A New Definition of P-Value Involving the Maximum Likelihood Estimator

We present here an alternative definition of the P-value for statistical hypothesis test of a real-valued parameter for a continuous random variable X. Our approach uses neither the notion of Type I error nor the assumption that null hypothesis is true. Instead, the new P-value involves the maximum likelihood estimator, which is usually available for a parameter such as the mean μ or standard deviation σ of a random variable X with a common distribution.

Dynamic response of UHMWPE plates under combined shock and fragment loading

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)fiber composite has been extensively used to construct lightweight protective structures against ballistic impacts,yet little is known about its performance when subjected to combined blast and fragment impacts.Built upon a recently developed laboratory-scale experimental technique to generate simulated combined loading through the impact of a fragment-foam composite projectile launched from a light gas gun,the dynamic responses of fullyclamped UHMWPE plates subjected to combined loading were characterized experimentally,with corresponding deformation and failure modes compared with those measured with simulated blast loading alone.Subsequently,to explore the underlying physical mechanisms,three-dimensional(3D)numerical simulations with the method of finite elements(FE)were systematically carried out.Numerical predictions compared favorably well with experimental measurements,thus validating the feasibility of the established FE model.Relative to the case of blast loading alone,combined blast and fragment loading led to larger maximum deflections of clamped UHMWPE plates.The position of the FSP in the foam sabot affected significantly the performance of a UHMWPE target,either enhancing or decreasing its ballistic resistance.When the blast loading and fragment impact arrived simultaneously at the target,its ballistic resistance was superior to that achieved when subjected to fragment impact alone,and benefited from the accelerated movement of the target due to simultaneous blast loading.

Technological insights:combined impedance manometry for esophageal motility testing-current results and further implications

This review focuses on current aspects of the novel technology of combined impedance manometry for esophageal motility testing. It presents methodological features, summarizes current results and discusses implications for further research. The combined technique assesses simultaneously bolus transport and associated peristalsis, thus allowing detailed analysis of the relationships between bolus transit and esophageal motility. Recent studies demonstrate that combined impedance manometry provides important additional information about esophageal motility as compared to conventional manometry: (1) monitoring of bolus transport patterns, (2) calculation of bolus transit parameters, (3) evaluation of bolus clearance, (4) monitoring of swallow associated events such as air movement and reflux, and (5) investigation of the relationships between bolus transit and LES relaxation. Studies with healthy subjects have identified several useful parameters for comprehensive assessment of eosphageal function. These parameters were found to be pathological in patients with classical achalasia, mild GERD, and ineffective esophageal motility. The technology of combined impedance manometry provides an important new tool for esophageal function testing, advancing both clinical and basic research. However, several important issues remain to be standardized to make the technique suitable for widely clinical use.

Development of multi-functional anchorage support dynamic-static coupling performance test system and its application

In underground engineering with complex conditions,the bolt(cable)anchorage support system is in an environment where static and dynamic stresses coexist,under the action of geological conditions such as high stresses and strong disturbances and construction conditions such as the application of high prestress.It is essential to study the support components performance under dynamic-static coupling conditions.Based on this,a multi-functional anchorage support dynamic-static coupling performance test system(MAC system)is developed,which can achieve 7 types of testing functions,including single component performance,anchored net performance,anchored rock performance and so on.The bolt and cable mechanical tests are conducted by MAC system under different prestress levels.The results showed that compared to the non-prestress condition,the impact resistance performance of prestressed bolts(cables)is significantly reduced.In the prestress range of 50–160 k N,the maximum reduction rate of impact energy resisted by different types of bolts is 53.9%–61.5%compared to non-prestress condition.In the prestress range of 150–300 k N,the impact energy resisted by high-strength cable is reduced by76.8%–84.6%compared to non-prestress condition.The MAC system achieves dynamic-static coupling performance test,which provide an effective means for the design of anchorage support system.

Performance study of combined test rig for metro train traction

This paper deals with a combined test rig for a traction system in the laboratory environment.An experimental system was designed and implemented to verify the performance of the traction system for a metro train.For a highly accurate control of the system,a hybrid control algorithm combining vector control and slip frequency control was applied to control the traction inverter.The design method of the flywheels,which represent the equivalent model of the train moment inertia,was elaborated.A train runtime diagnosis system was completed by adopting the multifunction vehicle bus（MVB） protocol.The dynamic performance of the metro power traction system was emulated under the control of the train runtime diagnosis system.Using the combined test rig,the performances of the traction system in traction,braking,temperature rise,etc.,were verified through traction and breaking experiments.

The Testing Strength Curves of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete by Rebound Method and Ultrasonic-rebound Combined Method

The strength curves of lightweight aggregate concrete （LWAC） were tested based on detecting LWAC with density of 1 400-1 900 kg/m3 and LWAC with strength grade of LC15-LC50 by rebound method and ultrasonic-rebound combined method.The results show that the common measured strength curves tested by above two methods can not satisfy the required accuracy of LWAC strength test.In addition,specified compressive strength curves of testing LWAC by rebound method and ultrasonic-rebound combined method are obtained,respectively.

The Clinical Study of Multigene Combination Test to Guide Chemotherapy Combined with Targeted Therapy in Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal Tumors

Objective:To study the clinical effects of multigene combination test to guide chemotherapy combined with targeted therapy in patients with advanced gastrointestinal tumors.Methods:The samples were selected from 60 patients with advanced gastrointestinal tumors admitted to our hospital from March 2019 to July 2020,and were divided into a study group and a control group using a random number table model;patients in the control group did not undergo genetic testing and FOLLOX4+PD-1 chemotherapy,while patients in the study group underwent TYMS,ERCC1,EGFR,and KRAS and VEGF gene expression levels test,and the sensitive treatment plan was determined based on the test results,and the clinical indexes were compared between the two groups.Results:By comparing the total effective rate,survival time,and time to disease progression of chemotherapy in the two groups,the study group has a significant advantage(P<0.05).Conclusion:The combination of chemotherapy and targeted therapy for advanced gastrointestinal tumor patients can improve the efficiency of chemotherapy and prolong the time of disease progression and survival,which is worthy of comprehensive promotion.

Performance Quality Testing under Combined Loading of Polyethylene Pipes Reinforced with Aramid Fiber

This paper presents the results of the performance quality testing of polyethylene pipes reinforced with aramid fibers, intended for applications such as discharging and gathering oil pipelines, and describes the test rig specifically designed for this purpose. The pipe specimens are submitted to impact with a device that simulates the collision of a pickaxe, and of a backhoe loader. After the impact, the pipes are tested under combined loading comprising internal pressure, and transverse loading; some pipe specimens without previous impact are tested as well. The results show that the reinforced thermoplastic pipes can fully withstand maximal operating pressure levels in the presence of damage and additional transverse loading.

test252 kV三相机械联动GIS用断路器的T100s合并试验

交流高压断路器标准GB/T 1984—2014中规定了中性点有效和非有效接地系统的合并试验,但是不涉及60Hz的工况,对应STL导则中针对IEC 62271-100有50/60Hz合并试验的描述,但是国内厂家50/60Hz通常是分开试验的。文章通过介绍252kV断路器T100s的多参数的合并试验,提供了一种可以多参数试验的试验方法,指出了多参数合并试验的利弊,对后续其他类似多参数合并试验提供了有效参考。

Mechanical performance of rock bolts under combined load conditions

Rock bolts are subjected to different loading conditions along their lengths such as axial,bending,and/or shear forces,which can cause failure at lower loads than those considered for design purposes.The common existing methodologies do not consider the actual loading of the rock bolts and assume it is only pure axial or pure shear.This study was conducted to investigate the un-grouted rock bolt performance under combined load conditions.Two loading regimes were evaluated:the effect of initial shear displacement on axial load capacity and displacement,and the effect of axial displacement on the shear load capacity.The first regime was also conducted for shear with a gap,when there is a spacing between the shear interfaces.The results of this study showed that the rock bolt can resist higher axial loads than shear under pure or combined load conditions.Under combined load conditions,the rock bolt capacity decreased significantly for both regimes.However,when applying the shear load with a gap,the rock bolt load capacity was not affected significantly.Also,the total bar deformation was improved for shear and axial.The findings of this study show the need to improve the rock bolt design considering the complex loading conditions in situ with/without a gap.

Development of an ultra-high-pressure rotary combined dynamic seal and experimental study on its sealing performance in deep energy mining conditions

With the continuous development of deep oil and gas,minerals,geothermal resources,and other resources,there are increasingly more stringent requirements for equipment.In particular,the ultra-highpressure dynamic seals of deep mining device need to be developed.Therefore,considering the use of dynamic seals in unique deep mining environments,an ultra-high-pressure rotating combined dynamic seal was designed and developed and its sealing performance was experimentally measured and analyzed.The results show that the experimental device can operate stably under a pressure of up to150 MPa and a rotating speed of 76 r/min,and can also operate normally under a rotating speed of up to 140 r/min and a sealing pressure of 120 MPa.During the operation of the ultra-high-pressure rotating combined dynamic seal,the sealing ring does not show obvious damage,which vouches for its sealing performance.No leakage of flow and pressure was detected in the all seal structures within the sealing pressure range of 0-150 MPa.Therefore,the dynamic sealing performance of the device is intact under ultra-high-pressure conditions and can be applied in deep mining environments at a certain depth.The research and development of this device can aid future deep energy exploration and exploitation.

Research on seismic performance and design method of combined steel lead energy dissipation structure(Ⅰ)

A new combined steel lead damper (NCSLD) was presented. Construction and working mechanism of NCSLD were introduced,pseudo-static tests of the small size dampers which would be used in the subsequent shaking table tests were carried out for the study of mechanical properties of NCSLD using electro-hydraulic servo press-shear machine. Processing technology of the damper was improved. Shaking table tests under two-dimensional excitation on structural aseismic control of a one-story structure model were carried out using the small size NCSLD; parameters of the structure and shaking table were also introduced. Results indicate that process improvement is beneficial to the implementation of working mechanism of the damper,NCSLD has full hysteresis loop which takes on bilinearity,NCSLD has obvious energy dissipation effect and it can control structural seismic response effectively.

Research on Strong Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Test Method by Time-frequency Combination

Many conventional methods of testing strong and pulsed electromagnetic fields,the ones used in radars for example,had deficiencies due to the difficulty in obtaining simultaneous information about the electromagnetic field's peak both in the time domain and in the frequency domain.With regard to this problem,after analyzing the time-domain and the frequency-domain characteristics of radar pulsed signals,we propose a new time-frequency combination test method based on the correction of the test parameters,as well as its correction method at different bandwidths.The test method is applied in a quick test of a high-power pulsed radar signal,and the corrected results have error less than 1 dB in both the time domain and the frequency domain,which indicates that the proposed time-frequency combined method is effective in testing strong and pulsed electromagnetic fields.

COMBINATORIAL DESIGN APPROACHES FOR AUTOMATIC TEST GENERATION

The n-way combination testing is a specification-based testing criterion, which requires that for a system consisted of a few parameters, every combination of valid values of arbitrary n(n >_2) parameters be covered by at least one test. This letter proposed two different test generation algorithms based on combinatorial design for the n-way coverage criterion. The automatic test generators are implemented and some valuable empirical results are obtained.

Research of the test generation algorithm based on search state dominance for combinational circuit

On the basis of EST (Equivalent STate hashing) algorithm, this paper researches a kind of test generation algorithm based on search state dominance for combinational circuit. According to the dominance relation of the E-frontier (evaluation frontier), we can prove that this algorithm can terminate unnecessary searching step of test pattern earlier than the EST algorithm through some examples, so this algorithm can reduce the time of test generation. The test patterns calculated can detect faults given through simulation.

The structure-based multi-fault test generation algorithm for combinational circuit

In this paper the structure-based test generation algorithm has been studied for the problem that test patterns are obtained by determined finite faults set in the past. This Algorithm can find out all test patterns one tithe, so faults detection is very convenient. By simulation, the smallest test patterns set can be obtained and faults coverage rate is 100%.

Study on the Diagnostic Value of Combined Detection of Sperm Quality, Sex Hormone and Ovulation in Infertility

Objective: To analyze the application value of combined detection of sperm quality, sex hormone and ovulation in the diagnosis of infertility. Methods: The study was conducted from June 2021 to June 2022. Sixty infertile couples who received IVF cycle treatment in our hospital during this period were selected as the observation group, and 60 couples with good sperm quality and follicle number ≥ 5 who conceived naturally after gynecological disease treatment were selected as the control group during the same period. The sperm quality, sex hormones and ovulation of the two groups were observed, and the change of positive rate was detected by the combined detection method. Results: Compared with the control group, the observation group had less semen (2.82 ± 0.12) ml, lower concentration (69.17 ± 1.28) × 106/ml, normal sperm morphology rate (2.92% ± 0.11%), lower survival rate (70.25% ± 1.16%), higher deformed sperm index (1.39 ± 0.11), and significant differences between groups (P < 0.05);The levels of FSH (7.15 ± 1.33) U/L, LH (5.13 ± 0.53) mU/ml, E2 (72.34 ± 5.11) ng/L, AMH (3.87 ± 0.67) ng/ml and AFC (7.15 ± 0.76) in the control group were significantly better than those in the observation group (P < 0.05). Compared with the single detection method of the three groups, the positive detection rate of the combined diagnosis method was higher, and the difference between the groups was significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: For the diagnosis of infertility, the combined detection method of sperm quality, sex hormone and ovulation can effectively clarify the problems existing in the couple, significantly improve the detection rate of the cause of the patient, and is more conducive to guiding clinical symptomatic treatment, which is worthy of promotion and reference.

Comparative Test of New Late Indica Hybrid Rice Combinations with Good Quality

[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen rice varieties suitable for planting in Nanchang City with high quality,high yield,good yield,and strong disease and stress resistance.[Methods]Seven new late indica hybrid rice combinations with good quality bred in Jiangxi Province in recent years and seven new late indica hybrid rice combinations with good quality bred by Nanchang Academy of Agricultural Sciences were introduced,and compared with Tianyouhuazhan as a control.[Results]The rice quality and taste of the tested combinations were better than those of the control.Among the tested combinations,Yuliangyoufuxiangzhan,Xintaiyousizhan,Yuxiangliangyou No.8 and Guangheyou 33 had good stress resistance,high yield and good rice quality.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of new rice varieties in Nanchang City.

A new approach to test generation for combinational circuits

Aimed at the generation of high-quality test set in the shortest possible time, the test generation for combinational circuits （CC） based on the chaotic particle swarm optimization （CPSO） algorithm is presented according to the analysis of existent problems of CC test generation, and an appropriate CPSO algorithm model has been constructed. With the help of fault simulator, the test set of ISCAS＇ 85 benchmark CC is generated using the CPSO, and some techniques are introduced such as half-random generation, and simulation of undetected fauhs.with original test vector, and inverse test vector. Experimental results show that this algorithm can generate the same fault coverage and small-size test set in short time compared with other known similar methods, which proves that the proposed method is applicable and effective.

Application of the Combined Method for Evaluating the Compressive Strength of Concrete on Site

Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and rebound hammer (RH) tests are often used for assessing the quality of concrete and estimation of its compressive strength. Several parameters influence this property of concrete as the type and size of aggregates, cement content, the implementation of concrete, etc. To account for these factors, both of the two tests are combined and their measurements are calibrated with the results of mechanical tests on cylindrical specimens cast on site and on cores taken from the existing structure in work progress at the new-city Massinissa El-Khroub Constantine in Algeria. In this study;the two tests cited above have been used to determine the concrete quality by applying regression analysis models between compressive strength of in situ concrete on existing structure and the nondestructive tests values, the combined method is used, equations are derived using statistical analysis (simple and multiple regression) to estimate compressive strength of concrete on site and the reliability of the technique for prediction of the strength is discussed for this case study.