International study of the Complex Stress Reaction Syndrome:Implications for transdiagnostic clinical practice

BACKGROUND The debate regarding diagnostic classification systems in psychiatry(categorial vs dimensional systems)has essential implications for the diagnosis,prevention and treatment of stress reactions.We previously found a unique pattern of stress reaction in a study executed during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic using large representative samples in two countries,and termed it the Complex Stress Reaction Syndrome(CSRS).AIM To investigate CSRS,Type A(psychiatric symptoms,spanning anxiety,depression,stress symptoms,and posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)),with or without long-coronavirus disease(COVID)residuals(CSRS,Type B,neuropsychiatric symptoms spanning cognitive deficits and fatigue,excluding systemic symptoms).Our two-tailed hypothesis was that CSRS is a condition related to an unrecognized type of stress reaction in daily life in the general population(Type A)or that it is related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and its long-COVID residuals(Type B).METHODS 977 individuals in four continents(North America,Europe,Australia and the Middle East)completed the online study questionnaire in six languages using the Qualtrics platform.The study was managed by six teams in six countries that promoted the study on social media.The questionnaire assessed anxiety,depression,stress symptoms and PTSD(CSRS,Type A),cognitive deficits and fatigue(CSRS,Type B).The data were analyzed using Proportion Analyses,Multivariate Analysis of Co-Variance(MANCOVA),linear regression analyses and validated clinical cutoff points.RESULTS The results of the Proportion Analyses showed that the prevalence of 4 symptoms spanning anxiety,depression,stress symptoms,and PTSD was significantly higher than the most prevalent combinations of fewer symptoms across 4 continents,age groups,and gender.This supports the transdiagnostic argument embedded in the CSRS(Type A).The same pattern of results was found in infected/recovered individuals.The prevalence of the 4 psychiatric symptoms combination was significantly greater than that of 5 and 6 symptoms,when adding cognitive deficits and fatigue,respectively.MANCOVA showed a significant three-way interaction(age×gender×continent).Further analyses showed that the sources of this three-way interaction were threefold relating to two sub-populations at-risk:(1)Individuals that self-identified as non-binary gender scored significantly higher on all 4 psychiatric symptoms of the CSRS,Type A at young age groups(<50 years old)in North America compared to(self-identified)women and men located in the 4 continents studied,and to other ages across the adult life span;and(2)This pattern of results(CSRS,Type A)was found also in women at young ages(<40 years old)in North America who scored higher compared to men and women in other continents and other ages.Linear regression analyses confirmed the MANCOVA results.CONCLUSION These results show a combined mental health risk factor related to stress reactivity,suggesting that the CSRS is sensitive to populations at risk and may be applied to future identification of other vulnerable sub-populations.It also supports the transdiagnostic approach for more accurate prevention and treatment.Time will tell if such transdiagnostic syndromes will be part of the discussions on the next revisions of the traditional classification systems or whether the crisis in psychiatry further evolves.

A novel profile modification HPF-Co gel satisfied with fractured low permeability reservoirs in high temperature and high salinity

Conformance control and water plugging are a widely used EOR method in mature oilfields.However,majority of conformance control and water plugging agents are unavoidable dehydrated situation in high-temperature and high-salinity low permeability reservoirs.Consequently,a novel conformance control system HPF-Co gel,based on high-temperature stabilizer(CoCl_(2)·H_(2)O,CCH)is developed.The HPF-Co bulk gel has better performances with high temperature(120℃)and high salinity(1×10^(5)mg/L).According to Sydansk coding system,the gel strength of HPF-Co with CCH is increased to code G.The dehydration rate of HPF-Co gel is 32.0%after aging for 150 d at 120℃,showing excellent thermal stability.The rheological properties of HPF gel and HPF-Co gel are also studied.The results show that the storage modulus(G′)of HPF-Co gel is always greater than that of HPF gel.The effect of CCH on the microstructure of the gel is studied.The results show that the HPF-Co gel with CCH has a denser gel network,and the diameter of the three-dimensional network skeleton is 1.5-3.5μm.After 90 d of aging,HPF-Co gel still has a good three-dimensional structure.Infrared spectroscopy results show that CCH forms coordination bonds with N and O atoms in the gel amide group,which can suppress the vibration of cross-linked sites and improve the stability at high temperature.Fractured core plugging test determines the optimized polymer gel injection strategy and injection velocity with HPF-Co bulk gel system,plugging rate exceeding 98%.Moreover,the results of subsequent waterflooding recovery can be improved by 17%.

SYTHESE AND REACTIONS OF HETEROBINUCLEAR COMPLEXES [PhCl_2SnM(Cl)(CO)_3(CH_3CN)_2] (M = Mo, W)

Abstract The complexes [M（CO）;（CH;CN）;]（M=Mo, W）react with an equimolar quantity ofPhSnCl;in dichloromethane at room tempreture to afford new heterobinuclearcomplexes [PhCl;SnM（Cl）(CO);（CH;CN）;] [M=Mo（1）; W（2）]. The complexes reactwith two equivalents of PR;R’（R=Ph, R’=Ph, Me; R=Cy, R’=H） to yield stablecomplexes [PhCl;SnM（Cl）(CO);（PR;R’）;]. Reaction of[PhCl;SnM（Cl）(CO);（CH;CN）;]with one equivalent of PPh;（CH;）nPPh;（n=I,2） or bulky phosphine ligands PBu;Clin dichloromethane at room tempreture to give [PhCl;SnMo（Cl）(CO);{PPh;（CH;）n-PPh;}] .CH;Cl;, [PhCl;SnMo（Cl）(CO);PBu;Cl]. CH;Cl;, respectively. The complexes1 and 2 react with phosphite donor ligands P（OMe）;to give [PhCl;SnM（Cl）(CO);-{P（OMe）;};]. All complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IRand;HNMR spectroscopies. Here we report the preliminary results of this work.

COMPLEX REACTIONS OF ETHYL-GLUCOSIDES SYNTHESIS OVER ION EXCHANGE RESIN

The glycosidation reactions of D-glucose with ethanol have been carried out over a reusable and separable heterogeneous catalyst, namely, ion exchange resin. Detailed kinetic data for these reactions are reported. A complex reaction model has been developed for interpreting the data. The reactions were found to be global second-order reactions and first -order with respect to each component. Meanwhile, a new regression method is applied to determine the rate constant from time-dependent profiles.

STUDIES ON THE CHROMOPHORIC REACTIONS OF MIXED POLYNUCLEAR COMPLEXES OF RARE EARTH-ARSENAZO Ⅲ-COPPERO-PHENANTHROLINE

In an acidic solution the mixed polynuclear complexes could be formed by association of rareearth-arsenazo Ⅲ complexing anions with copper o-phenanthrolinate cations.In this paper the formationconditions of lanthanum-arsenazo Ⅲ-copper-o-phenanthroline complex and its related reaction mechanismhave been studied in detail.The complex exhibits an absorption maximum at 663 nm and its apparent molarabsorptivity is found to be 1.22×105L·mol-1·cm-1.The molar ratio of the components in the complex isestimated to be La:arsenazo Ⅲ:Cu:Phen=1:1:1:3.Its possible molecular formula can expressed as[Cu（Phen）3]（La-arsenazo Ⅲ）.The reaction is used to determine micro amounts of lanthanum（or rareearths）in copper containning synthetic samples and satisfactory results are obtained.

THE STUDY OF THE REACTION OF THE QUASI-AROMATIC COMPLEX [Ni(PnAO)-6H]^(?)WITH FORMALDEHYDE: KINETICS AND MECHANISM

The kinetics of the reaction of [Ni(PnAO)—6H]° with formaldehyde was studied in H_2O—CH_3OH solution under neutral condition and a complicated mechanism with three steps including competitive, consecutive and reverse reactions was proposed.

Preparation of Platinum(II) Complexes with 1-β-D-Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide and its Deoxy-analogue

The platinum (II) complexes of the [Pt (N4,N7-Ribavirin) (DMSO) Cl], [Pt (N4,N7-De-oxyribavirin) (DMSO) Cl] were obtained by the reactions of cis-[Pt (DMSO)2 Cl2] and K[Pt (DMSO) Cl3] with 1-??-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (Ribavirin) and its deoxy-analogue (deoxyribavirin). The preparation of 1-(2'-deoxy-?-D-ribofuranosyl) -1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide was also performed through a four-step procedure, protection of 3', 5'-dihydroxyl group of Ribavirin with 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane (TPDS-Cl), phenoxythio-carbonylation of the 2'-hydroxyl group of 3', 5'-O-TPDS-Ribavirin with phenoxythiocarbonyl-chloride (PTC-Cl), reduction of 2′-O-phenoxythiocarbonyl ester of 3', 5'-O-TPDS-Ribavirin with tri-n-butyltin hydride and AIBN, deprotection of 3', 5'-O-TPDS-Ribavirin with tetrabutylammon-ium fluoride in THF.

Optimization of selective copper extraction from chalcopyrite concentrate in presence of ammonium persulfate and ammonium hydroxide

The dissolution of copper and iron from chalcopyrite concentrate in the presence of ammonium persulfate(APS)and ammonium hydroxide was investigated under atmospheric leaching conditions.Experiments were designed by central composite design(CCD).Under the optimum leaching conditions((NH4)2S2O8 concentration=328 g/L;NH4OH addition=16vol%;leaching temperature=321 K(48℃);leaching time=120 min;liquid-to-solid ratio=16;stirring speed=400 r/min),selective leaching was achieved.98.14%of the copper was leached,whereas iron did not pass into the solution.X-ray diffraction analysis of the leaching residue showed that iron compounds were predominant.Given the leaching results,the fact that the leaching process does not include uneconomical leaching stages such as extended milling/mechanical activation or high pressures/temperatures,and the low copper dissolution conditions,the attained selective leaching yield may be remarkable.

Syntheses,Structures and Photoluminescent Properties of Cd(Ⅱ)Polymeric Complexes Based on 5-Aminoisophthalic Acid and Bipyridine Co-ligands

Two novel complexes, namely {[Cd（AIP）（4,4＇-bpy）]·1.3DMF}n（1） and [Cd（AIP）（2,2＇- bpy）]n（2）, have been synthesized through solvothermal reaction（H2AIP = 5-aminoisophthalic acid, 2,2＇-bpy = 2,2＇-bipyridine, 4,4＇-bpy = 4,4＇-bipyridine, and DMF = N,N＇-dimethylformamide） and structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 shows a three-dimensional（3D） layer-pillar framework with rectangular channels, while complex 2 displays a two-dimensional（2D） wave net architecture. Furthermore, 1 and 2 were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra（IR）, thermal gravimetric analyses（TGA） and fluorescence measurements. The luminescent properties of 1 dispersed in various organic solvents have been investigated systematically, demonstrating high selectivity for acetone via the fluorescence quenching effect.

Monodentate phosphorus-coordinated palladium(Ⅱ)complexes as new catalyst for Mizoroki-Heck reaction of aryl halides with electron-deficient olefins

Four novel palladium（（Ⅱ）） complexes coordinated by phosphorus atoms from both 3,5-disubstituted-1H- 1,2,4-diazaphospholes in monodentate fashion were developed as efficient catalyst for the Mizoroki- Heck reaction of aryl halides with electron-deficient olefins. The coupling reaction of awl halide bearig different functional groups with olefin derivatives took place and the corresponding products were isolated in good to excellent yields under optimal conditions. The procedure exhibits good functional group tolerance and wide substrate scope. This Mizoroki-Heck reaction was further achieved using Pd（OAc）2 and 3,5-di-isopropyl-1H-1,2,4-diazaphospholes as combined catalyst, which provide the convenient and alternative method in organic synthesis

Study on the cocolouration effect in the β-complex formation reactions of rare earths with p-chloro-chlorophosphonazo (CPApC)

Terbium- and yttrium-group rare earths form β-complexes with CPApC in acidic medium. The sensitivities for determination of these rare earths by this reaction depend on their ionic radii. Cerium- or terbium-group rare earth in the presence of yttrium-group element produces the cocolouration effect which remarkably sensitizes the reaction. Yb-CPApC-Eu complex has a molar composition of 1:4:2 and gives a molar absorptivity of 2. 02 ×10~5 L·mol^(-1)·cm^(-1) at 746 nm for Eu. It is found that the closer the lengths of ionic radii of the rare earths are, the greater will be the cocolouration effect.

Nitrosyl Complexes 6.Reactions of Na[Fe(CO)_3NO]with Cp~*M(CO)_3Cl(Cp~*=η~5-CH_3C_5H_4,M=Mo or W):Crystal structures of Cp~*M(CO)_2NO and Cp~*M(μ_3-NH)(μ_2-NO)(μ_2-CO)Fe_2(CO)_6

Sodium nitrosylcarbonyliron reacts with methylcyclopentadienylcarbonylmetal（Mo orW）chloride in CHOH/THF at room temperature to give CpMo（CO）NO（1a）(Cp=η-CHCH)or CpW（CO）NO（1b）,[CpMo（CO）]（2a）or[CpW（CO）]（2b）,and CpMo（μ3-NH）(μ2-NO)-（μ2-CO）Fe（CO）（3a）or CpW（μ3-NH）(μ2-NO)（μ2-CO）Fe（CO）（3b）,respectively.Complexes1a,1b,3a and 3b were analyzed by IR,NMR,MS and elemental analyses,and the crystalstructures of 1b,3a and 3b were determined by X-ray diffraction method.The new clusters 3aand 3b have μ3-NH ligands which were formed by redaction of NO in the synthetic reactions.

Linear free energy relationships between reaction rate constants and equilibrium constants of complex compounds——III. Kinetics and mechanisms of ternary complex formation between (5-X-1, 10-phenanthroline)copper(II) and threonine

The kinetics of ternary complex formation involving Cu(5-X-1, 10-phen) and threonine (CuAL, A=5-X-1, 10-phen; L=threonine or represented by O-N; X=NO_2, Cl, H, CH_3) has been studied by temperature-jump and stopped-flow methods. The formation rate constants, k_f(M^(-1).s^(-1)), for the complexation reaction, CuA + LCuAL, are as follows; X=NO_2, 8.68×10~8; X=Cl, 7.13×10~8; X=H, 6.12×10~8; X=CH_3, 5.42×10~8. The rate constants for zwitterion attack are nil within experimental error. It has been found that a linear free energy relationship exists between the stability(logK_(CuAL)^(CuA) of the complexes CuAL and log kf as follows: IogK_(CuAL)^(CuA)=0.13 + 0.83 logk_f, r=0.99. It suggested that the formation rate governed the stability of the ternary complexes. The rates of formation of the ternary complexes increased with decreasing electron-donating property of the substituents. A linear relationship was found to exist as expressed by the following equation: log(k_f^R/k_F^O) = 0.097σ, r=0.96. A mechanism involves a rapid equilibrium between CuA and L followed by a slow ring closure of L.

Planarization mechanism of alkaline copper CMP slurry based on chemical mechanical kinetics

The planarization mechanism of alkaline copper slurry is studied in the chemical mechanical polishing （CMP） process from the perspective of chemical mechanical kinetics.Different from the international dominant acidic copper slurry,the copper slurry used in this research adopted the way of alkaline technology based on complexation. According to the passivation property of copper in alkaline conditions,the protection of copper film at the concave position on a copper pattern wafer surface can be achieved without the corrosion inhibitors such as benzotriazole（BTA）,by which the problems caused by BTA can be avoided.Through the experiments and theories research,the chemical mechanical kinetics theory of copper removal in alkaline CMP conditions was proposed. Based on the chemical mechanical kinetics theory,the planarization mechanism of alkaline copper slurry was established. In alkaline CMP conditions,the complexation reaction between chelating agent and copper ions needs to break through the reaction barrier.The kinetic energy at the concave position should be lower than the complexation reaction barrier,which is the key to achieve planarization.

Affinity Solvents for Intensified Organics Extraction: Development Challenges and Prospects

In most organics extraction processes, the commonly used solvents employ solely physical interactions. Therefore, for the recovery and purification of products from complex mixtures, the selectivity and/or capacity of classical solvents towards the desired solutes is usually insufficient, enforcing the need for complex and thus expensive separation schemes. Significant simplification and cost-reduction can be achieved when affinity solvents would be available that are able to recognize the solutes of interest by their molecular structure. The main development challenges to establish such affinity solvents are： Selection and incorporation of molecular recognition and complexation capabilities; Evaluation of extraction capabilities; Efficient re- covery and recycling of the affinity solvents; Implementation in industrial extraction equipment. This paper presents how these development challenges are addressed at the University of Twente, going all the way from affinity solvent design and synthesis, via high throughput screening and characterization up to pilot plant evaluation. Essential in the successful development of affinity solvents are structural cooperations with molecular chemists and custom synthesis companies for their design and synthesis. The various aspects are illustrated by several examples where newly developed environmentally benign affinity solvents appeared able to create major breakthroughs. The applications addressed involve oxygenates, sugars, and pharmaceutical ingredients, such as optical isomers and biomolecules.

Microcalorimetric Investigation on the Kinetics of the Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid with Hydrogen Peroxide

Based on the thermokinetic theory, a novel thermokinetic research methodself-function regression method, which could be used to determine the kinetic parameters k1, k2 and k-1 of the complex reaction: B+ , ,was proposed in this paper. The kinetics of the reaction of ascorbic acid (H2A) with hydrogen peroxide was investigated at pH=57 and T=298.15 K, and the kinetic parameters k1, k 2 and k-1 were obtained with this method. The kinetics of the reaction was investigated in detail. The kinetic parameters of the oxidation of ascorbic monoanion (HA-) and ascorbic dianion (A2-) with hydrogen peroxide were 3.33×10-3 s-1and 25.48 s-1 at 298.15 K, respectively. The molar enthalpy change for the reaction was -554.64 kJ·mol-1 in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7 and at 298.15 K.