Effect of rare earths on phase transformation in as-cast ZA27 alloy dur-ing compressive creep

The effect of the mixed rare earths of Ce on the phase transformation in ascast ZA 27 alloy during compressive was investigated under 37 MPa and at 160 deg C by X-raydiffraction technique and SEM. The results showed that the as cast microstructure of ZA 27-RE alloyconsisted of a dendritic Al-rich alpha' surrounded by Zn-rich beta' phase, interdendritic epsilonphase and Zn-rich eta phase together with a complex Z phase which was a complex constitute compound,(RE,Cu)Al_5Zn_(16), dispersed in crystal interfaces or branch crystal interfaces and stable duringcompressive creep test at 160 deg C. The phase transformations of ZA 27-RE alloy, decomposition ofbeta' phase arid four transformation, were delayed by the addition of rare earths, also the lamellarstructure and the spheroidized structure in ZA 27-RE alloy were finer than in ZA 27 alloy duringcompressive creep test at 160 deg C at the same creep time, and the compressive creep resistance ofZA 27-RE alloy was higher than that of ZA 27 alloy.

Microstructures,mechanical properties and compressive creep behaviors of as-cast Mg-5%Sn-(0-1.0)%Pb alloys

The microstructures, tensile properties and compressive creep behaviors of Mg-5%Sn-（0-1.0）%Pb （mass fraction） alloys were studied. The microstructures of the Mg-Sn-Pb alloys consist of dendritic a-Mg and Mg2Sn phase. The addition of Pb can refine the size of Mg2Sn phase and grain size, reduce the amount of Mg2Sn phase at grain or inter-dendrite boundaries and change the distribution of Mg2Sn phase. Pb exists in the Mg2Sn phase or dissolves in a-Mg matrix. The mechanical properties of the tested alloys at room temperature are improved with the addition of Pb. When the Pb content is over 0.5%, the mechanical properties are decreased gradually. The Mg-5%Sn-0.5%Pb shows the best ultimate tensile strength and elongation, 174 MPa and 14.3%, respectively. However, the compressive creep resistance of the Mg-Sn-Pb alloys is much lower than that of the Mg-Sn binary alloy at 175℃ with applied load of 55 MPa, which means that Pb has negative effects on the compressive creep resistance of the as-cast Mg-Sn alloys.

MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF AS-CAST ZA27 ALLOY DURING COMPRESSIVE CREEP

Phase transformation and micro structural change of an as-cast ZA27 alloy were investigated during compressive creep by X-ray diffraction technique, SEM and TEM. Compressive creep induced decomposition of α metastable η' phase and a four-phase transformation, α + ε → T' + η and T' → θ, occurred during the compressive creep testing. The occurrence of negative creep in the alloy resulted from the volume expansion caused by the four-phase transformation. A micro structural change was also observed from a lamellar structure into a spheroidized structure in higher creep strain of tested specimens. It provided evidence of compressive creep induced phase transformation which occurred in ageing process.

Investigation on relations between grain crushing amount and void ratio change of granular materials in one-dimensional compression and creep tests

Grain crushing plays an important role in one-dimensional (1D) compression and creep behaviors of granular materials under high stress. It is clear that the macro-properties of granular materials are closely related to the micro-fracture properties of grains in 1D compression and creep tests. In this paper, a series of 1D compression and creep tests were performed on Ottawa sand to investigate the deformation and grain crushing properties of granular materials, and it shows that the void ratio is correlated to the grain crushing amount (the quantity of crushed grains) for granular materials subjected to grain crushing. The test results, combining with the existing test data related to grain crushing of granular materials, were used to verify the relation. Moreover, the implications of these relations on the yield of granular material, and the equivalent effect of stress and time in changing soil fabric are presented.

Visco-elastoplastic damage constitutive model for compressed asphalt mastic

In order to describe the three-stage creep behavior of compressed asphalt mastic, a visco-elastoplastic damage constitutive model is proposed in this work. The model parameters are treated as quadratic polynomial functions with respect to stress and temperature. A series of uniaxial compressive creep experiments are performed at various stress and temperature conditions in order to determine these parameter functions, and then the proposed model is validated by comparison between the predictions and experiments at the other loading conditions. It is shown that very small permanent deformation at low stress and temperature increases rapidly with elevated stress or temperature and the damage may initiate in the stationary stage but mainly develops in the accelerated stage. Compared with the visco-elastoplastic models without damage, the predictions from the proposed model is in better agreement with the experiments, and can better capture the rate-dependency in creep responses of asphalt mastic especially below its softening point of 47 ℃

Integrated identification method of rheological model of sandstone in Sanmenxia bauxite

Based on the uniaxial compression creep experiments conducted on bauxite sandstone obtained from Sanmenxia,typical creep experiment curves were obtained.From the characteristics of strain component of creep curves,the creep strain is composed of instantaneous elastic strain,ε（me）,instantaneous plastic strain,ε（mp）,viscoelastic strain,ε（ce）,and viscoplastic strain,ε（cp）.Based on the characteristics of instantaneous plastic strain,a new element of instantaneous plastic rheology was introduced,instantaneous plastic modulus was defined,and the modified Burgers model was established.Then identification of direct screening method in this model was completed.According to the mechanical properties of rheological elements,one- and three-dimensional creep equations in different stress levels were obtained.One-dimensional model parameters were identified by the method of least squares,and in the process of computation,Gauss-Newton iteration method was applied.Finally,by fitting the experimental curves,the correctness of direct method model was verified,then the examination of posterior exclusive method of the model was accomplished.The results showed that in the improved Burgers models,the rheological characteristics of sandstone are embodied properly,microscopic analysis of creep curves is also achieved,and the correctness of comprehensive identification method of rheological model is verified.

Advanced Measures to Characterize Mechanical Properties of Refractories

The thermomechanical modelling method is becoming an important tool nowadays for the refractory researchers, suppliers and end-users. On one hand, applications focus on the post-mortem thermomechanical analysis to interpret the occurred fitiluw phenomena of refractories in service. On the other hand, a priori investigation is very helpful for the design of refractory lining con- cepts before putting them into effect; as a result it will minimize the probability of refractory lining premature .failure and save costs for the refractory suppliers as well as for the end-users. For both investigation routines, suitable material constitutive models and testing approa- ches are of relevance. Existing material constitutive mod- els often used for refractories are the fictitious crack model acting for tensile failure, the Mohr - Coulomb or Drucker- Prager model describing shear failure, and the Norton - Bailey model representing creep. To charac- terize tbe tensile and shear fitilure of refractories at room temperatare and elevated temperatures, a wedge splitting test and a modified shear test can be applied, respectively. The creep behavior and corresponding creep parameters of refractories can be determined with an appropriate creep testing device at elevated loads. The proper appli- cation of material constitutive models and testing approa-ches allows for improving the thermo-mechanical modelling and the optimizatian of the lining design.

A MICROMECHANICAL FRAMEWORK WITH AGGREGATE-MASTIC INTERFACE EFFECT FOR PREDICTING UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION CREEP OF ASPHALT MIXTURE

According to the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle, an elastic microme- chanical framework taking the inclusion-matrix interface effect into account is extended for predicting viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixture, which is simply treated as elastic coarse aggregate inclusions periodically and isotropically embedded in a viscoelastic asphalt mastic matrix. The Burgers model is adopted for characterizing the matrix mechanical behavior, so that the homogenized relaxation modulus of asphalt mixture in compression creep is derived. After a series of uniaxial compression creep tests are performed on asphalt mastic in different temperature and stress conditions in order to determine the matrix constitutive parameters, the framework presented is validated by comparison with the experiment, and then some predictions of uniaxial compression creep behavior of asphalt mixture in different temperature and stress conditions are given.