Strategies for improving crop comprehensive benefits via a decision-making system based on machine learning in the rice‒rape,rice‒wheat and rice‒garlic rotation systems in Southwest China

Rice‒rape,rice‒wheat and rice‒garlic rotations are common cropping systems in Southwest China,and they have played a significant role in ensuring ecological and economic benefits(EB)and addressing the challenges of China’s food security in the region.However,the crop yields in these rotation systems are 1.25‒14.73%lower in this region than the national averages.Intelligent decision-making with machine learning can analyze the key factors for obtaining better benefits,but it has rarely been used to enhance the probability of obtaining such benefits from rotations in Southwest China.Thus,we used a data-intensive approach to construct an intelligent decision‒making system with machine learning to provide strategies for improving the benefits of rice-rape,rice-wheat,and rice-garlic rotations in Southwest China.The results show that raising the yield and partial fertilizer productivity(PFP)by increasing seed input under high fertilizer application provided the optimal benefits with a 10%probability in the rice-garlic system.Obtaining high yields and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions by increasing the N application and reducing the K application provided suboptimal benefits with an 8%probability in the rice-rape system.Reducing N and P to enhance PFP and yield provided optimal benefits with the lowest probability(8%)in the rice‒wheat system.Based on the predictive analysis of a random forest model,the optimal benefits were obtained with fertilization regimes by reducing N by 25%and increasing P and K by 8 and 74%,respectively,in the rice-garlic system,reducing N and K by 54 and by 36%,respectively,and increasing P by 38%in rice-rape system,and reducing N by 4%and increasing P and K by 65 and 23%in rice-wheat system.These strategies could be further optimized by 17‒34%for different benefits,and all of these measures can improve the effectiveness of the crop rotation systems to varying degrees.Overall,these findings provide insights into optimal agricultural inputs for higher benefits through an intelligent decision-making system with machine learning analysis in the rice-rape,rice‒wheat,and rice-garlic systems.

Socio-scientific quantification of the comprehensive benefits of debris flow mitigation measures for villages in western Sichuan, China

Debris flow hazards seriously threaten thesafety and sustainable development of mountainousareas. Numerous debris flow mitigation measures havebeen implemented worldwide;however, acomprehensive assessment of the specific disasterreduction effects of these measures and their economic,social and ecological benefits is yet to be performed.The western region of Sichuan Province frequentlysuffers from geohazards such as debris flow, and thegovernment has adopted many mitigation measures.This study assessed the benefits of debris flowmitigation measures and identified the key influencingfactors via a field-based study conducted in 81 villagesin western Sichuan province, China. A framework forthe evaluation of the benefits of rural debris flowmitigation measures was constructed andquantitatively evaluated using a survey. Snowballsampling was performed to recruit 81 village leadersand 468 farmers. The results showed that managementand engineering measures were the main methodsused to mitigate debris flow;ecological measures wereauxiliary. The average satisfaction scores of farmers forthese three types of measures were 4.07, 3.90, and 3.56,respectively (as measured on a five-point Likert scale).In contrast, in terms of the benefits of these mitigationmeasures, only a small proportion of villages (11.11%)obtained a high level of comprehensive benefits fromthe debris flow mitigation measures, while the majority(88.89%) received medium to low-level benefits. Toimprove this situation, we further studied and foundthat the main factors that restricted villages fromachieving high-level comprehensive benefits were theunpredictable nature of debris flows, labour forceoutflow and remoteness. Effective control measures, agood economic environment and strong governmentassistance were reported as crucial factors forimproving these comprehensive benefits. This studyprovides socio-scientific references for decisionmakingon rural debris flow mitigation measures while keeping villages at the centre of economic development.

Analysis of Comprehensive Benefits of Transforming Slope Farmland to Terraces on the Loess Plateau:A Case Study of the Yangou Watershed in Northern Shaanxi Province,China

De-farming slope farmland has been an effective measure in recent years to improve environment and prevent soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau.There are different views about the defarming method,and also various de-farming patterns have been put into practice.This paper takes the Yangou Watershed in Shaanxi Province of China as a case for studying the comprehensive benefits of transforming slope farmland to terraces.Based on the day-by-day meteorological data of the Yan'an station in 2005 and the data of terrain features,soil and land use data of the Yangou Watershed,the impact of transforming slope farmland on terraces were simulated and analyzed in aspects of yield increase and water-soil conservation under different topographic conditions with the aid of software WIN-YIELD.Furthermore,an empirical analysis was applied to study the effects of transforming slope farmland to terraces in the Yangou Watershed.The results show that:(1) The bigger the topographic gradient is,the more remarkable benefits it has in yield increase and water-soil conservation.(2) Farmland with slope below 5° could be retained,but farmland with slope above 15° should be converted to forest or grassland as soon as possible.(3) Transforming slope farmland to terraces has the same remarkable effects as the current policy of "Relieving and de-farming" in improving agricultural production conditions,safeguarding food security,raising permanent vegetation coverage rate,and preventing soil and water loss.Besides,it is more cost-effective than the policy of "Relieving and de-farming".It's strongly suggested that the policy of transforming slope farmland to terraces be carried out on the Loess Plateau without delay.

The Comprehensive Benefits about Under-forest Economy in Shijiazhuang City

Based on the relevant domestic and foreign theories,we establish the evaluation indicator system for the comprehensive benefits about under-forest economy. Using the data from 2010 to 2014,we employ AHP to measure the comprehensive benefits of under-forest economy,and convert the comprehensive benefits into the data that can be used for analysis and comparison. It is found that the comprehensive benefit index of under-forest economy in Shijiazhuang City continued to increase from 2010 to 2014(0.223,0.515,0.523,0.698 and 0.956,respectively). This further indicates that the under-forest economy in Shijiazhuang City shows a good trend towards the goal of high quality and efficiency,so it is a correct model of development. Based on the results and the problems during the research process,some policy recommendations are brought forward for the development of under-forest economy.

Comprehensive benefits assessment of the ecological management model in Hobq Desert of China

The Hobq Desert is the seventh largest desert in China. Since 1988, the effects of ecological management in Hobq Desert have been obvious and a typical desertification control model developed gradually, which is well known as the ＂Hobq model＂. It is important to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of the ＂Hobq model＂, but this has not been addressed in previous studies. Thus, we established an index system to comprehensively evaluate the benefits of the ＂Hobq model＂, using an analytic hierarchy process method from 1988 to 2013. The results show the following： ecological benefits of the ＂Hobq model＂ had a positive trend, but with fluctuations during 2008 and 2009; economic benefits increased by 74% and the maximum value occurred in 2013; and social benefits increased steadily, but with fluctuations in 2010 and 2011. The social benefits were higher than ecological and economic benefits in the same period. Trends in overall benefits of the ＂Hobq model＂ were similar to changes in ecological benefits, which increased each year.

Analysis on Comprehensive Benefits of a Company Planting Banana on Rented Lands

A comprehensive evaluation is made in this article On the ec-benefit, social benefit, and economic benefit form banana planting of a company in three planting bases in Xinping County. Before the banana is planted, the land is classified into Sloppy land, woodland and amble land We earefidly study the three types of land, analyze the various effects and benefits made by banana planting on these types of land, and make a eomprehensive, comment.

Comprehensive Benefit Evaluation of SZ Distributed Photovoltaic Power Generation Project Based on AHP-Matter-Element Extension Model

With the introduction of the“dual carbon goals,”there has been a robust development of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects in the promotion of their construction.As part of this initiative,a comprehensive and systematic analysis has been conducted to study the overall benefits of photovoltaic power generation projects.The evaluation process encompasses economic,technical,environmental,and social aspects,providing corresponding analysis methods and data references.Furthermore,targeted countermeasures and suggestions are proposed,signifying the research’s importance for the construction and development of subsequent distributed photovoltaic power generation projects.

Research Review of Post-Evaluation for Comprehensive Benefits of Forestry Ecological Programs

The paper summarized the meaning of post-evaluation for comprehensive benefits of forestry ecological programs, discussed and reviewed its development process in terms of content, indicators and methodologies, and finally presented its development trend from the perspectives of theoretical research, methodological research and application research.

Ecosystem Health and Comprehensive Ecological Benefit Assessment of an Artificial Wetland in Western Jilin Province

[Objective] This research aimed to assess the state of ecosystem health and comprehensive ecological benefit of an artificial wetland in western Jilin Province. [Method] To investigate the effects of reclaimed water from Yingtai Oil Production Plant on the wetland ecosystem, a comprehensive ecological assessment index of an artificial wetland in the west of Jilin Province was established to measure the ecological economic and social benefits. The quantitative evaluation on the ecosystem health and comprehensive ecological benefit of the artificial wetland were carried out from 2003 to 2010 and were measured by means of the square difference method. [Result] After eight years of irrigation by reclaimed water, the levels of ecosystem health and benefit of the artificial wetland improved from Grade IV to Grade II, and the ecological environment, economic and social development of the wetland tended to improve. [Conclusion] The results indicated that the use of reclaimed water for irrigation of wetland ecosystems was a suitable way to control drought in arid and semi-arid regions.

Promoting energy efficiency reconstruction for existing buildings based on comprehensive benefit evaluation

The purpose of the comprehensive benefit evaluation of the existing building energy saving renovation project is to promote the healthy development of the energy saving reconstruction. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect the value and function of incentive and restraint. The concrete embodiment is that: improving energy saving standard renovation of existing buildings, promoting the construction of energy efficiency labeling system, and strengthening the construction of government supervision system by the comprehensive benefit evaluation.

An Approach to Calculate the Capacity of Pump-Hydro Combined Energy Storage with Wind Power Integration

In this paper, an approach is presented to calculate the reserve capacity of Pump- Hydro Combined Energy Storage (PHCES) integrated with wind generation. The proposed approach utilizes Monte Carlo methods to obtain all the reasonable capacity of PHCES based on the power system reliability requirement. The pumping and hydro period of PHCES will be taken into consideration to estimate the reliability of wind power generation with PHCES. Finally this approach is applied in a RBTS system to calculate the minimum capacity of PHCES.

Study of evaluation method for the overseas oil and gas investment based on risk compensation

The overseas oil and gas investment evaluation is one of the core tasks in overseas investment of oil and gas companies,among which risk evaluation and benefit evaluation are the most important.This paper sets forth transmission paths of risk factors to the investment benefit by identifying 14 overseas oil and gas investment risks in four categories.On the basis of the concept of risk compensation,different compensation mechanisms specific to each risk are designed.The risk and benefit are integrated objectively to develop a comprehensive evaluation model by correcting the recoverable reserve,adjusting benefit evaluation parameters such as investments on exploration and development,and compensating for the changes in risk factors with time through dynamic discount rate.Moreover,two cases studies,namely the evaluations of Project A in Sudan and comparison among Blocks A–G,are used to describe usage method and applicable scope of such evaluation model,respectively.According to the results,oil price is a key influencing factor for enterprise internal risk and industrial risk.Risk compensation reduces comprehensive benefit of overseas oil and gas investment and undermines the investment feasibility and priority of blocks.The research findings of this paper are free from the effects of some subject factors and avoid multi-objective decision making,and also avoid the undesired repeated calculation of risk factors.

The significance of resource recycling for coking wastewater treatment:based on environmental and economic life cycle assessment

The sustainability of the coking industry is supported by reasonable production profit and environmental quality requirements.The traditional measures substantially increased the related costs for enterprises to reach standards.This paper aims to develop a comprehensive cost combined environmental impact assessment method that is necessary for the analysis of wastewater treatment systems.Typical three coking wastewater treatment processes in China were evaluated.Results showed that eutrophication dominantly contributed to the overall environmental effect.Improving effluent quality could significantly reduce the total environmental impact.In terms of an economic perspective,the price of raw materials was the main factor that affected the operating cost of comprehensive treatment.Based on subsystem analysis,the pretreatment stage accounted for the majority of environmental and cost burdens,respectively reaching 64%-78%and 64%-86%.Optimizing the pretreatment process by enhancing the efficiency of high concentration raw material recovery and substituting toxic raw materials for extractant could reduce the environmental impact and economic cost by 43.8%and 57%,respectively,which was an effective way to improve the potential performance of coking wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).

Technical alternatives for coke oven gas utilization in China: A comparative analysis of environment-economic-strategic perspectives

China is the largest coke producer and consumer.There is a pressing need to address the high emissions of air pollutants and carbon dioxide associated with traditional coking production.As the nation pursues a transition towards carbon neutrality,expanding supply chains for coking plants to produce hydrogen,methanol,and other green alternatives has garnered significant attention.However,the relative advantages of these strategies have remained uncertain.In this study,we integrate a life cycle assessmenteconomic analysis-scenario analysis model to evaluate various coke oven gas(COG)utilization routes(COGtM:COG-to-methanol,COGtLNG:COG-to-liquefied natural gas,COGtSA:COG-to-synthetic ammonia,and COGtH:COG-to-hydrogen).The results indicate that COGtSA emerges as the preferred option for balancing environmental and economic benefits.Meanwhile,COGtM demonstrates economic viability but is associated with higher environmental impacts.Despite being recognized as a significant strategic direction under carbon neutrality initiatives,COGtH faces economic feasibility and risk resilience limitations.COGtLNG encounters both financial and environmental challenges,necessitating strategic development from an energy security perspective.The projected coking capacity is anticipated to experience a slight increase in the mid-term yet a significant decline in the long term,influenced by steel production capacity.In potential future markets,COGtM is estimated to potentially capture a maximum market share of 16e34%in the methanol market.Furthermore,against the backdrop of continuously expanding potential demand for hydrogen,COGtH holds advantages as a transitional solution,but in the long run,it can only meet a small portion of the market.COGtSA can meet 7e14%of market demand and emerges as the most viable pathway from the viewpoint of balancing environmental and economic aspects and covering future markets.

Optimal Land Use Structure for Sustainable Agricultural Development——A Case Study in Changsha County,South Central China

Environmental and social problems caused by overfertilization,excessive pesticides,and encroachment on farmland are increasingly serious in agricultural settings,especially in suburban agricultural areas and highly intensive agricultural areas.Hence,modern agriculture not only pursues economic benefits,but it also pays more attention to ecological functions and social stability.This paper proposes a set of methods which are designed to realize optimal agricultural benefits and sustainable development by scientifically adjusting the land use structure.Taking Changsha County in South Central China as a case study,this paper first built an index system and adopted the information entropy-TOPSIS method to assess the economic,social,and ecological benefits of agricultural land use.Next,a coupled coordination model and an obstacle model were chosen to diagnose those factors that remained as obstacles to achieving the sustainable and coordinated development of the benefits of agricultural land use.Finally,based on the analysis of the changes in the benefits and obstacles over time,socio-economic and ecological constraints were established,and the multi-objective linear programming method(MOLP)was used to determine the comprehensive benefits and optimal land use structure.The results indicate that:(1)The agricultural benefits were stably increasing from 0.20 in 1996 to 0.79 in 2016.(2)The economic benefit index is no longer the main obstacle,while the social benefit index,which includes components such as the food security index,has become the principal influencing factor.(3)The optimal land use structure and comprehensive benefits were presented by taking into consideration the economic development,environmental protection,and social needs.This study emphasizes economic development,but it also seeks coordinated development with comprehensive benefits.The results of the study could provide scientific recommendations for optimizing the agricultural land use spatial patterns and sustainable land use.

Water and nitrogen input optimization for jujube trees under surge root irrigation based on weighted grey correlation model

In order to obtain the optimal input of water and nitrogen(W&N)suitable for the jujube trees in Northern Shaanxi,12 treatments had been set in the demonstration base of micro-irrigation jujube tree of Mizhi County in 2014-2015 through field experiment of jujube trees under surge root irrigation(SRI),in which three soil moisture levels(high moisture level W1:60%-85%θ,middle moisture level W2:50%-75%θ,low moisture level W3:40%-65%θ)and four nitrogen input levels(high nitrogen F75:0.75 kg/plant,middle nitrogen F50:0.50 kg/plant,low nitrogen F25:0.25 kg/plant,no nitrogen F0:0.00 kg/plant)were set.Through analyzing the effects of different W&N inputs on the yield,net income(NI)and W&N utilization efficiency(WUE and NUE)of jujube trees and establishing a weighted grey correlation model,the optimization of W&N input for jujube trees could be achieved under SRI.Results showed that different W&N inputs had significant influences on yield,NI,WUE and NUE.Along with the increase of soil moisture content,the yield and NUE increased,while WUE decreased gradually,and the NI had the tendency to increase first and then decrease.Along with the increase of nitrogen input,the yield,NI and WUE had the tendency to increase first and then decrease while the NUE decreased significantly,and the yield,NI,WUE and NUE could not reach the maximum at the same time.Through the study on the grey correlation model of jujube tree’s comprehensive benefit based on the yield,NI,WUE and NUE,results showed the comprehensive benefit of jujube trees was significantly different when W&N input was different,and the gray correlation degree of W2F25 treatment was the highest in two years,which means that the soil moisture content of 50%-75%θand nitrogen input of 0.25 kg/plant was the optimal W&N input for jujube trees under SRI in Northern Shaanxi area.