 3.04 to 4.90%. In addition, the leaf color model was used to render the leaf color change over growth progress using the technology of visualization, with a good performance on predicting dynamic changes in rice leaf color. These results would provide a technical support for further developing virtual plant during rice growth and development.

Distribution of Leaf Color and Nitrogen Nutrition Diagnosis in Rice Plant

Greenness and nitrogen content of each leaf on main stem of different japonica and indica rice varieties under different nitrogen levels were investigated. Results showed that the fourth leaf from the top exhibited active changes with the change of plant nitrogen status. When the plant nitrogen content was low, its color and nitrogen content were obviously lower than those of the three top leaves. With the increase of plant nitrogen content, the color and nitrogen content of the fourth leaf increased quickly, and the differences of color and nitrogen content between the fourth leaf and the three top leaves decreased. So, the fourth leaf was an ideal indication of plant nutrition status. In addition, color difference between the fourth and the third leaf from the top was highly related to the plant nitrogen content regardless of the variety and development stage. Therefore, color difference between the fourth and the third leaf could be widely used for diagnosis of plant nutrition. Results also indicated that the minimized color difference between the fourth and the third leaf at the critical effective tillering, the emergence of the second leaf from the top, and the heading was the symbol of high yield. Plant nitrogen content of 27 g kg-1 DW for japonica rice and 25 g kg-1 DW for indica were the critical nitrogen concentrations.

Construction of Near Isogenic Lines for Pericarp Color and Evaluation on Their Near isogenicity in Rice

The inheritance of purple pericarp was studied through genetic analysis using F2, BC1F1 and F3 from a cross between a purple pericarp rice variety Zixiangnuo and a white pericarp rice variety Chunjiangnuo 2. Seven pairs of near isogenic lines （NILs） for pericarp color of rice were further constructed. Genetic analysis indicated that the purple pericarp was controlled by two complementary genes （Pb and Pp）. Agronomic trait analysis and polymorphism analysis using SSR markers on these seven pairs of NILs were used in the evaluation of near-isogenicity. No significant differences in agronomic traits were found except 1000-grain weight between the NILs. The polymorphic SSR markers for the parents were only detected in target segments of the five pairs of NILs different in Pb, which revealed the ideal near isogenicity of them. However, for the two pairs of NILs different in Pp, the polymorphic markers for the two parents were detected as well as in non-targeted segments of chromosomes 11 and 12, respectively.

Analysis of variation in temperature-responsive leaf color mutant lines induced from Gamma irradiation in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Eight lines of temperature-responsive leaf colormutants induced by applying 300 Gy Gamma-ray irradiation to Thermo-sensitive genic malesterile line 2177s,were obtained through con-tinuous selection in seven generations..Theleaves of these lines started to become greenafter the fourth leaf extension,and except

Relationship Between Degree of Starch Gelatinization and Quality Attributes of Parboiled Rice During Steaming

Paddy rice samples were parboiled by soaking at 65℃ for 180 min and steaming at 96℃ for 2–10 min,and then dried to achieve the final moisture content of 11% ± 1%. The degree of starch gelatinization （DSG） andseveral quality attributes （head rice yield （HRY）, color value and hardness） of parboiled rice were measured.Results showed that DSG （46.8%–77.9%）, color value （18.08–19.04） and hardness （118.6–219.2 N） allincreased following steaming. In contrast, the HRY increased （64.8%–67.1%） for steaming times between 2–4min but decreased （67.1%–65.0%） for steaming times between 4–10 min. Linear relations between DSG andcolor value （R2 = 0.87）, and DSG and hardness （R2 = 0.88） were observed. The suitable DSG of parboiled riceleading to the highest HRY was found to be 62.5%, obtained following 4 min of steaming.

Rice衰落信道的仿真方法研究

在电波散射丰富的移动通信信道中,当存在LOS(line-of-sight)分量时,可以直接用Rice理论统计模型来近似地代替待研究的信道。讨论了几种常见的计算机仿真Rice信道的方法,然后对其性能优劣进行了比较,并针对某些方法中存在的置疑,从理论与仿真上进行了分析,给出了结论:对Rice衰落信道进行仿真时必需一定功率谱形状的色高斯过程。

Effect of Soaking Temperature on Physical and Functional Properties of Parboiled Rice Cultivars Grown in Temperate Region of India

The physical and functional properties of seven parboiled rice cultivars (Jehlum, K-332, Koshar, Pusa-3, SKAU-345, SKAU-382 and SR-1) were investigated at different soaking temperatures of 60℃, 70℃ and 80℃ and it was compared with the brown raw rice of the respective cultivars. Parboiling was observed to decrease L* value and increase a* and b* values. The hardness of rice was significantly increased after parboiling and varied among the cultivars with the highest in Jehlum. Parboiling resulted in the decrease of pasting parameters with the increase in soaking temperature from 60℃ to 80℃. The pasting characteristics of parboiled rice sample showed the typical behaviour having high initial viscosity, but lower peak viscosity in comparison to raw rice. The water absorption index and water solubility indices were subsequently increased with the increase in soaking temperature.

Efficacy and Economics of Different Need Based Nitrogen Management Approaches in Winter Rice

This experiment aimed to study the efficacy of different nitrogen (N) management approaches in winter rice. The experiment consisted of two rice varieties: 1) BRRI (Bangladesh Rice Research Institute) dhan29-an inbred and 2) Dhanigold-a hybrid, and eight N management approaches: 1) BRRI recommended N (control), 2) Soil analysis based N management, 3) N application based on Agro-ecological zone, 4) 20 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤35 SPAD (Silicon photon activate diode) value, 5) 30 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤35 SPAD value, 6) 20 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤3.0 LCC (leaf colour chart) value, 7) 30 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤3.0 LCC value and 8) Urea Super Granule. Between two varieties, hybrid Dhani gold produced higher grain yield (6.67 t·ha-1) than the inbred BRRI dhan29. Application of 20 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤3.0 LCC value gave the highest grain yield (7.10 t·ha-1), whereas the lowest grain yield (5.92 t·ha-1) was found from the SPAD approach with 20 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤35 SPAD value. In case of treatment interaction highest grain yield (7.34 t·ha-1) was found in BRRI dhan29 coupled with 20 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤3.0 LCC value with 18 kg·N·savings·ha-1 over control, maximum gross income (146,800 BDT·ha-1) and net benefit (142,120 BDT·ha-1), which was statistically identical with the grain yield from the interaction of Dhani gold and 30 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤3.0 LCC value but required 42 kg·extra·N·ha-1 (over control). The lowest grain yield (5.19 t·ha-1) was found when Dhanigold was coupled with 30 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤35 SPAD value, while the 20 kg·N·application·ha-1 at ≤35 SPAD value gave moderate yield (6.87 t·ha-1) with considerable higher gross (139,600 BDT·ha-1) and net (136,090 BDT·ha-1) incomes than the control (gross: 121,000 and net: 115,600 BDT·ha-1). The results reveal that 20 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤3.0 LCC value appeared as the promising practice for inbred BRRI dhan29, and 30 kg·N·ha-1 at ≤35 SPAD value for hybrid Dhanigold in terms of yield, N use efficiency and economic benefit of winter rice.

基于深度相机的水稻穗层高度检测研究

为实现水稻穗层高度检测,基于深度相机对水稻穗层高度计算方法开展研究,以期为水稻割台高度控制、收割机智能化提供技术支持。为选择一种适用于水稻穗层分割的颜色空间,分别在RGB、HSV、LAB和i1i2i3颜色空间中对成熟水稻图像进行3D可视化,通过观察水稻穗层像素分布分析其可分离性;在此基础上,基于多阈值分割法、小联通区域移除、图像腐蚀等方法对水稻穗层进行提取;提出一种基于深度相机的水稻穗层高度(包括穗层最高高度H_(hs)、最低高度H_(ls))计算方法,并分别在实验室及田间进行验证试验。结果表明:水稻穗层在HSV颜色空间中具有较好的可分离性,所采用的图像分割、处理方法可有效提取水稻穗层;水稻穗层高度计算方法的实验室测试结果显示,H_(hs)与H_(ls)的计算误差均小于1.5%,田间测试结果显示H_(hs)与H_(ls)的计算误差分别为1.6%和18.2%。

生物炭和丛枝菌根真菌协同促进稻田土壤有机磷向无机磷的转化和水稻磷素吸收

【目的】明确生物炭和丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)及其协同作用对土壤磷素赋存形态和水稻磷吸收的影响,为提高稻田土壤磷素有效性提供科学依据。【方法】水稻(Oryza sativa L.)盆栽试验在温室内进行,以正常施肥管理为对照(CK),在此基础上设置接种AMF处理(A)、施用生物炭处理(10 g/kg土,B)、同时接种AMF和施用生物炭处理(10 g/kg土,AB)。水稻收获时采样测定土壤pH、电导率(EC)、微生物生物量、磷酸酶活性以及不同形态磷的含量,分析了水稻根系菌根浸染率。【结果】与CK处理相比,生物炭、接种AMF及其联合添加处理(AB)土壤pH值分别显著增加了0.16、0.17和0.23个单位;生物炭处理土壤EC增加了7.4%,而接种AMF处理降低了6.4%;AB处理土壤微生物量碳和磷含量分别增加了39.1%和139.7%。稻田土壤中最主要的磷素赋存形态为稳态磷(HCl-Pi和Res-P),占全磷的75%~77%,其次是中度活性磷(NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po),占全磷的16%~18%,而活性磷(H2O-P、NaHCO3-Po和NaHCO3-Pi)含量仅占全磷的7%~8%。生物炭、接种AMF及二者联合添加处理(AB)显著增加了土壤活性磷和中度活性磷中无机态磷组分(H2O-P、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOH-Pi)的含量,降低了有机态磷组分(NaHCO3-Po、NaOH-Po)含量,且AB处理对活性和中度活性无机磷组分的提升幅度显著高于接种AMF处理。与CK相比,生物炭、接种AMF及AB处理均显著增加了土壤酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性(P<0.05),AB处理的增幅最高,分别为25.1%和25.5%,且显著高于单独接种AMF处理。AB处理显著增加了水稻根系菌丝和丛枝侵染率,较接种AMF处理分别增加了7.04(P<0.001)和2.37(P<0.05)个百分点。生物炭和接种AMF处理对水稻地上部和地下部磷吸收量均无显著影响,而AB处理显著增加了地下部磷吸收量,相较于CK增加了200.0%。【结论】生物炭和AMF联用提高了土壤pH、酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,促进了活性和中度活性磷中有机态磷向无机态磷的转化,进而优化了土壤磷素的赋存形态,提高了磷素有效性。生物炭与AMF联用显著增加了水稻根系的菌丝和丛枝侵染率,促进了水稻的磷素吸收。因此,生物炭与AMF联用可更有效地改善土壤磷素有效性,提高水稻对磷的吸收利用。

水稻维生素B_1合成相关基因OsTHIC的功能研究

【目的】维生素B_(1)(vitamin B_(1), VB_(1))是生物所必需的微量元素,其作为多个酶的辅因子,参与重要的细胞代谢途径,而水稻中维生素B_(1)合成途径还有待深入研究。本研究旨在解析水稻维生素B_(1)合成相关基因OsTHIC的生物学功能。【方法】综合运用诱变技术、色素测定、Mutmap+、基因编辑及非靶向代谢组分析等手段克隆目的基因并解析其功能。【结果】从EMS诱变的水稻突变体库中发现一个心叶白化致死突变体wll1(white leaf and lethal 1)。wll1从四叶期开始出现心叶白化表型,白化表型逐渐扩展到其他叶片并导致幼苗死亡。与野生型相比,wll1的叶绿素含量与类胡萝卜素含量显著降低。利用Mutmap+及基因编辑技术,确定目的基因为维生素B_(1)合成相关基因OsTHIC。OsTHIC在叶片具有较高表达量,OsTHIC蛋白定位于叶绿体。wll1及OsTHIC的敲除突变体中维生素B_(1)含量均显著低于野生型,外施维生素B_(1)可以恢复wll1的突变表型。外施维生素B_(1)及OsTHIC突变均会影响维生素B_(1)合成相关基因的表达。非靶向代谢组测序分析表明,野生型与wll1差异代谢物在氨基酸的生物合成、辅因子的生物合成、ABC转运器及氨酰基-tRNA的生物合成等方面显著富集。【结论】OsTHIC通过调控维生素B_(1)含量,参与氨基酸合成等代谢过程,在水稻生长发育过程中发挥重要作用。

抛光色选工艺过程对香稻米2-AP含量和糊化特性的影响

抛光色选工序是生产食用大米的重要步骤,会影响稻米品质和香气2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉(2-AP)含量。以香稻品种19香和软华优金丝为材料,研究了工业生产中抛光色选工艺过程对香米2-AP含量和糊化特性的影响。结果表明,在稻米抛光阶段增加抛光色选程序会导致19香和软华优金丝2-AP含量分别损失51.66%和38.10%,蛋白质含量分别降低7.31%和1.49%,水分含量、淀粉峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度和消减值都有上升,而回冷值降低。

紫色叶片水稻在“稻田画”应用中的品种筛选研究

为筛选适合东莞乃至华南地区种植的观赏性佳、抗性强、产量高、性状稳定的彩色稻品种,引进14个紫色叶片的彩色稻品种进行早晚造种植试验,在全生育期调查记录叶色、株高、抗倒性、产量等农艺性状,进行同品种早晚造及品种间比对、分析。结果表明,同一品种在早造、晚造的叶色、生育期、株高、产量都有明显差异;14个彩色稻品种(系)间叶色和农艺性状也有显著差别,综合各个性状研究分析,筛选出分别适合早造、晚造种植的彩色稻品种。早造最优推荐为‘省紫’、‘花紫’、‘优紫’和‘紫叶红米’,其次是‘杭紫’、‘坚紫2号’、‘矮紫’和‘英紫’;晚造最优推荐为‘省紫’、‘花紫’和‘优紫’,其次是‘坚紫2号’、‘矮紫’、‘英紫’、‘紫叶红米’、‘江紫1号’、‘江紫2号’和‘紫红1号’;颜色最为好看的是‘英紫’,但它存在植株比较矮小、产量低等问题,为了“稻田画”图案的美观,可以选择小范围应用。研究可用于指导“稻田画”的制作用种,促进美丽乡村建设与粮食丰收,推动湾区都市高品质发展。

基于SWOT分析广西五色糯米饭产业的发展路径研究

五色糯米饭是广西壮乡的民族特色食品,研究通过SWOT分析方法深入探讨广西五色糯米饭产业发展路径,明确其内外部环境的关键要素,提出相关发展对策,以推动广西地区五色糯米饭产业的持续增长。通过实地调研和数据分析,得出以下结论:广西五色糯米饭产业具备多重优势,包括悠久的历史传承、适宜的气候条件以及与文化旅游的融合,为其可持续发展提供了有力支撑。然而,五色糯米饭产业发展也面临一些困境,如加工企业规模不大、机械化程度较低、产品较为单一、缺乏市场推广和品牌建设等。同时,广西五色糯米饭产业在政策扶持、非遗文化与文创发展以及技术创新方面有着广阔的机会。政府部门应重视广西五色糯米饭产业发展,加强培育龙头企业,积极推进非遗研学发展,同时坚持市场导向,加快推进市场推广和品牌建设,积极构建民族品牌体系。

氮素形态对有色稻和常规稻生长及生理特性的影响

为探讨不同氮素形态对有色稻和常规稻的影响,本试验设氮素形态(硝态氮NO-3:铵态氮NH+4)五个处理:T1(100:0)、T2(75:25)、T3(50:50)、T4(25:75)、T5(0:100),研究不同氮素形态处理对有色稻(红稻8号)及常规稻(楚稻2号及合粳16号)生长及生理特性的影响.结果表明:T3处理水稻的叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、根干重、分蘖数均高于其他处理,且与常规稻相比,经过所有处理的红稻叶片中均具有较高的叶绿素及可溶性蛋白的含量.T3处理合粳16号叶绿素含量增高了10.8%,楚稻2号的增高率为10.3%,有色稻红稻增高率仅为1.4%,说明不同氮素形态对有色稻及常规稻的影响差异较大,混合氮素形态50:50处理时有利于有色稻及常规稻的光合作用,从而促进可溶性蛋白的合成,且促进了根的生长和分蘖.有色稻红稻的分蘖数受到氮素形态的影响较大,混合氮素形态(50:50)时分蘖数分别是纯硝态氮的6倍、纯铵态氮的2倍.在产量及千粒重上,有色稻与常规稻受到氮素影响的规律不同,有色稻红稻8号在硝铵比50:50时千粒重最重,达到25.25 g,常规稻在硝铵比25:75时千粒重最重,楚稻2号及合粳16号的千粒重分别为23.72 g、28.81 g.比较产量发现,有色稻在硝铵比50:50时产量最高,值为33.60 g,常规稻中楚稻2号在硝铵比25:75时产量最高,达到49.50 g,常规稻中的合粳16号在硝铵比75:25时产量最高,达到49.30 g,因此与常规稻相比,红稻的总产量较低,但在硝铵比50:50时能够显著地提高其产量及千粒重,从而达到提高其产量的目的.综合来看,不同氮素形态对有色稻和常规稻生长的影响有差异性,其中混合氮素形态(硝态氮NO-3:铵态氮NH+4=50:50)促进了有色稻及常规稻的生长,进而提高水稻的生物量及产量.本研究为水稻种植中氮肥的施用提供技术支持,为有色稻产量的提升提供理论借鉴.

24个不同彩色稻种质资源农艺性状综合分析

为进一步了解彩色稻种质资源,筛选出适合珠三角地区观光农业发展需要的彩色稻品种,收集引进了24个不同彩色水稻品种(系),分早晚两造与本地主栽品种美香占2号(对照)进行农艺性状比较试验,对生育期、生长动态、株高、产量、抗性等进行综合分析。结果表明,11个紫色品种的生育期、株高、分蘖率与对照相对接近,产量除紫色稻晚造增产外,其余均比对照低;5个白色品种生育期比对照长、分蘖率高、株高偏矮、产量均比对照低;8个黄色品种生育期,除江黄、云黄生育期比对照长外,其余生育期比对照短,株高偏矮,产量除坚黄2号早造增产外,其余均比对照低。综合考察24个不同彩色稻品种,较适合广东珠三角地区用于观光农业“稻田画”等创作应用的紫色品种有紫红1号、花紫、优紫,黄色品种有坚黄2号、黄叶稻、江黄,白色品种有海白、江白。

浅析五色糯米饭中6种合成着色剂检测方法

本研究采用高效液相色谱测定方法检测五色糯米饭中的人工合成着色剂。结果表明,此方法操作简单省时,灵敏度和准确度较高,可用于测定五色糯米饭中的合成着色剂。

有色稻米Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn含量及与种皮颜色相关分析

用AAS方法测定了弥勒县相同生态条件下种植的27份有色稻和34份普通稻糙米4种矿质元素含量,并对有色米和普通米Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn含量进行了比较研究。结果表明,有色稻米4种矿质元素含量明显高于无色稻米,其差异均达显著水平,其含量高低依次为Zn>Fe>Cu>Mn;对黑、褐、红、黄、绿5种不同种皮颜色的稻米4种矿质元素含量进行比较研究,发现稻米Fe含量高低依次为黑>绿>褐>红>黄,Zn含量依次为绿>红>黑>褐>黄,Cu含量依次为黑>褐>红>黄>绿,Mn含量依次为褐>黑>红>黄>绿;并且Fe和Mn含量在不同颜色稻米间差异均达显著水平,与有色米种皮颜色密切相关,而Zn和Cu差异不显著,与有色米种皮颜色关系不大。黑米和褐米富Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn,绿米富Fe和Zn,红米富Zn和Cu,黄米4种矿质元素含量较低,Fe、Cu和Mn均低于普通稻米。

五彩米营养成分分析与评价

实验通过对泰国香米和5种色稻米的营养成分分析，对这6种稻米的营养价值作了较为全面的评价。结果显示，五彩米含有较高的蛋白质、氨基酸、粗脂肪和尼克酸。其中蛋白质含量在10％左右，氨基酸含量为8．65％-10．64％，且必需氨基酸含量较高。粗脂肪为2．2％-3．9％，明显高于普通稻米。尼克酸含量为5．89-14．2mg／10％，是普通稻米的3～7倍。色稻米中矿物质也较为丰富。此外色稻米还含有较高的原花青素和黄酮，具有一定的保健功能。