Economic complexity and environmental sustainability in eastern European economies:Evidence from novel Fourier approach

Globally,economies have become complex and new technologies have transformed and facilitated the modernization of economies.In the previous literature,economic complexity approach has become one of the popular tools in the development and innovation studies of economic geography.Researchers have found that green technology and eco-innovation approaches should be used to decisively reduce the effects of carbon emissions on the environment.However,debates about the impact of economic complexity on environment remain unsettled since some emerging production technologies have far-reaching pollution effects.This study explored the impacts of economic complexity on environmental sustainability in Turkey using the novel Fourier-based approaches,namely:Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller(FADF)and Fourier Autoregressive-Distributed Lag(FARDL)models.The Fourier-based approaches indicated that all variables(economic complexity index(ECI),GDP,energy consumption,and CO_(2)emission(CO_(2)E))are cointegrated in the long run.Additionally,the FARDL model implied that(i)in the long run,the effect of ECI(as a proxy for economic complexity),GDP(as a proxy for economic growth),and energy consumption on CO_(2)E(as a proxy for environmental quality)are important;(ii)economic complexity decreases environmental degradation in Turkey;and(iii)economic growth and energy consumption negatively affect environmental quality.The results also showed that economic complexity could be used as a policy tool to tackle environmental degradation.The findings also revealed that the fossil fuelbased economy will continue to expand and undermine Turkey’s efforts to meet its net zero emission target by 2053.Therefore,policy-makers should take actions and establish diversified economic,environmental,and energy strategies.For policy insights,the Turkish governments can use the combination of tax exemptions and technical support systems to support knowledge creation and the diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies The governments can also impose strict environmental regulations on the knowledge development phases.

Validity assessment and determination of the cutoff value for the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need among 12-13 year-olds in Southern Chinese

To validate the use of the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need （ICON） in assessing orthodontic treatment need among 12-13 year-olds in southern China, we determined the threshold value of ICON based on Chinese orthodontists＇ judgments. The samples consisted of 335 students in grade 7 from 16 randomly selected middle schools in Chengdu, China. Three associate professors provided ICON scores for each participant and the results were compared with the gold standard judgments from 25 experts on treatment needs. Based on the gold standard, 195 casts belonged to the treatment category, while the rest 140 belonged to the no-treatment category. With the international cutoff point of 43, the sensitivity and specificity of the iCON score were 0.29 and 0.98. The best compromise between sensitivity and specificity in Chengdu, compared with the gold standard, was found at a cutoff point of 29, and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.88 and 0.83. When used to evaluate the treatment need of 12-13 year-olds in southern China, the international ICON cutoff value did not correspond well with Chinese orthodontists＇ judgments; a lower cutoff value of 29 offered a ~reater sensitivitv and soecificitv with respect to exoert orthodontists＇ oerceotion of treatment need.

Temperature-induced effect on refractive index of graphene based on coated in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer

The temperature-induced complex refractive index（CRI） effect of graphene is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally based on a graphene coated in-fiber MZI（Mach-Zehnder interferometer）. The relationships between real and imaginary parts of the graphene CRI and temperature are obtained through investigating the dip wavelength and intensity of the MZI interference spectrum changing with temperature, respectively. The temperature effect of CRI of the graphene is also analyzed theoretically. Both experimental and theoretical studies show that the real part and imaginary part of the CRI nonlinearly decrease and increase with temperature increasing, respectively. This graphene-coated in-fiber MZI structure also possesses the advantages of easy fabrication, miniaturization, low cost and robustness. It has potential applications in nanomaterial-based optic devices for communication and sensing.

Research on Complex Refraction Indices of Expanded Graphite

The expanded graphite (EG) with a low density and better extinction performance can be used in military as passive jamming material in IR and MMW bands. Its complex refractive index is a significant parameter for the extinction property. This paper presents a method to calculate the complex refractive index of EG. The reflection spectra of EG pellets were measured in the 0.24-2.6μm and 2.5-25μm bands, respectively. Based on the measurement results, the complex refractive index of EG in 5-10μm band was calculated by using Kramers-Kronig(K-K) relation and Bruggeman effective medium theory, and then the errors were analyzed. The results indicate that it is feasible to calculate the complex refractive index of EG based on its IR reflection spectra data.

Energy-Momentum Density of Non-Diagonal Bianchi Type Space-Time in General Relativity and Teleparallel Gravity

We calculated the energy-momentum density of non-diagonal Bianchi type space-time in two different theories of gravity, General relativity (GR) and the theory of Teleparallel gravity (TG). Firstly, by applying Einstein, Landau-Lifshitz, Bergmann-Thomson and Møller prescriptions, using double index complexes in GR. Secondly, in the frame work of TG, we used the energy momentum complexes of Einstein, Bergmann-Thomson and Landau-Lifshitz. We also study the spacial cases of non-diagonal Bianchi type space-time BII, BVIII and BIX. We obtained the same energy-momentum density components for Einstein and Bergmann-Thomson prescriptions for the above four mentioned space-times that we considered in our work. Also, we found that the energy density component in Møller prescription is zero for all Bianchi types space-times in GR. Furthermore, we show that if the metric components are functions of time t alone, then the total gravitational energy is identically zero.

On the possibility of identifying human subjects using behavioural complexity analyses

Identification of human subjects using a geometric approach to complexity analysis of behavioural data is designed to provide a basis for a more precise diagnosis leading towards personalised medicine. Methods： The approach is based on capturing behavioural time-series that can be characterized by a fractional dimension using non-invasive longer-time acquisitions of heart rate, perfusion, blood oxygenation, skin temperature, relative movement and steps frequency. The geometry based approach consists in the analysis of the area and centroid of convex hulls encapsulating the behavioural data represented in Euclidian index spaces based on the scaring properties of the self-similar normally distributed behavioural time-series of the above mentioned quantities. Results： An example demonstrating the presented approach of behavioural fingerprinting is provided using sensory data of eight healthy human subjects based on approximately fifteen hours of data acquisition. Our results show that healthy subjects can be factorized to different similarity groups based on a particular choice of a convex hull in the corresponding Euclidian space. One of the results indicates that healthy subjects share only a small part of the convex hull pertaining to a highly trained individual from the geometric comparison point of view. Similarly, the presented pair-wise individual geometric similarity measure indicates large differences among the subjects suggesting the possibility of neuro-fingerprinting. Conclusions： Recently introduced multi-channel body-attached sensors provide a possibility to acquire behavioural time-series that can be mathematically analysed to obtain various objective measures of behavioural patterns yielding behavioural diagnoses favouring personalised treatments of, e.g., neuropathologies or aging.

Optical properties of GaAs

We have investigated the optical properties of gallium arsenide(GaAs) in the photon energy range 0.6- 6.0 eV.We obtained a refractive index which has a maximum value of 5.0 at a photon energy of 3.1 eV;an extinction coefficient which has a maximum value of 4.2 at a photon energy of 5.0 eV;the dielectric constant,the real part of the complex dielectric constant has a maximum value of 24 at a photon energy of 2.8 eV and the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant has a maximum value of 26.0 at a photon energy of 4.8 eV;the transmittance which has a maximum value of 0.22 at a photon energy of 4.0 eV;the absorption coefficient which has a maximum value of 0.22×10~8 m^(-1) at a photon energy of 4.8 eV,the reflectance which has a maximum value of 0.68 at 5.2eV; the reflection coefficient which has a maximum value of 0.82 at a photon energy of 5.2 eV;the real part of optical conductivity has a maximum value of 14.2×10^(15) at 4.8 eV and the imaginary part of the optical conductivity has a maximum value of 6.8×10^(15) at 5.0 eV.The values obtained for the optical properties of GaAs are in good agreement with other results.