Uncertainty relations for triples of observables and the experimental demonstrations

Uncertainty relations are of profound significance in quantum mechanics and quantum information theory.The well-known Heisenberg-Robertson uncertainty relation presents the constraints on the spread of measurement outcomes caused by the non-commutability of a pair of observables.In this article,we study the uncertainty relation of triple observables to explore the relationship between the standard deviations and the commutators of the observables.We derive and tighten the multiplicative form and weighted summation form uncertainty relations,which are found to be dependent not only on the commutation relations of each pair of the observables but also on a newly defined commutator in terms of all the three observables.We experimentally test the uncertainty relations in a linear optical setup.The experimental and numerical results agree well and show that the uncer-tainty relations derived by us successfully present tight lower bounds in the cases of high-dimensional observables and the cases of mixed states.Our method of deriving the uncertainty relation can be extended to more than three observables.

PBW-Basis of Reduced Drinfeld Double Hall Algebra of Type An via Grobner-Shirshov Basis

In the Ringel-Hall algebra of Dynkin type,the set of all commutator relations between the isoclasses of indecomposable representations forms a minimal Grobner-Shirshov basis and the set of the corresponding irreducible elements forms a PBW-type basis of the Ringel-Hall algebra.We aim to generalize this result to the reduced Drinfeld double Hall algebra of type A_(n).First,we compute a minimal Grobner-Shirshov basis for the reduced Drinfeld double Hall algebra of type An by proving that all possible compositions between the commutator relations are trivial.Then,by taking the corresponding irreducible monomials,we construct a PBW-type basis for the reduced Drinfeld double Hall algebra of type A_(n).

Grobner-Shirshov Basis of Derived Hall Algebra of Type An

We know that in Ringel-Hall algebra of Dynkin type,the set of all skew commutator relations between the iso-classes of indecomposable modules forms a minimal Grobner-Shirshov basis,and the corresponding irreducible elements forms a PBW type basis of the Ringel-Hall algebra.We aim to generalize this result to the derived Hall algebra DH(An)of type An.First,we compute all skew commutator relations between the iso-classes of indecomposable objects in the bounded derived category D^b(An)using the Auslander-Reiten quiver of D^b(An),and then we prove that all possible compositions between these skew commutator relations are trivial.As an application,we give a PBW type basis of DH(An).

Nucleon internal structure: a new set of quark, gluon momentum, angular momentum operators and parton distribution functions

It is unavoidable to deal with the quark and gluon momentum and angular momentum contributions to the nucleon momentum and spin in the study of nucleon internal structure. However we never have the quark and gluon momentum, orbital angular momentum and gluon spin operators which satisfy both the gauge invariance and the canonical momentum and angular momentum commutation relation. The conflicts between the gauge invariance and canonical quantization requirement of these operators are discussed. A new set of quark and gluon momentum, orbital angular momentum and spin operators, which satisfy both the gauge invariance and canonical momentum and angular momentum commutation relation, are proposed. The key point to achieve such a proper decomposition is to separate the gauge field into the pure gauge and the gauge covariant parts. The same conflicts also exist in QED and quantum mechanics and have been solved in the same manner. The impacts of this new decomposition to the nucleon internal structure are discussed.

Finite Groups with Four Relative Commutativity Degrees

It is shown that a finite group G has four relative commutativity degrees if and only if G/Z（G） is a p-group of order p3 and G has no abelian maximal subgroups, or G/Z（G） is a Frobenius group with Frobenius kernel and complement isomorphic to Zp × Zp and Zq, respectively, and the Sylow p-subgroup of G is abelian, where p and q are distinct primes.