Analyzing our educational resource deployment of compulsory education by marginal utility

In the base of utility and marginal utility,the article put forwardthe concept of utility and marginal utilityof educational outlay and the theory of them,and analyzed the actuality of educational resource deployment in ourcountry,gave some advice about howtoi mprove our educational resource deployment of compulsory education.

COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN NORWAY Notes from a visit in September 1996

This paper tries to give an outline of the Norwegian educational system for primary schooland middle school and as understood by me during my visit to Vorway in September 1996. Myunderstanding is based on a introduction meeting in the ministry of Education, Research andReligion, and through meetings and talks with representatives for "Norges skoleforbund"(Teacher’s association of Norway)and personal talks with teachers.

Guarantee of Individualized Education Right for Children with Disabilities in China: A Study on the Compulsory Education Stage

The Regulation on the Education of Persons with Disabilities, which came into effect in 2017, stipulates for the first time disabled children’s right to individualized education, clarifies the subjects who determine and influence the individualized education that disabled children receive, and determines the procedures for disabled children to receive individualized education. However, compared to the subjects that determine disabled children’s right to individualized education and procedural provisions as stipulated in the U.S. laws such as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, the Regulation on the Education of Persons with Disabilities in China has some problems, including inadequate participation of disabled children and their parents and incomplete relief settlement mechanism. China should further improve the legal provisions relating to disabled children’s right to individualized education, and safeguard the right of participation and the right to relief of disabled children and their parents.

The Practice of Elementary Education Right Protection Proposed in International Human Rights Conventions in China——From the Perspective of the Compulsory Education of Migrant Children

The right to education is a basic human right China has actively implemented the international treaties on the right of migrant children to elementary education and provided institutional support to ensure the implementation of elementary education policy In practice,however,due to factors such as regional differences and fiscal capacity,the problems of equal treatment and a balanced distribution of educational resources remain to be addressed In this regard,this paper suggests solving the problems from the perspectives of enhancing the implementation of international treaties,increasing compulsory education resources,improving the quality of education,and adjusting policies

Does Profit Belong in the Compulsory Education System?

For-profit private schools will be banned from China＇s compulsory education system from September 1,2017,according to the revised Non-State Education Promotion Law adopted at the 24th Session of the 12th National People＇s Congress Standing Committee in November.In China,the government-funded compulsory education system provides nine years of education free of charge to students from primary school to junior middle school. In addition to the public system, there are currently over 160,000 private schools nationwide which supplement public education, according to China＇s Ministry of Education.

Supplementary Tutoring for Compulsory Education Students in China:Status and Trends

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to explore the current status of,and developmental trends affecting,the participation in supplementary tutoring by compulsory education students in China.Design/Approach/Methods-Based on the data from the China Family Panel Study(CFPS)conducted by the Peking University Institute of Social Science Survey in 2010,2012,2014,and 2016,the paper uses the method of multilevel linear model to comprehensively analyze problems involving a multilevel data structure.Findings-The paper finds that the proportion of compulsory education students participating in supplementary tutoring(and the expenditure on such tutoring)increased annually before declining in 2016.Students with higher socioeconomic status,higher school quality,and better academic performance have a higher tutoring participation rate and also spend more on tutoring.Students in China’s three northeastern provinces and eastern coastal areas have higher participation rates in tutoring and higher tutoring expenditures.Originality/Value-Supplementary tutoring in China already has its own developmental patterns and trends;however,few scholars have empirically studied the developmental patterns and trends of supplementary tutoring in compulsory education based on longitudinal survey data.

Reassessing the Balanced Development of Compulsory Education

The balanced development of compulsory education has been given due and lengthy coverage in the“Outline of China’s National Plan for Medium and Long-Term Education Reform and Development(2010-2020)”which,to some extent,reflects the needs of our time and the demands of the general public.However,detailed analyses reveal that many aspects remain to be improved.The authors hold that the balanced development of compulsory education should be people-oriented and a fundamental right of modern citizens.The paper makes a preliminary research on the question of balance in compulsory education,discussing participants,potential to achieve balance,and how to evaluate the ongoing development towards balance.

Promoting Compulsory Education in Rural China:What Are the NPOs Doing?

Due to imbalanced social and economic development,education in poverty-stricken rural areas in China is lagging behind that of urban areas.The current study explores the role of the nonprofit organizations(NPOs)involved in rural compulsory education promotion.Results show that the NPOs are providing a variety of programs to promote rural compulsory education,and the types of programs,as well as their implementation strategies and impact,are influenced by their registration statuses and background characteristics.Due to lack of coordination and skills,there still remain service gaps,and the quality of the existing programs is questionable.The article proposes strategies to strengthen the nonprofit sector’s work in rural compulsory education.

Schooling and Income Effect of Education Development in China:Evidence from the National Compulsory Education Project in China’s Poor Areas

Whether investing in hardware for basic education is conducive to the long-term development of school-age children is a controversial issue in academic literature.Based on the data from the 2013 Chinese Household Income Project(CHIP),this paper uses the difference-in-differences(DID)method with cross-sectional data to evaluate the policy effects of China’s National Compulsory Education Project for Poor Areas launched in 12 central provinces in the mid-1990s.We fi nd that through the construction,renovation,or expansion of primary and junior middle school buildings and purchase of teaching equipment,this project achieved on its goal of“raising education levels”:the years of schooling of the benefi ciaries after they reached adulthood increased signifi cantly by roughly 0.7 years.However,the project was not found to have an“income effect”,i.e.,the income of the benefi ciary children did not increase with the increase in schoolings.The econometric analysis shows that although the project could raise the income levels of the children in adulthood,it did not significantly increase the likelihood of the beneficiary groups moving to cities as migrant workers.Limited by the late development of secondary and tertiary industries in poor counties,the benefi ciaries who stayed locally were less likely to engage in non-farm occupations,and thus their income did not signifi cantly increase.This indicates that policies like the Compulsory Education Project designed to improve school hardware in a short period of time can effectively promote the development of basic education in poverty-stricken areas.Nonetheless,to achieve the fundamental goal of raising income while increasing schooling,it is also necessary to actively guide people moving to cities to work as migrant workers and bolster the development of local secondary and tertiary sectors.

Is 12-Year Compulsory Education Possible?

China’s pending education reform program is very likely to propose an extension of the compulsory education period to include senior middle

Jiaoyufication as an education-driven gentrification in urban China:A case study of Nanjing

As a type of urban gentrification oriented by high-quality educational resources,jiaoyufication is a socio-spatial process that refers to the middle-class group that attaches importance to education realizes the agglomeration in famous school districts by purchasing high-price school district houses.Based on the theoretical analysis of jiaoyufication conducted by Chinese and foreign scholars,this paper takes Nanjing as a case city,applies multi-source data like POIs(points of interest),real estate market data,mobile-phone user portraits and questionnaires,and develops a composite measurement of jiaoyufication to identify jiaoyufied school district,jiaoyufied group&its spatial characteristics,and discusses the causal mechanisms and effects of jiaoyufication.With the GIS-entropy-TOPSIS model,this paper evaluates the jiaoyufication level of public primary school districts in the main urban area of Nanjing.The result show that 218 primary school districts are categorized into four types,i.e.,high jiaoyufied school district,mid-high jiaoyufied school district,medium jiaoyufied school district,and low jiaoyufied school district.The high jiaoyufied school districts are closely associated with the institutional system.In the high jiaoyufied school districts,many middle-class families have abundant social,economic,and cultural capital.They purchase and move to houses with lower living quality in school districts to pursue high-quality education for their children.The strict school district system,soaring school district housing prices,and intense educational competition continuously solidify the jiaoyufication levels of famous school districts and lock the opportunities for high-quality education in specific school-district spaces and classes or groups.The phenomenon of this socio-spatial reconstruction process,which results from the unequal distribution of high-quality educational resources,tends to aggravate the rich-poor gap and social segregation in cities.It is suggested that equalization of compulsory education services should be effectively carried forward as soon as possible.

Study on the Connection Problems and Countermeasures of the Integration of Ideological and Political Courses in Colleges and Primary and Middle Schools

The integration of ideological and political curriculum which exists in colleges and compulsory education is a powerful guarantee for enhancing the effectiveness of the course.Putting theoretical content as well as teaching practice into effect contributes to every improvement and new idea about the curriculum.Facing the new circumstances,new tasks,and new challenges under the social background,it is necessary to reinforce the connection of the integration of the subject in universities and colleges and compulsory education,and take problems as the research direction for the sake of expanding the channels for courses ideological and political construction,and understand the integrated evolution of ideological and political theory courses of undergraduate and specialist education and compulsory education to a higher degree.Grasping the current situation and problems of the theory curriculum in colleges and compulsory education,and exploring the content of the theory in undergraduate and specialist education and compulsory education are of great significance,both in the integrated construction of ideological and political theory courses of undergraduate and specialist education and compulsory education and in making the best of the courses to implement the basic task of fostering people.

Education Universalization,Rural School Participation,and Population Density

In many developing countries,low population density may be a major reason for low school participation in rural areas,and the problem is likely to worsen with rapid urbanization.However,few studies have investigated empirically the role of population density in rural education,especially the moderating effect of population density on the outcomes of education policies.This study aims to fill this gap in the literature.From 1999 through the early 2000s,China launched a set of major nationwide policies aimed at universalizing 9-year compulsory education in rural areas.Using difference-in-differences and triple difference strategies,we show that the policies significantly increased the probability of junior high school enrollment of rural children and,more importantly,these policies were more effective in densely populated regions.These findings confirm the imporance of population density to rural education.

Education Quality Assessment in China: What We Learned From Official Reports Released in 2018 and 2019

Purpose:This article intended to introduce the recent Chinese compulsory education quality assessme nt.Design/Approach/Methods:The article summarized educatio n policy documents releva nt to the recent Chinese compulsory education quality assessment,especially from the three reports:The Chinese Compulsory Education Quality Monitoring Report,The Chinese Compulsory Education Quality Monitoring Report on Mathematical Learning,and The Chinese Compulsory Education Quality Monitoring Report on Physical Education and Health.Findings:The article examined the development of Chinese education quality assessment in the con text of the n ation*s pursuit of holistic educatio n.It first reviewed a brief history of the education quality monitoring work in China that bore the fruits of a few recent reports.Second,findings and the framework of the assessme nt are dem on strated.Fin ally,I discuss the significanee,limitations,and special issues of the assessment.Originality/Value:The article is among the earliest to present findings of the recent quality assessment in Chinese compulsory education in English critically.