Social Cost Analysis of Biological Control Technology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests

With the rapid development of modern agriculture,the prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests has become an important part to ensure the safety of agricultural production,the quality of agricultural products and the safety of agricultural ecological environment.Although the effect of traditional chemical prevention and control technology is remarkable,the health risks and environmental problems brought by it should not be ignored.As a green and environmentally friendly means of prevention and control,biological prevention and control technology has gradually become a hot research topic and a trend of agricultural production.This paper is intended to comprehensively evaluate the social costs of biological control technologies for crop diseases and pests,including the health risks reduced,environmental improvements,economic benefits,and barriers to promotion,and put forward corresponding policy recommendations.

Occurrence and Control of Main Soybean Diseases and Insect Pests in Greater Mekong Sub-region

Soybean rust,soybean downy mildew,and soybean thrips,soybean pod borers,and soybean nocturnal moths are the world wide diseases and insect pests in soybean production,which pose a potential threat to soybean production in Great Mekong Sub-region（ GMS）,comprising Cambodia,Lao People＇s Democratic Republic,Myanmar,Thailand,Vietnam,and Yunnan province,the People＇s Republic of China. This paper summarized the host range,epidemiology,damage and control methods of these diseases and insect pests in GMS,with the aim to provide information basis for understanding and effective control of soybean diseases and insect pests in GMS.

Species and Control Techniques of Main Diseases and Insect Pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province

[Objectives]The paper was to master the species,incidence regularity and control techniques of main diseases and insect pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province.[Methods]The species of main diseases and insect pests of C.oleifera in major C.oleifera afforestation bases and seedling bases in Anhui Province were investigated through field survey and literature search.Afterwards,the symptom characteristics,occurrence regularity and harms of diseases and insect pests were analyzed,and scientific and reasonable control techniques were put forward.[Results]The main diseases of C.oleifera in Anhui Province were soft rot disease,blister blight,anthracnose,sooty blotch,etc.,and the main insect pests were Euproctis pseudoconspersa,Biston marginata,Hypomeces squamosus,Curculio chinensts,Chrenoma atritarsis,etc.The control techniques mainly included ecological regulation,physical prevention and control,chemical prevention and control,and biological prevention and control.[Conclusions]The results will promote the high-quality development of C.oleifera industry in Anhui Province,and contribute to the improvement of China s edible vegetable oil supply and national grain and oil security.

Integrated Prevention and Control Technology of Major Diseases and Insect Pests of Strawberry

In order to effectively deal with the problems of diseases and insect pests in the growth process of strawberry and to improve the quality and yield of strawberry,the main diseases and insect pests in strawberry cultivation such as powdery mildew,gray mold,anthracnose,red stele root rot,calcium deficiency,salt or fertilizer damage,aphids,red spiders,thrips,grubs,etc.and their identification methods were analyzed.The comprehensive pollution-free prevention and control techniques of these pests and diseases were explored,in order to provide technical guidance for high quality,efficient and harmless production of strawberry.

Green Prevention and Control Technology against Main Diseases and Insect Pests of Facility Tomato

In recent years,with the increasing planting area of facility tomato,diseases and insect pests such as tomato grey mold(Botrytis cinerea),early blight(Alternaria solani),late blight(Phytophthora infestans),and whitefly(Trialeurodes uaporariorum) occur frequently,causing severe harms and difficulties in prevention and control.In order to ensure the normal production of facility tomato and improve the yield and quality of tomato,the corresponding prevention and control measures are put forward according to the regularity of the occurrence of diseases and insect pests and the characteristics of facility environment,which has certain guiding significance for agricultural production.

A Brief Introduction of Main Diseases and Insect Pests in Soybean Production in the Global Top Five Soybean Producing Countries

The United States, Brazil, Argentina, India and China are the major soybean producing countries in the world. Nearly 90% of the world^s soybean production comes from these countries. The occurrence of diseases and insect pests often lead to the reduction of soybean yield, and brings varying degree losses to these countries. This article provides an overview of the impact and measures on soybean main diseases and insect pests in the top five major soybean producing countries over the world. It is concluded that the diseases affecting the soybean yield seriously include Phakopsorapachyrhizi, Heterodera glycines, Septoria glycines, Colletotrichum spp. and Macrophominaphaseolina; and the main insect pests include Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera litura, Nezara viridula and Frankliniella occidentalis, which will provide information for key prevention and control of soybean main diseases and insect pests in these countries.

Analysis on Green Development Strategy of Xinjiang Cotton

Through on-the-spot investigation and survey in Xinjiang cotton region and relevant data( containing statistical data,online information and government documents,etc.),the characteristics of water resource,wind-sand disaster,soil salinization,cotton diseases,insect pests and weeds in Xinjiang are studied. It is proposed reasons and specific programmes of green development strategy of Xinjiang cotton,and specific strategies contain ecological water supply,land desertification control,soil improvement,and ecological control of diseases,insect pests and weeds,thereby providing the support for sustainable development of Xinjiang cotton.

The recent disciplinal progresses of agricultural entomology in China

In this paper, four recent advances and achievements of China in agricultural insect research, namely, on the genome of silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus), on the geographical differentiation and regional migration of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)), on the standardized monitoring techniques for safety of honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) products, and on the virus transmission property of small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)) as well as the interactions between vector and rice stripe virus (RSV), were reported. All of these researches are very important for controlling agricultural insect pests and the diseases they transmit, accelerating the molecular biological research of silkworm, and promoting the international trade of honey bee products. Most of these achievements mentioned above have got the national, provincial, ministerial or municipal awards on science and technology.

我国设施园艺病虫害发生特点与绿色防控策略

我国设施园艺发展迅速,对促进农业现代化、乡村振兴和都市农业发展具有重要作用。本文结合我国设施园艺产业的发展现状,总结设施环境下病虫害发生特点,并从农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、生态调控、生物技术和科学用药等方面概述了病虫害防治技术,最后对设施园艺病虫害防治提出建议,以期为我国设施园艺的健康可持续发展提供参考。

新疆棉花病虫害防治药剂剂型研发策略

棉花是我国重要的经济作物,也是受病虫害危害最严重的农作物之一。目前化学防治仍是棉田病虫害防治的重要技术。新疆棉区是我国最大的棉花主产区,气候类型属于典型的温带大陆性气候,具有光照充足、夏季高温干旱、多风、昼夜温差大等特殊气候特点,农药药液喷施过程中容易发生蒸发、飘移、降解等损失,严重影响药剂的防治效果。本文综述了温湿度、风、光照等环境因子对药剂防治效果的影响,以及国内外对提升药剂防治效果采取的调控措施,并结合新疆棉田的特殊气候条件提出了剂型研发的新策略。在提升产品理化稳定性的前提下,还需综合考虑有效成分的理化性质、棉花叶片的结构及润湿特性、施药器械等多种因素。结合农药学、植物保护学、界面化学、有机化学等多学科交叉理论知识指导,利用先进的技术和载体材料研发环境响应型、靶向高效的农药剂型,结合配套使用技术及措施,探索农药高效利用及减量调控途径,为实现农药减量增效、引领棉花产业绿色发展提供科技支撑。

2022-2023年度湖南省油菜病虫害防控植保贡献率评价

为科学评估病虫害对油菜生产的影响程度和植保措施减损增产的重要作用,湖南省植保植检站在祁东、鼎城、桃江、永兴组织开展2022—2023年度油菜病虫害防控植保贡献率评价工作。通过设置严格防控、统防统治、农户自防和完全不防治病虫(对照)处理,采用大区试验,评估不同试验县(区)不同油菜病虫害防控处理的植保贡献率。结果表明:各试点处理的实际损失率为0.17%~67.56%,病虫害防控处理的植保贡献率为4.10%~67.56%。调查统计结果显示,参试县(区)油菜病虫害防控(不含杂草)植保贡献率分别为祁东25.73%、鼎城35.49%、桃江23.50%、永兴33.36%;湖南省油菜病虫防控植保贡献率为28.51%,据此测算,2022—2023年度全省通过病虫害防控约挽回菜籽损失7.38亿kg。

2013—2022年我国水稻病虫害发生特点与绿色防控技术集成

水稻是我国第一大粮食作物,水稻病虫害防治直接关系着粮食稳产增产。本文在对2013年至2022年全国植保专业统计资料的分析基础上,总结回顾了水稻病虫害发生种类和特点、发生面积和为害损失等情况,分类梳理了水稻病虫害防治面积、挽回损失以及主要措施应用等防控概况,尤其是针对近年来生态调控、天敌保护和利用等绿色防控技术应用面积和发展趋势进行了研判总结,同时分别从技术覆盖、内容集成等角度分析探讨了水稻病虫害绿色防控技术发展成效,并对下一步绿色防控工作提出了思考和建议,旨在为我国未来水稻安全生产提供相应参考。

2023年邹城市春花生植保贡献率的测算评估

为了客观反映植保工作在花生生产中对病虫草害的控制效果,评价植保工作在花生生产中的作用,2023年选取全国花生绿色防控示范县邹城为测试点,开展花生重大病虫害植保贡献率的评价。试验设严格综防区、农户自防区和空白对照区,通过试验示范区的防控效果、花生产量、投入成本三个指标进行综合评估。结果表明:2023年邹城市试验区花生病虫草害的防控植保贡献率为33.1%,严格综防区较农户自防区增收11642.85元/hm^(2),表明农户自防区还有很大的增收空间。本项工作通过科学防控可实现增产增效目的,为其他地区春花生植保贡献率的评估提供了技术参考。

辽宁豇豆主要病虫害及绿色防控技术

豇豆营养丰富,有较好的保健功效,在我国是一种很受欢迎的蔬菜。但豇豆在生产中具有生长周期短、病虫害发生重、用药频次高等特点,使其农药残留超标情况常位于蔬菜品种前列。豇豆病虫害防治不当制约着豇豆产业的绿色发展。为切实做好豇豆农药残留突出问题攻坚治理,该文基于对辽宁豇豆生产环节的跟踪评价,介绍了辽宁地区豇豆主要病虫害种类及其危害症状,并从绿色防控角度提出针对性措施与建议,为辽宁豇豆安全生产提供参考。

新疆昌吉地区葡萄主要病虫害及绿色防控技术

为明确新疆昌吉地区‘红地球’葡萄病虫害的发生为害情况,探索绿色防治技术,以提升昌吉地区葡萄果实品质和葡萄产业竞争力。通过调查红地球葡萄的病虫害发生时间、为害程度,明确2023年昌吉地区葡萄生产上的主要病害有5种,其中为害葡萄果穗的有葡萄穗轴褐枯病、白粉病、灰霉病、酸腐病等4种病害,为害葡萄叶片的是霜霉病;葡萄虫害主要有烟蓟马、绿盲蝽、葡萄瘿螨、葡萄二星斑叶蝉、白星花金龟等5种,其中前4种主要在葡萄叶片上发生为害,而白星花金龟的主要为害部位是葡萄果穗。根据昌吉地区10种葡萄病虫害的为害特点,在葡萄的萌芽期、展叶期、花序期、幼果期、封穗期、果实转色期、成熟期、落叶期等物候期,采取了相应的绿色防治技术,并进行技术总结,供新疆昌吉地区红地球葡萄生产应用。

百色市柑橘病虫害发生情况及综合防控技术

柑橘为广西百色市第二大水果产业,是百色市农民增收致富的重要来源,但近年来病虫害发生频繁,产业发展受阻。2021-2023年,对百色市柑橘病虫害的发生种类及为害特点进行定点调查和巡回普查,发现共有21种病害和34种虫害;其中为害较重的病害有柑橘炭疽病、灰霉病、煤烟病、脂点黄斑病、黄龙病、溃疡病及柑橘茎陷点病(衰退病),为害较重的虫害有柑橘木虱、橘蚜、柑橘小实蝇、红蜘蛛、锈壁虱及柑橘蓟马。依据调查结果提出了防控措施和策略:选择无病虫害健康种苗或大苗栽植,加强橘园农事管理,合理管控肥水,重视增施生物菌有机肥增强树势;做好病、虫害监测和检测,综合应用农业、物理、生物和化学等措施协同控害,以期为百色市柑橘病虫害防治提供策略。

设施农业臭氧杀菌闭环控制系统设计与试验

为更好地解决设施栽培过程中出现的病虫害问题,设计一款面向设施农业的臭氧杀菌闭环控制系统。该系统以STM32F103C8T6单片机为核心,由臭氧发生器、高速风机、臭氧浓度传感器、计时器和报警器组成闭环控制系统。当系统信号采集模块检测到设施空间中臭氧浓度时,通过检测电路将采样信号传递给控制器,控制器根据系统设定值判断并控制臭氧发生器等执行机构工作,实现臭氧浓度的精准控制,减轻臭氧浓度不适给设施蔬菜带来的严重伤害。系统设定浓度为60 mg/m^(3),系统稳定后工作时长30 min。以此为基础,应用臭氧杀菌闭环控制系统对温室番茄叶霉病、灰霉病进行防治试验。结果表明,使用该系统防控对番茄叶霉病、灰霉病的防效优于常规防治,在温室番茄全成长期,叶霉病、灰霉病发生率均显著下降,防治效果分别为89.3%、92.2%。

金银花病虫害绿色防治技术——以商洛市为例

为推进商洛市金银花产业健康发展,本研究调查了商洛市金银花产业现状和主要病虫害类型,分析了金银花常见和新发病虫害的发生规律和为害症状。利用农业防治、物理防治和生物防治方法防治金银花病虫害,减少有毒有害农药的使用和残留,为商洛市金银花病虫害绿色防控提供参考依据。

青海云杉病虫害防治技术研究

青海云杉是青藏高原特有的重要树种,但由于其生长环境特殊,容易受到各种病虫害的侵袭。本文通过实地调查和试验研究,总结了青海云杉主要病虫害种类及其危害,探讨了目前主要的防治技术,并提出了针对性更强的防治方案。

玉米病虫害防治技术

玉米病虫害防治技术是玉米生产中的关键环节,直接影响着玉米的产量和质量。详细总结了玉米常见的病虫害及相应的防治技术,以提供科学有效的防治策略。