Topological analysis of plasma flow control on corner separation in a highly loaded compressor cascade

In this paper, flow behavior and topology structure in a highly loaded compressor cascade with and without plasma aerodynamic actuation （PAA） are investigated. Streamline pattern, total pressure loss coefficient, outlet flow angle and topological analysis are considered to study the effect and mechanism of the plasma flow control on corner separation. Results presented include the boundary layer flow behavior, effects of three types of PAA on separated flows and performance parameters, topology structures and sequences of singular points with and without PAA. Two separation lines, reversed flow and backflow exist on the suction surface. The cross flow on the endwall is an important element for the comer separation. PAA can reduce the undertuming and overturning as well as the total pressure loss, leading to an overall increase of flow turning and enhancement of aerodynamic performance. PAA can change the topology structure, sequences of singular points and their corresponding separation lines. Types II and III PAA are much more efficient in controlling comer separation and enhancing aerodynamic performances than type I.

Effects of Plasma Aerodynamic Actuation on Corner Separation in a Highly Loaded Compressor Cascade

This paper reports experimental results on the effects of plasma aerodynamic actua- tion （PAA） on corner separation control in a highly loaded, low speed, linear compressor cascade. Total pressure loss coefficient distribution was adopted to evaluate the corner separation control effect in wind tunnel experiments. Results of pressure measurements and particle image velocime- try （PIV） show that the control effect of pitch-wise PAA on the endwall is much better than that of stream-wise PAA on the suction surface. When both the pitch-wise PAA on the endwall and stream-wise PAA on the suction surface are turned on simultaneously, the control effect is the best among all three PAA types. The mechanisms of nanosecond discharge and microsecond discharge PAA are different in corner separation control. The control effect of microsecond discharge PAA turns out better with the increase of discharge voltage and duty cycle. Compared with microsec- ond discharge PAA, nanosecond discharge PAA is more effective in preventing corner separation when the freestream velocity increases. Frequency is one of the most important parameters in plasma flow control. The optimum excitation frequency of microsecond discharge PAA is 500 Hz, which is different from the frequency corresponding to the case with a Strouhal number of unity.

Aerodynamic performance of high-turning curved compressor cascade with boundary layer suction

The impact of boundary layer suction on the aerodynamic performance of a high-turning compressor cascade was numerically simulated and discussed.The aerodynamic performance of a curved and a straight cascade with and without boundary layer suction were comparatively studied at several suction flow rates.The results showed that boundary layer suction dramatically improved the flow behavior within the flow passage.Moreover,higher loading over the whole blade height,lower total pressure loss,and higher passage throughflow were achieved with a relatively small amount of boundary layer removal.The integration of curved blade and boundary layer suction contributed to better aerodynamic performance than the cascades with only curved blade or boundary layer suction used,and the more favorable effect resulted from the weakening of the three dimensional effects of the boundary layer close to the endwalls.

Investigation of control effects of end-wall selfadaptive jet on three-dimensional corner separation of a highly loaded compressor cascade

To overcome the limitations posed by three-dimensional corner separation,this paper proposes a novel flow control technology known as passive End-Wall(EW)self-adaptive jet.Two single EW slotted schemes(EWS1 and EWS2),alongside a combined(COM)scheme featuring double EW slots,were investigated.The results reveal that the EW slot,driven by pressure differentials between the pressure and suction sides,can generate an adaptive jet with escalating velocity as the operational load increases.This high-speed jet effectively re-excites the local low-energy fluid,thereby mitigating the corner separation.Notably,the EWS1 slot,positioned near the blade leading edge,exhibits relatively low jet velocities at negative incidence angles,causing jet separation and exacerbating the corner separation.Besides,the EWS2 slot is close to the blade trailing edge,resulting in massive low-energy fluid accumulating and separating before the slot outlet at positive incidence angles.In contrast,the COM scheme emerges as the most effective solution for comprehensive corner separation control.It can significantly reduce the total pressure loss and improve the static pressure coefficient for the ORI blade at 0°-4° incidence angles,while causing minimal negative impact on the aerodynamic performance at negative incidence angles.Therefore,the corner stall is delayed,and the available incidence angle range is broadened from -10°--2°to -10°-4°.This holds substantial promise for advancing the aerodynamic performance,operational stability,and load capacity of future highly loaded compressors.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Shock-Wave Boundary Layer Interactions in a Highly Loaded Transonic Compressor Cascade

Experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to investigate the variations of shock-wave boundary layer interaction(SBLI) phenomena in a highly loaded transonic compressor cascade with Mach numbers.The schlieren technique was used to observe the shock structure in the cascade and the pressure tap method to measure the pressure distribution on the blade surface.The unsteady pressure distribution on blade surface was measured with the fast-response pressure-sensitive paint(PSP) technique to obtain the unsteady pressure distribution on the whole blade surface and to capture the shock oscillation characteristics caused by SBLI.In addition,the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulations were used to compute the three-dimensional steady flow field in the transonic cascade.It was found that the shock wave patterns and behaviors are affected evidently with the increase in incoming Mach number at the design flow angle,especially with the presence of the separation bubble caused by SBLI.The time-averaged pressure distribution on the blade surface measured by PSP technique showed a symmetric pressure filed at Mach numbers of 0.85,while the pressure field on the blade surface was an asymmetric one at Mach numbers of 0.90 and 0.95.The oscillation of the shock wave was closely with the flow separation bubble on the blade surface and could transverse over nearly one interval of the pressure taps.The oscillation of the shock wave may smear the pressure jump phenomenon measured by the pressure taps.

In uence of Endwall Boundary Layer Suction on the Flow Fields of a Critically Loaded Di usion Cascade

Boundary layer suction is an e ective method used to delay separations in axial compressors. Most studies on bound?ary layer suction have focused on improving the performance of compressors,whereas few studies investigated the influence on details of the flow fields,especially vortexes in compressors. CFD method is validated with experi?mental data firstly. Three single?slot and one double?slot endwall boundary layer suction schemes are designed and investigated. In addition to the investigation of aerodynamic performance of the cascades with and without suction,variations in corner open separation,passage vortex,and concentration shedding vortex,which are rarely seen for the flow controlled blades in published literatures,are analyzed. Then,flow models,which are the ultimate aim,of both baseline and aspirated cascades are established. Results show that single?slot endwall suction scheme adjacent to the suction surface can e ectively remove the corner open separation. With suction mass flow rate of 0.85%,the overall loss coe cient and endwall loss coe cient of the cascade are reduced by 25.2% and 48.6%,respectively. Besides,this scheme increases the static pressure rise coe cient of the cascade by 3.2% and the flow turning angle of up to 3.3° at 90% span. The concentration shedding vortex decreases,whereas the passage vortex increases. For single?slot suction schemes near the middle pitchwise of the passage,the concentration shedding vortex increases and the passage vortex is divided into two smaller passage vortexes,which converge into a single?passage vortex near the trailing edge section of the cascade. For the double?slot suction scheme,triple?passage vortexes are presented in the blade passage. Some new vortex structures are discovered,and the novel flow models of aspirated compressor cascade are proposed,which are important to improve the design of multi?stage aspirated compressors.

表面微沟槽对压气机叶栅气动性能的影响

为减小叶型损失,在压气机叶栅叶片表面布置沿流向的对称V形微沟槽,采用数值模拟方法研究了沟槽宽度和顶角、沟槽间隔、沟槽覆盖范围、进口湍流度以及来流马赫数对叶栅气动性能的影响。结果表明,总压损失降低主要由吸力面沟槽产生,合理匹配沟槽几何参数、覆盖范围以及来流条件,可实现较优的减损效果。对吸力面局部带沟槽结构,相同冲角下无间隔沟槽的减损效果优于有间隔沟槽的减损效果,当无间隔沟槽顶角度为60°时减损效果最优;相同沟槽结构的减损效果与冲角相关。来流湍流度增加使得相同冲角下光滑叶片和带沟槽叶片的总压损失增大,相同沟槽结构在同一冲角下的减损效果及最优减损效果对应的冲角受来流湍流度影响。冲角不变时相同沟槽结构的减损效果随来流马赫数增大整体呈下降趋势,最佳减损效果对应的无量纲沟槽宽度和具有减损效果的无量纲沟槽宽度范围不同。当保持沟槽无量纲宽度不变和沟槽其它参数不变时,不同来流马赫数条件下的最佳减损效果及其对应的冲角不同,较低来流马赫数条件下最佳减损效果更突出。微沟槽能够减小壁面平均剪切应力和湍动能,降低湍流边界层损失,同时能够推迟边界层流动分离,使得叶型损失降低。

亚声速可压缩流场叶片边界层热线测速方法研究

为了能够开发一种简单有效的亚声速可压缩流场叶片边界层速度测量方法,从而为叶型设计和相关数值研究工作提供支撑,本文围绕热线风速测量技术,针对可压缩流场密度变化对热线标定结果的影响,以及实际测量中速度、密度耦合而无法直接获取的问题,通过理论分析,提出了适用于边界层测量的恒定压力热线标定方法和引入叶表稳态静压进行速度解耦的方法,并对所提出方法的主要误差进行了分析评估。在此基础上进行了热线标定和边界层速度测量试验验证,明确了恒定压力热线标定数学模型系数随压力的线性变化规律,同时针对温度非线性影响提出了一种基于过热比调整的修正方法,该方法能够将约13℃的温度偏差对热线电压的影响降低到1%以内,进一步简化了恒定压力热线标定流程,结合基于叶表稳态静压的速度解耦方法,为亚声速可压缩流场叶片边界层瞬态速度测量提供了一种简单可行的高频响测速方法。

脉冲型流体振荡器射流对叶栅角区分离的控制研究

通过流体振荡器特有结构产生双孔振荡射流,采用非定常数值模拟方法研究其抑制压气机叶栅大攻角下角区分离的控制机理。重点分析了射流位置、射流角度、射流流量和单个/阵列型射流对控制效果的影响。结果表明:在近端壁单个射流器方案下,最佳射流位置位于角区分离未充分发展处(54%叶片轴向弦长),最佳射流角度和射流流量比分别为10°和0.09%,并使总压损失系数降低6.48%,静压升系数增加2.39%。振荡射流通过向附面层内低能流体注入高流向动量,抑制了附面层的发展;其非定常激励将吸力面大尺度分离涡离散破碎成一系列小尺度涡,并且其锁频效应减小尾缘压力脉动幅值,最终减小损失。相比单个射流器方案,阵列型射流方案在全叶高范围内进行振荡射流,通过5倍流量的输入,使气动性能增益增加了约1倍。

轮廓度误差对超声速压气机叶栅气动性能的影响

[目的]旨在评估轮廓度误差对压气机气动性能的影响,并为叶片鲁棒性设计提供参考。[方法]建立单峰值轮廓度误差分布数学模型,采用数值模拟方法,研究压力面和吸力面不同轮廓度组合误差对超声速压气机平面叶栅气动性能的影响。[结果]结果表明:吸力面轮廓度误差分布是影响叶栅总压损失的关键因素,随着吸力面轮廓度峰值误差位置向下游移动,总压损失系数逐渐降低;压力面和吸力面误差分布对气流折转角和静压升系数的影响趋势相反。对较低来流马赫数的叶栅,吸力面误差对气流折转角和静压升均起主导作用;对较高来流马赫数的叶栅,压力面误差对气流折转角和静压升影响明显。激波位置和激波强度、激波后扩张通道的流道型线综合决定了叶片表面和叶栅流道内的流动状态,使得近吸力面侧流动损失增大,近压力面侧流动损失减小,其综合效果决定了叶栅损失、气流折转角和静压升的变化。[结论]结果对指导跨声速压气机设计、加工和超差审理均具有重要意义。

跨声速压气机叶栅流动状态的试验和数值研究

针对跨声速压气机叶栅风洞试验过程中存在的唯一冲角问题,通过开展不同来流马赫数以及不同背压条件下的平面叶栅风洞试验测量和数值模拟研究,阐明了高亚声和超声来流条件下跨声速压气机叶栅栅前流场唯一性不同的形成机制,分析了静压比对叶栅流动状态和激波结构的影响机制。研究结果表明:跨声速叶栅在低背压条件下叶栅内激波结构为双激波模式,表现为前缘脱体激波和通道正激波,随着背压的增加,通道激波位置逐渐前移并最终与脱体激波合并,形成单激波模式。超声速来流条件下,栅前流场参数受激波-膨胀波波系的影响呈现出波浪分布,其测量位置至少应距离叶栅前额线50%弦长。理论分析结果表明:跨声速叶栅的唯一冲角现象可扩展到高亚声速状态,但其物理机制有所不同,超声速状态下进口气流角取决于来流马赫数和叶栅入口几何形状,而亚声速状态下进口气流角取决于来流马赫数和叶栅喉部面积。随着静压比的提高,跨声速叶栅运行状态经历堵塞状态-溢出状态-设计状态的转变,在来流马赫数为1.10时总压损失系数由0.175递减为0.082,降幅超过50%。叶栅变背压试验结果表明,静压比超过1.379时流场三维效应增强,影响到叶栅流动的周期性,并且栅后节流板会干扰到尾迹参数的测量。该研究结果有助于理解跨声速叶栅运行状态、激波结构以及栅前流场唯一性机制,同时可对跨声速叶栅试验起到指导作用。

基于马蹄涡前缘吸气控制的压气机叶栅流动机理

为探究从源头抑制角区分离的流动控制方法,采用数值模拟方法,以NACA65叶栅为研究对象,利用叶栅前缘端壁吸气技术控制马蹄涡,结合拓扑分析对叶栅通道内的三维流动结构进行精确重构,以研究前缘端壁吸气控制马蹄涡进而改善叶栅通道流场结构的机理。结果表明:叶栅前缘端壁吸气技术可以有效推迟马蹄涡形成并削弱其强度,同时在吸气狭缝末端形成一对反旋流向涡对,在向下游发展过程中与通道涡相互作用;前缘端壁吸气通过控制马蹄涡,降低端壁边界层厚度,叶栅前缘通道涡发展受限,由回流组成的叶表分离被抑制;前缘及压力面侧吸气(EPS)直接作用于马蹄涡压力面分支,通道涡强度进一步被削弱,角区分离模式由闭式分离转为不完全闭式分离。最后,对比最优吸气系数下不同方案出口总压损失,发现当吸气量为进口质量流量的0.2%时,EPS方案出口截面总压损失降低5.8%;并且通过调整吸气系数,可以获得较好的变工况控制性能。

可控扩散叶型吸力面峰值等熵马赫数位置对叶栅气动性能影响

通常亚音压气机叶型表面等熵马赫数分布符合可控扩散规律,并且吸力面峰值马赫数位置靠前叶栅气动性能较好。采用自动优化方法,设计出给定吸力面峰值等熵马赫数位置可控扩散叶型,分析此位置对叶栅气动性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:对于可控扩散转子和静子叶型,在设计工况下,当吸力面峰值等熵马赫位置位于0.20倍轴向弦长时,吸力面附面层沿流程快速发展,造成叶栅损失大幅增加;当吸力面峰值等熵马赫数位置为0.10~0.15倍轴向弦长时,设计进气角近似位于叶栅低损失进气角范围中,且低损失范围内损失较低。

载荷分布规律对开槽压气机叶型气动性能的影响

航空压气机叶片通道内流动呈强逆压梯度,为了减小流动损失、扩大稳定工作范围,针对压气机静子叶型提出一种新型开槽叶片,槽道由叶片前缘进气吸力面出气,使用来流速度冲量有效抑制吸力面附面层的发展。采用计算机数值模拟方法,研究不同吸力面峰值等熵马赫数位置的可控扩散叶型开槽对叶栅气动性能的影响。研究结果表明:在设计工况下,开槽可有效抑制吸力面附面层发展,降低叶栅损失,增加气流转角;吸力面峰值等熵马赫数位置越向尾缘,在整个进气角范围内,开槽降低损失程度越大,并且由于攻角越大吸力面附面层越厚,开槽降低损失程度越大。

压力敏感涂料技术在涡轮叶片和平面叶栅中的应用进展

由于传统压力测量技术难以实现涡轮叶片表面压力分布的连续监测,因此,开发新型测量技术变得尤为迫切。压力敏感涂料作为一种非接触式的光学表面压力测量技术,其以低成本、高空间分辨率、全域测量能力以及对气动流场影响小的显著优点,已经成为压力测量领域的一个研究热点。本文从实验装置设计、测量结果分析等多个维度,详细介绍了压力敏感涂料技术在涡轮叶片和平面叶栅压力测量中的应用现状,深入讨论了实验设备参数选择、测量布局优化等关键问题。同时,结合国内外的研究与应用案例,探讨了压力敏感涂料技术在叶片表面压力测量领域所遇到的挑战和发展前景。

压气机叶栅冰晶撞击特性的数值模拟研究

航空发动机吸入冰晶会导致推力损失甚至叶片损坏,对飞行安全构成潜在威胁。为了研究冰晶在压气机叶栅中的撞击特性,建立了一种分别计算颗粒撞击叶片压力面和吸力面时运动轨迹的方法,该方法可以避免冰晶颗粒轨迹交叉。在此基础上,对颗粒等效直径和形状对冰晶撞击特性的影响进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,总收集系数随颗粒等效直径和长宽比的增加而增加。对于相同形状的颗粒,当颗粒直径从20μm增加到50μm时,总收集系数增加了44.1%;对于相同等效直径的颗粒,当颗粒长宽比从0.1增加到10时,总收集系数增加了39%。叶片压力面收集系数的增加是总收集系数增加的主要原因。冰晶撞击叶片前缘时发生破碎现象,撞击叶片表面时发生反弹现象。在叶片表面的大部分区域,冰晶颗粒发生非弹性反弹。就粒径而言,二次撞击后收集系数的分布趋势与一次撞击近似,二次收集系数的最大值减少了约70%。然而,就颗粒长宽比而言,叶片前缘处二次撞击收集系数的分布趋势与一次撞击相反,细长型冰晶颗粒撞击叶片前缘的二次收集系数反而低于粗短型冰晶颗粒撞击叶片前缘的二次收集系数。

开式风洞超声速压气机流场起动的数值研究

在开式风洞超声速平面叶栅试验中,从试验启动到叶栅建立超声速流动状态的过程,即超声速流场起动问题,已成为公认的难题。为建立可行的开式风洞超声速流场起动方法,奠定开式超声速风洞的使用基础,基于某超声速风洞,以超声速压气机平面叶栅为研究对象,开展三维数值仿真研究;分析试验条件下超声速流场起动失败的原因,制定三种流场起动方案。结果表明:起动失败的原因为叶栅前缘形成了一道强正激波;仅提高风洞进口总压无法建立叶栅超声速流动状态;仅增大下壁溢流缝宽度可起动超声速叶栅流场,但有效叶栅流道数量减少,壁面附面层增厚;保持上、下壁溢流缝宽度在1倍栅距以上,在栅前上、下壁设置超声速墙并进行抽吸,可有效起动超声速流场,相邻流道出口马赫数最大波动0.01,出口气流角最大波动0.09°,周期性满足试验需求。

前缘开槽对可调导叶气动性能的影响

为减少大攻角时可调导叶产生的流动损失,本文基于平面叶栅试验和数值模拟方法,在前缘设置不同槽道结构,将叶片压力面的流体引导至吸力面,吹走低能流体,降低总压损失。研究结果表明:设置槽道引导气流产生射流动量至吸力面侧分离区域能够一定程度上降低不同开度下导叶的出口总压损失。在进口速度为45 m/s、攻角为25°时,射流能够有效削弱吸力面的分离涡,可降低65%的出口总压损失和2.4°气流落后角,当来流速度达到98 m/s时出口总压损失最大可降低70%。对比不同的槽道形式的射流动量、角度对流场的影响,发现合理的槽道形式可以降低大攻角时的损失基础上,控制小攻角时射流对流场的负面影响。

Trailing-edge shock loss control with self-sustaining synthetic jet in a supersonic compressor cascade

To effectively reduce the loss of strong shock wave at the trailing edge of the supersonic cascade under high backpressure,a shock wave control method based on self-sustaining synthetic jet was proposed.The self-sustaining synthetic jet was applied on the pressure side of the blade with the blow slot and the bleed slot arranged upstream and downstream of the trailing-edge shock,respectively.The flow control mechanism and effects of parameters were investigated by numerical simulation.The results show that the self-sustaining synthetic jet forms an oblique shock wave in the cascade passage which slows down and pressurizes the airflow,and the expansion wave downstream of the blow slot weakens the shock strength which can effectively change the Mach reflection to regular reflection and thus weaken the shock loss.And the suction effect can reduce loss near blade surface.Compared with the baseline cascade,the self-sustaining jet actuator can reduce flow losses by 6.73%with proper location design and vibration of diaphragm.

Experimental Investigation of the Transonic Shock Oscillation Characteristics in a Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine Compressor Cascade

This paper presents an experimental study of the self-sustained transonic shock oscillating behaviors in a heavy-duty gas turbine compressor cascade under the inlet Mach number of 0.85,0.90 and 0.95.The transonic shock patterns and the surface flow structures are captured by schlieren imaging and oil flow visualization.The time-averaged and instantaneous transonic shock oscillating behaviors at the near choke point and the near stall point are investigated by the Anodized Aluminum Pressure-Sensitive Paint(AA-PSP)surface pressure measurement.The normal passage shock dominant pattern and the detached bow shock dominant pattern at the near choke point and the near stall point are experimental characterized,respectively.The passage shock oscillation behaviors at the near choke point have been observed to undergo periodic pressure perturbations of the shock shift between the upstreamλshock feet mode and the downstreamλshock feet mode.The detached bow shock oscillation behaviors at the near stall point have been observed to undergo the pressure perturbations of the shock cycle movement between the upstream detached bow shock mode and the downstream detached bow shock mode.The differences between the shock shift mode and the shock cycle movement mode lead to the different streamwise oscillation travel ranges and different shock intensity variations under the same inlet Mach number.