Topic highlight on texture and color enhancement imaging in gastrointestinal diseases

Olympus Corporation developed texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI)as a novel image-enhancing endoscopic technique.This topic highlights a series of hot-topic articles that investigated the efficacy of TXI for gastrointestinal disease identification in the clinical setting.A randomized controlled trial demonstrated improvements in the colorectal adenoma detection rate(ADR)and the mean number of adenomas per procedure(MAP)of TXI compared with those of white-light imaging(WLI)observation(58.7%vs 42.7%,adjusted relative risk 1.35,95%CI:1.17-1.56;1.36 vs 0.89,adjusted incident risk ratio 1.48,95%CI:1.22-1.80,respectively).A cross-over study also showed that the colorectal MAP and ADR in TXI were higher than those in WLI(1.5 vs 1.0,adjusted odds ratio 1.4,95%CI:1.2-1.6;58.2%vs 46.8%,1.5,1.0-2.3,respectively).A randomized controlled trial demonstrated non-inferiority of TXI to narrow-band imaging in the colorectal mean number of adenomas and sessile serrated lesions per procedure(0.29 vs 0.30,difference for non-inferiority-0.01,95%CI:-0.10 to 0.08).A cohort study found that scoring for ulcerative colitis severity using TXI could predict relapse of ulcerative colitis.A cross-sectional study found that TXI improved the gastric cancer detection rate compared to WLI(0.71%vs 0.29%).A cross-sectional study revealed that the sensitivity and accuracy for active Helicobacter pylori gastritis in TXI were higher than those of WLI(69.2%vs 52.5%and 85.3%vs 78.7%,res-pectively).In conclusion,TXI can improve gastrointestinal lesion detection and qualitative diagnosis.Therefore,further studies on the efficacy of TXI in clinical practice are required.

Performance evaluation of wavelet scattering network in image texture classification in various color spaces

The optimized color space is searched by using the wavelet scattering network in the KTH_TIPS_COL color image database for image texture classification. The effect of choosing the color space on the classification accuracy is investigated by converting red green blue （RGB） color space to various other color spaces. The results show that the classification performance generally changes to a large degree when performing color texture classification in various color spaces, and the opponent RGB-based wavelet scattering network outperforms other color spaces-based wavelet scattering networks. Considering that color spaces can be changed into each other, therefore, when dealing with the problem of color texture classification, converting other color spaces to the opponent RGB color space is recommended before performing the wavelet scattering network.

Color-texture based unsupervised segmentation using JSEG with fuzzy connectedness

Color quantization is bound to lose spatial information of color distribution. If too much necessary spatial distribution information of color is lost in JSEG, it is difficult or even impossible for JSEG to segment image correctly. Enlightened from segmentation based on fuzzy theories, soft class-map is constracted to solve that problem. The definitions of values and other related ones are adjusted according to the soft class-map. With more detailed values obtained from soft class map, more color distribution information is preserved. Experiments on a synthetic image and many other color images illustrate that JSEG with soft class-map can solve efficiently the problem that in a region there may exist color gradual variation in a smooth transition. It is a more robust method especially for images which haven＇ t been heavily blurred near boundaries of underlying regions.

Texture and color enhancement imaging in magnifying endoscopic evaluation of colorectal adenomas

BACKGROUND Olympus Corporation has developed texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI)as a novel image-enhancing endoscopic technique.AIM To investigate the effectiveness of TXI in identifying colorectal adenomas using magnifying observation.METHODS Colorectal adenomas were observed by magnified endoscopy using white light imaging(WLI),TXI,narrow band imaging(NBI),and chromoendoscopy(CE).This study adopted mode 1 of TXI.Adenomas were confirmed by histological examination.TXI visibility was compared with the visibility of WLI,NBI,and CE for tumor margin,and vessel and surface patterns of the Japan NBI expert team(JNET)classification.Three expert endoscopists and three non-expert endoscopists evaluated the visibility scores,which were classified as 1,2,3,and 4.RESULTS Sixty-one consecutive adenomas were evaluated.The visibility score for tumor margin of TXI(3.47±0.79)was significantly higher than that of WLI(2.86±1.02,P<0.001),but lower than that of NBI(3.76±0.52,P<0.001),regardless of the endoscopist’s expertise.TXI(3.05±0.79)had a higher visibility score for the vessel pattern of JNET classification than WLI(2.17±0.90,P<0.001)and CE(2.47±0.87,P<0.001),but lower visibility score than NBI(3.79±0.47,P<0.001),regardless of the experience of endoscopists.For the visibility score for the surface pattern of JNET classification,TXI(2.89±0.85)was superior to WLI(1.95±0.79,P<0.01)and CE(2.75±0.90,P=0.002),but inferior to NBI(3.67±0.55,P<0.001).CONCLUSION TXI provided higher visibility than WLI,lower than NBI,and comparable to or higher than CE in the magnified observation of colorectal adenomas.

Texture and color enhancement imaging for detecting colorectal adenomas: Good, but not good enough

Texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI)has been developed as a novel image-enhancing endoscopy.However,the effectiveness of TXI detecting adenomas is inferior to narrow band imaging.Thus,future studies will need to focus on investigating the feasibility of such combination in clinical settings in order to provide patients with more accurate diagnoses.

Improved visibility of colorectal tumor by texture and color enhancement imaging with indigo carmine

BACKGROUND Accurate diagnosis and early resection of colorectal polyps are important to prevent the occurrence of colorectal cancer.However,technical factors and morphological factors of polyps itself can lead to missed diagnoses.Imageenhanced endoscopy and chromoendoscopy(CE)have been developed to facilitate an accurate diagnosis.There have been no reports on visibility using a combination of texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI)and CE for colorectal tumors.AIM To investigate the visibility of margins and surfaces with the combination of TXI and CE for colorectal lesions.METHODS This retrospective study included patients who underwent lower gastrointestinal endoscopy at the Toyoshima Endoscopy Clinic.We extracted polyps that were resected and diagnosed as adenomas or serrated polyps(hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated lesions)from our endoscopic database.An expert endoscopist performed the lower gastrointestinal endoscopies and observed the lesion using white light imaging(WLI),TXI,CE,and TXI+CE modalities.Indigo carmine dye was used for CE.Three expert endoscopists rated the visibility of the margin and surface patterns in four ranks,from 1 to 4.The primary outcomes were the average visibility scores for the margin and surface patterns based on the WLI,TXI,CE,and TXI+CE observations.Visibility scores between the four modalities were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests.RESULTS A total of 48 patients with 81 polyps were assessed.The histological subtypes included 50 tubular adenomas,16 hyperplastic polyps,and 15 sessile serrated lesions.The visibility scores for the margins based on WLI,TXI,CE,and TXI+CE were 2.44±0.93,2.90±0.93,3.37±0.74,and 3.75±0.49,respectively.The visibility scores for the surface based on WLI,TXI,CE,and TXI+CE were 2.25±0.80,2.84±0.84,3.12±0.72,and 3.51±0.60,respectively.The visibility scores for the detection and surface on TXI were significantly lower than that on CE but higher than that on WLI(P<0.001).The visibility scores for the margin and surface on TXI+CE were significantly higher than those on CE(P<0.001).In the sub-analysis of adenomas,the visibility for the margin and surface on TXI+CE was significantly better than that on WLI,TXI,and CE(P<0.001).In the sub-analysis of serrated polyps,the visibility for the margin and surface on TXI+CE was also significantly better than that on WLI,TXI,and CE(P<0.001).CONCLUSION TXI+CE enhanced the visibility of the margin and surface compared to WLI,TXI,and CE for colorectal lesions.

Analysis on the Developmental Trend and Characteristics of Modern Oil Painting from Perspectives of the Texture and Color

In this paper, we conduct research on the developmental trend and characteristics of the modern oil painting from perspectives ofthe texture and color. Image oil painting is not just a simple art genre and style, it is a western oil painting the foreign art in the Chinese culturalenvironment to generate the types of oil painting is a kind of Chinese national culture characteristic of painting art for the purpose of art topresent true feelings and true feelings should be created by the artist’s technique, form, style, texture effects such as external factors. And manyof the current oil painting art works are showing the true feelings, because of the wrong style, texture and other external factors as the purpose ofart. Master of art means the long-term growth path is essentially in express their true feelings, and to form the style need to constantly supplementand perfect process. We provide the novel perspective on the corresponding issues that will be meaningful and important.

New Approach to Rock Classification Based on Sparse Representations

In geology, classification and lithological recognition of rocks plays an important role in the area of oil and gas exploration, mineral exploration and geological analysis. In other fields of activity such as construction and decoration, this classification makes sense and fully plays its role. However, this classification is slow, approximate and subjective. Automatic classification curbs this subjectivity and fills this gap by offering methods that reflect human perception. We propose a new approach to rock classification based on direct-view images of rocks. The aim is to take advantage of feature extraction methods to estimate a rock dictionary. In this work, we have developed a classification method obtained by concatenating four (4) K-SVD variants into a single signature. This method is based on the K-SVD algorithm combined with four (4) feature extraction techniques: DCT, Gabor filters, D-ALBPCSF and G-ALBPCSF, resulting in the four (4) variants named K-Gabor, K-DCT, KD-ALBPCSF and KD-ALBPCSF respectively. In this work, we developed a classification method obtained by concatenating four (4) variants of K-SVD. The performance of our method was evaluated on the basis of performance indicators such as accuracy with other 96% success rate.

Precision in detecting colon lesions:A key to effective screening policy but will it improve overall outcomes?

Colonoscopy is the gold standard for the screening and diagnosis of colorectal cancer,resulting in a decrease in the incidence and mortality of colon cancer.However,it has a 21%rate of missed polyps.Several strategies have been devised to increase polyp detection rates and improve their characterization and delimi-tation.These include chromoendoscopy(CE),the use of other devices such as Endo cuffs,and major advances in endoscopic equipment[high definition,magnification,narrow band imaging,i-scan,flexible spectral imaging color enhancement,texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI),etc.].In the retrospective study by Hiramatsu et al,they compared white-light imaging with CE,TXI,and CE+TXI to determine which of these strategies allows for better definition and delimitation of polyps.They concluded that employing CE associated with TXI stands out as the most effective method to utilize.It remains to be demonstrated whether these results are extrapolatable to other types of virtual CE.Additionally,further investigation is needed in order to ascertain whether this strategy could lead to a reduction in the recurrence of excised lesions and potentially lower the occurrence of interval cancer.

Illumination Invariant Recognition of Three-Dimensional Texture in Color Images

In this paper, illumination-affine invariant methods are presented based onaffine moment normalization techniques, Zernike moments, and multiband correlation functions. Themethods are suitable for the illumination invariant recognition of 3D color texture. Complex valuedmoments (i.e., Zernike moments) and affine moment normalization are used in the derivation ofillumination affine invariants where the real valued affine moment invariants fail to provide affineinvariants that are independent of illumination changes. Three different moment normalizationmethods have been used, two of which are based on affine moment normalization technique and thethird is based on reducing the affine transformation to a Euclidian transform. It is shown that fora change of illumination and orientation, the affinely normalized Zernike moment matrices arerelated by a linear transform. Experimental results are obtained in two tests: the first is usedwith textures of outdoor scenes while the second is performed on the well-known CUReT texturedatabase. Both tests show high recognition efficiency of the proposed recognition methods.

Effect of Secondary Sterilization on the Quality of Roasted Whiteleg Shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of secondary sterilization on the quality of roasted shrimp（ Litopenaeus vannamei）with high nutrients. Roasted shrimps were vacuum packaged, with 100 g in each bag, and subjected to secondary sterilization for 30 min at 70, 80,90, 100, 110 and 120 ℃, or for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min at 90℃. Then, the color, textural properties, sensory quality and pH were measured, and whether they were commercially sterile was evaluated. The results showed that with the increase of sterilizing temperature, L＊, a＊and b＊values all decreased. And with the increase of the duration of sterilization, L＊slightly decreased, while a＊and b＊slightly increased. In addition, with the increase in sterilizing temperature, the hardness, gumminess, chewiness and springiness of roasted shrimps increased at first and decreased subsequently, while the adhesiveness kept increasing, and the cohesiveness and shear force slightly declined. With the increasing duration of sterilization,the hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness rose, the cohesiveness and shear force declined, the gumminess decreased at first and increased subsequently, while the springiness increased at first and decreased subsequently. The pH of roasted shrimps varied in a complex pattern when sterilizing temperature was increased, but increased with the increasing duration of sterilization. The results showed that the roasted shrimps secondarily sterilized at 90℃ for 30 min have the best sensory quality, and are commercially sterile.

A New Multistep Approach to Identify Leaf-Off Poplar Plantations Using Airborne Imagery

Identification of type of leafless trees using both fall imagery and field-based surveys is a global concern in the forest science community. Few studies were devoted to separate leafless trees from others in the growth season using remote sensing imagery. But this study was the first attempt to identify the type of leafless tree in the fall imagery. We investigated the potential of the Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) and k-mean segmentation techniques, and texture and color image analyses to identify leafless poplar trees using imagery collected in a leaf-off season. For the first time in this study, the star shaped feature identifier was found through a binary image that was successful in identifying leaf-off poplar plantations. Optimal threshold values of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Green Index (NGI) indices were able to differentiate highly vegetated land, green farms, and gardens from the grasses that sometimes grow between poplar plantation lines. A Coefficient of Variation (CV) of red color intensity and histogram of value were also successful in separating bare soil and other land cover types. Imagery was processed and analyzed in a Matlab software. In this study, leafless poplar plantation was identified with a user accuracy of 84% and the overall accuracy was obtained 81.3%. This method provides a framework for identification of leafless poplar trees that may be beneficial for distinguishing other types of leafless trees.

Quality and Technological Properties of Gluten-Free Biscuits Made with Pachyrhizus ahipa Flour as a Novel Ingredient

The development of gluten-free foodstuffs with high nutritional quality components is an important objective to achieve. Pachyrhizus ahipa is one of the few leguminous species that produce edible tuberous roots with high nutritional value. Thus, the aim of this work was to formulate biscuits containing corn starch and 125 - 350 g·kg-1 of P. ahipa flour (AF) and to study the main physicochemical properties related to their nutritional and technological quality as well as their sensory acceptability. The formulation containing 250 g of AF kg-1 was selected for improving the product nutritional quality (i.e. higher protein content) without an extensive modification of textural properties. A formulation replacing corn starch by cassava flour (250 g·kg-1) was also analyzed. In this case, ahipa and cassava biscuits showed maximum force and energy required to bite twice and three times higher than the control, respectively. Slight variations were observed in color (E and browning index). The overall acceptability of biscuits formulated with both flours was better scored than the control by a sensory panel. Principal component analysis allowed to relate quality attributes, chemical composition, and sensory characteristics of biscuits containing cassava or ahipa flours. The results indicated that ahipa flour could satisfactorily substitute part of the corn starch used in the formulations of gluten-free biscuits.

Studying pressure sores through illuminant invariant assessment of digital color images

Methods for pressure sore monitoring remain both a clinical and research challenge.Improved methodologies could assist physicians in developing prompt and effective pressure sore interventions.In this paper a technique is introduced for the assessment of pressure sores in guinea pigs,using captured color images.Sores were artificially induced,utilizing a system particularly developed for this purpose.Digital images were obtained from the suspicious region in days 3 and 7 post-pressure sore generation.Different segments of the color images were divided and labeled into three classes,based on their severity status.For quantitative analysis,a color based texture model,which is invariant against monotonic changes in illumination,is proposed.The texture model has been developed based on the local binary pattern operator.Tissue segments were classified,using the texture model and its features as inputs to a combination of neural networks.Our method is capable of discriminating tissue segments in different stages of pressure sore generation,and therefore can be a feasible tool for the early assessment of pressure sores.

Effects of pre-storage dipping in calcium chloride and salicylic acid on the quality attributes of stored Khalal Barhi dates

Barhi is a high-quality date cultivar,typically harvested and consumed fresh at the Khalal maturity stage when the fruits are crispy and sweet with bright yellow color.The shelf-life of the Khalal stage(2-3 weeks)is very short for effective marketing.This study aimed at investigating the role of calcium chloride(CaCl2)and salicylic acid(SA)as pre-storage treatments in preserving the color and texture of the fruit during both cold and controlled atmosphere(CA)storage systems.Fresh-harvested Barhi fruits at the Khalal stage were treated with CaCl2(2%)or SA(2.0 mM),and then stored in cold and CA systems.The weight loss and decay percentages in the treated samples decreased,whereas the total soluble solids of the treated samples increased compared with those of the untreated ones.The best treatment in limiting changes in the color and texture of the fruits was CaCl2 treatment during CA storage.

Detection of citrus Huanglongbing based on image feature extraction and two-stage BPNN modeling

Citrus Huanglongbing(HLB),which is spread by the citrus psyllid,is the most destructive disease of citrus industry.While no effective cure for the disease has been reported,detection and removal of infected trees can prevent spreading.Symptoms indicative of HLB can be present in both HLB-positive trees and HLB-negative trees,making identification of infected trees difficult.A detection method for citrus HLB based on image feature extraction and two-stage back propagation neural network(BPNN)modeling was investigated in this research.The identification method for eight different classes including healthy,HLB and non-HLB symptoms was studied.Thirty-four statistical features including color and texture were extracted for each leaf sample,following the two-stage BPNN to model and identify HLB-positive leaves from HLB-negative leaves.The discrimination accuracy can reach approximately 92%which shows that this method based on visual image processing can perform well in detecting citrus HLB.

A Pilot Study on the Correlation of Tongue Manifestation with the Site of Cerebral Infarction in Patients with Stroke

Objective：To discuss the correlation of tongue manifestation with the site of cerebral infarction in patients with acute cerebral infarction.Methods：From March 2008 to February 2009,200 cases of hospitalized patients with first unilateral cerebral infarction were chosen in the Department of Neurology,Xuanwu Hospital.The correlation of different tongue color,fur texture,fur color with the site of cerebral Infarction was analyzed.Results：The site of cerebral infarction in patients were compared between different tongue color by Chisquare test（P=0.314）,and further correspondence analysis demonstrated that there was correlation between red tongue and cortical-subcortical infarction group.The site of cerebral infarction in patients were compared between thick fur group and thin fur group,cortical-subcortical infarction occurred more frequently in the former（P=0.0008）.The site of cerebral infarction in patients were compared between dry fur group,moist fur group and smooth fur group,correspondence analysis demonstrated there was correlation between dry fur and cortical-subcortical group.The site of cerebral infarction in the patients were compared between white fur group,white-yellow fur group and yellow fur group（P=0.010）,and correspondence analysis demonstrated there was correlation between white fur and brainstem infarction;white-yellow fur has relationship with cortical infarction;subcortical infarction was weakly related with white-yellow fur;there was closer relationship between yellow fur and cortical-subcortical infarction.Conclusion：The change of tongue manifestation was associated with the site of cerebral infarction in patients,providing a new combining site for diagnosing cerebrovascular diseases by integrative medicine.

3D human face reconstruction based on band-limited binary patterns

Face recognition technology has great prospects for practical applications. Three-dimensional（3D） human faces are becoming more and more important in consideration of the limits of two-dimensional face recognition. We propose an active binocular setup to obtain a 3D colorful human face using the band-limited binary patterns（BBLP） method. Two grayscale cameras capture the BBLP projected onto the target of human face by a digital light processing（DLP） projector synchronously. Then, a color camera captures a colorful image of the human face. The benefit of this system is that the 3D colorful human face can be obtained easily with an improved temporal correlation algorithm and the precalibration results between three cameras. The experimental results demonstrated the robustness, easy operation, and the high speed of this 3D imaging setup.