Numerical Analysis of Bacterial Meningitis Stochastic Delayed Epidemic Model through Computational Methods

Based on theWorld Health Organization(WHO),Meningitis is a severe infection of the meninges,the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.It is a devastating disease and remains a significant public health challenge.This study investigates a bacterial meningitis model through deterministic and stochastic versions.Four-compartment population dynamics explain the concept,particularly the susceptible population,carrier,infected,and recovered.The model predicts the nonnegative equilibrium points and reproduction number,i.e.,the Meningitis-Free Equilibrium(MFE),and Meningitis-Existing Equilibrium(MEE).For the stochastic version of the existing deterministicmodel,the twomethodologies studied are transition probabilities and non-parametric perturbations.Also,positivity,boundedness,extinction,and disease persistence are studiedrigorouslywiththe helpofwell-known theorems.Standard and nonstandard techniques such as EulerMaruyama,stochastic Euler,stochastic Runge Kutta,and stochastic nonstandard finite difference in the sense of delay have been presented for computational analysis of the stochastic model.Unfortunately,standard methods fail to restore the biological properties of the model,so the stochastic nonstandard finite difference approximation is offered as an efficient,low-cost,and independent of time step size.In addition,the convergence,local,and global stability around the equilibria of the nonstandard computational method is studied by assuming the perturbation effect is zero.The simulations and comparison of the methods are presented to support the theoretical results and for the best visualization of results.

A computational method for post-construction settlement of high-speed railway bridge pile foundation considering soil creep effect

Based on reasonable assumptions that simplified the calculational model,a simple and practical method was proposed to calculate the post-construction settlement of high-speed railway bridge pile foundation by using the Mesri creep model to describe the soil characteristics and the Mindlin-Geddes method considering pile diameter to calculate the vertical additional stress of pile bottom.A program named CPPS was designed for this method to calculate the post-construction settlement of a high-speed railway bridge pile foundation.The result indicates that the post-construction settlement in 100 years meets the requirements of the engineering specifications,and in the first two decades,the post-construction settlement is about 80% of its total settlement,while the settlement in the rest eighty years tends to be stable.Compared with the measured settlement after laying railway tracks,the calculational result is closed to that of the measured,and the results are conservative with a high computational accuracy.It is noted that the method can be used to calculate the post-construction settlement for the preliminary design of high-speed railway bridge pile foundation.

A fast computational method for the landing footprints of space-to-ground vehicles

Fast computation of the landing footprint of a space-to-ground vehicle is a basic requirement for the deployment of parking orbits, as well as for enabling decision makers to develop real-time programs of transfer trajectories. In order to address the usually slow computational time for the determination of the landing footprint of a space-to-ground vehicle under finite thrust, this work proposes a method that uses polynomial equations to describe the boundaries of the landing footprint and uses back propagation(BP) neural networks to quickly determine the landing footprint of the space-to-ground vehicle. First, given orbital parameters and a manoeuvre moment, the solution model of the landing footprint of a space-to-ground vehicle under finite thrust is established. Second, given arbitrary orbital parameters and an arbitrary manoeuvre moment, a fast computational model for the landing footprint of a space-to-ground vehicle based on BP neural networks is provided.Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that under the premise of ensuring accuracy, the proposed method can quickly determine the landing footprint of a space-to-ground vehicle with arbitrary orbital parameters and arbitrary manoeuvre moments. The proposed fast computational method for determining a landing footprint lays a foundation for the parking-orbit configuration and supports the design of real-time transfer trajectories.

Predicting Genotype Information Related to COVID-19 for Molecular Mechanism Based on Computational Methods

Novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an ongoing health emergency.Several studies are related to COVID-19.However,its molecular mechanism remains unclear.The rapid publication of COVID-19 provides a new way to elucidate its mechanism through computational methods.This paper proposes a prediction method for mining genotype information related to COVID-19 from the perspective of molecular mechanisms based on machine learning.The method obtains seed genes based on prior knowledge.Candidate genes are mined from biomedical literature.The candidate genes are scored by machine learning based on the similarities measured between the seed and candidate genes.Furthermore,the results of the scores are used to perform functional enrichment analyses,including KEGG,interaction network,and Gene Ontology,for exploring the molecular mechanism of COVID-19.Experimental results show that the method is promising for mining genotype information to explore the molecular mechanism related to COVID-19.

Bio-Inspired Computational Methods for the Polio Virus Epidemic Model

In 2021,most of the developing countries are fighting polio,and parents are concerned with the disabling of their children.Poliovirus transmits from person to person,which can infect the spinal cord,and paralyzes the parts of the body within a matter of hours.According to the World Health Organization(WHO),18 million currently healthy people could have been paralyzed by the virus during 1988–2020.Almost all countries but Pakistan,Afghanistan,and a fewmore have been declared polio-free.The mathematical modeling of poliovirus is studied in the population by categorizing it as susceptible individuals(S),exposed individuals(E),infected individuals(I),and recovered individuals(R).In this study,we study the fundamental properties such as positivity and boundedness of the model.We also rigorously study the model’s stability and equilibria with or without poliovirus.For numerical study,we design the Euler,Runge–Kutta,and nonstandard finite difference method.However,the standard techniques are time-dependent and fail to present the results for an extended period.The nonstandard finite difference method works well to study disease dynamics for a long time without any constraints.Finally,the results of different methods are compared to prove their effectiveness.

An integrated computational method for calculating dynamic thermal bridges of building facades in tropical countries

Identifying thermal bridges on building façades has been a great challenge for architects,especially during the conceptual design stage.This is not only due to the complexity of parameters when calculating thermal bridges,but also lack of feature integration between building energy simulation(BES)tools and the actual building conditions.For example,existing BES tools predominantly calculate thermal bridges only in steady state without considering the temperature dynamic behaviour of building outdoors.Consequently,relevant features such as thermal delay,decrement factor,and operative temperature are often neglected,and this can lead to miscalculation of energy consumption.This study then proposes an integrated method to calculate dynamic thermal bridges under transient conditions by incorporating field observations and computational simulations of thermal bridges.More specifically,the proposed method employs several measurement tools such as HOBO data logger to record the actual conditions of indoor and outdoor room temperature and thermal cameras to identify the surface temperature of selected building junctions.The actual datasets are then integrated with the simulation workflow developed in BES tools.This study ultimately enables architects not only to identify potential thermal bridges on existing building façades but also to support material and geometric exploration in early design phase.

Applications of Soft Computing Methods in Backbreak Assessment in Surface Mines: A Comprehensive Review

Geo-engineering problems are known for their complexity and high uncertainty levels,requiring precise defini-tions,past experiences,logical reasoning,mathematical analysis,and practical insight to address them effectively.Soft Computing(SC)methods have gained popularity in engineering disciplines such as mining and civil engineering due to computer hardware and machine learning advancements.Unlike traditional hard computing approaches,SC models use soft values and fuzzy sets to navigate uncertain environments.This study focuses on the application of SC methods to predict backbreak,a common issue in blasting operations within mining and civil projects.Backbreak,which refers to the unintended fracturing of rock beyond the desired blast perimeter,can significantly impact project timelines and costs.This study aims to explore how SC methods can be effectively employed to anticipate and mitigate the undesirable consequences of blasting operations,specifically focusing on backbreak prediction.The research explores the complexities of backbreak prediction and highlights the potential benefits of utilizing SC methods to address this challenging issue in geo-engineering projects.

Computational methods in super-resolution microscopy

The broad applicability of super-resolution microscopy has been widely demonstrated in various areas and disciplines. The optimization and improvement of algorithms used in super-resolution microscopy are of great importance for achieving optimal quality of super-resolution imaging. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the computational methods in different types of super-resolution microscopy, including deconvolution microscopy, polarization-based super-resolution microscopy, structured illumination microscopy, image scanning microscopy, super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging microscopy, single-molecule localization microscopy, Bayesian super-resolution microscopy, stimulated emission depletion microscopy, and translation microscopy. The development of novel computational methods would greatly benefit super-resolution microscopy and lead to better resolution, improved accuracy, and faster image processing.

Recent Advances in Computational Methods for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Data Processing

Although three-dimensional protein structure determination using nuclear magnetic res- onance （NMR） spectroscopy is a computationally costly and tedious process that would benefit from advanced computational techniques, it has not garnered much research attention from special- ists in bioinformatics and computational biology. In this paper, we review recent advances in com- putational methods for NMR protein structure determination. We summarize the advantages of and bottlenecks in the existing methods and outline some open problems in the field. We also dis- cuss current trends in NMR technology development and suggest directions for research on future computational methods for NMR.

Review:Recent Development of High⁃Order⁃Spectral Method Combined with Computational Fluid Dynamics Method for Wave⁃Structure Interactions

The present paper reviews the recent developments of a high⁃order⁃spectral method(HOS)and the combination with computational fluid dynamics(CFD)method for wave⁃structure interactions.As the numerical simulations of wave⁃structure interaction require efficiency and accuracy,as well as the ability in calculating in open sea states,the HOS method has its strength in both generating extreme waves in open seas and fast convergence in simulations,while computational fluid dynamics(CFD)method has its advantages in simulating violent wave⁃structure interactions.This paper provides the new thoughts for fast and accurate simulations,as well as the future work on innovations in fine fluid field of numerical simulations.

Preliminary Investigation of Copper(II) Ion Binding or Complex Coordination in Lysozeme Molecules

Hydrophobic Val derivative Schiff base copper(II) complexes and dipeptide (AlaAla, GlyGly) derivative Schiff base copper(II) complexes were introduced into egg white lysozyme. X-ray crystal structure analysis revealed amino acid derivative Schiff base copper(II) complexes were obtained. Herein we discuss primarily on the binding mode of copper(II) of the complexes obtained with egg white lysozyme. The electron density of copper(II) ions was confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The Val derivative Schiff base copper(II) complex was weakly bound at Arg114 of egg white lysozyme. In other copper(II) complexes, binding of copper(II) ions with dissociated ligands to various residues was observed. The binding sites of copper(II) ions were compared with computational scientific predictions.

Protein-protein interactions: Methods, databases, and applications in virus-host study

Almost all the cellular processes in a living system are controlled by proteins:They regulate gene expression,catalyze chemical reactions,transport small molecules across membranes,and transmit signal across membranes.Even,a viral infection is often initiated through virus-host protein interactions.Protein-protein interactions(PPIs)are the physical contacts between two or more proteins and they represent complex biological functions.Nowadays,PPIs have been used to construct PPI networks to study complex pathways for revealing the functions of unknown proteins.Scientists have used PPIs to find the molecular basis of certain diseases and also some potential drug targets.In this review,we will discuss how PPI networks are essential to understand the molecular basis of virus-host relationships and several databases which are dedicated to virus-host interaction studies.Here,we present a short but comprehensive review on PPIs,including the experimental and computational methods of finding PPIs,the databases dedicated to virus-host PPIs,and the associated various applications in protein interaction networks of some lethal viruses with their hosts.

Neural Network Robust Control Based on Computed Torque for Lower Limb Exoskeleton

The lower limb exoskeletons are used to assist wearers in various scenarios such as medical and industrial settings.Complex modeling errors of the exoskeleton in different application scenarios pose challenges to the robustness and stability of its control algorithm.The Radial Basis Function(RBF)neural network is used widely to compensate for modeling errors.In order to solve the problem that the current RBF neural network controllers cannot guarantee the asymptotic stability,a neural network robust control algorithm based on computed torque method is proposed in this paper,focusing on trajectory tracking.It innovatively incorporates the robust adaptive term while introducing the RBF neural network term,improving the compensation ability for modeling errors.The stability of the algorithm is proved by Lyapunov method,and the effectiveness of the robust adaptive term is verified by the simulation.Experiments wearing the exoskeleton under different walking speeds and scenarios were carried out,and the results show that the absolute value of tracking errors of the hip and knee joints of the exoskeleton are consistently less than 1.5°and 2.5°,respectively.The proposed control algorithm effectively compensates for modeling errors and exhibits high robustness.

Numerical Study on the Aerodynamic and Fluid−Structure Interaction of An NREL-5MW Wind Turbine

A 5-MW wind turbine has been modeled and analyzed for fluid-structure interaction and aerodynamic performance.In this study, a full-scale model of a 5-MW wind turbine is first developed based on a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) approach, in which the unsteady, noncompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) method is used. The main focus of the study is to analyze the tower shadow effect on the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine under different inlet flow conditions. Subsequently, the finite element model is established by considering fluid/structure interactions to study the structural stress, displacement, strain distributions and flow field information of the structure under the uniform wind speed. Finally, the fluid-structure interaction model is established by considering turbulent wind and the tower shadow effect. The variation rules of the dynamic response of the one-way and two-way fluid-structure interaction(FSI) models under different wind speeds are analyzed, and the numerical calculation results are compared with those of the centralized mass model. The results show that the tower shadow effect and structural deformation are the main factors affecting the aerodynamic load fluctuation of the wind turbine, which in turn affects the aerodynamic performance and structural stability of the blades. The structural dynamic response of the coupled model shows significant similarity, while the structural displacement response of the former exhibits less fluctuation compared with the conventional centralized mass model. The one-way fluid-structure interaction(FSI)model shows a higher frequency of stress-strain and displacement oscillations on the blade compared with the two-way FSI model.

New Simple Method of Calculation of Statically Indeterminate Trusses

The paper presents a very simple method, which in two stages enables to calculate the plane statically indeterminate truss by the application of one of methods used for the force calculation in members of the statically determinate trusses. The results are obtained in a very simple and quick way. Although the force values are approximated but they are relatively very close to those, which are determined by the exact methods. The point of the two-stage calculation process of the statically indeterminate trusses is to determine schemes of two independent and simple statically determined trusses, which after superposition of their patterns will give in the result a pattern of the initial, more complex form of the statically indeterminate truss. Each of the simple truss has to be of the same clear span and the load forces have to be of the half values and they have to be applied to the same nodes like in truss of the initial structural configuration.

Direct computing methods for turn flows in traffic assignment

Two methods based on a slight modification of the regular traffic assignmentalgorithms are proposed to directly compute turn flows instead of estimating them from link flows orobtaining them by expanding the networks. The first one is designed on the path-turn incidencerelationship, and it is similar to the computational procedure of link flows. It applies to thetraffic assignment algorithms that can provide detailed path structures. The second utilizes thelink-turn incidence relationship and the conservation of flow on links, a law deriving from thisrelationship. It is actually an improved version of Dial's logit assignment algorithm. The proposedapproaches can avoid the shortcomings both of the estimation methods, e. g. Furness's model andFrator's model, and of the network-expanding method in precision, stability and computation scale.Finally, they are validated by numerical examples.

Computing methods for icosahedral and symmetry-mismatch reconstruction of viruses by cryo-electron microscopy

Three-dimensional(3 D)reconstruction of icosahedral viruses has played a crucial role in the development of cryoelectron microscopy single-particle reconstruction,with many cryo-electron microscopy techniques first established for structural studies of icosahedral viruses,owing to their high symmetry and large mass.This review summarizes the computational methods for icosahedral and symmetry-mismatch reconstruction of viruses,as well as the likely challenges and bottlenecks in virus reconstruction,such as symmetry mismatch reconstruction,contrast transformation function(CTF)correction,and particle distortion.

Dynamic Factor Method of Computing Dynamic Mathematical Model for System Simulation

The computational methods of a typical dynamic mathematical model that can describe the differential element and the inertial element for the system simulation are researched. The stability of numerical solutions of the dynamic mathematical model is researched. By means of theoretical analysis, the error formulas, the error sign criteria and the error relationship criterion of the implicit Euler method and the trapezoidal method are given, the dynamic factor affecting the computational accuracy has been found, the formula and the methods of computing the dynamic factor are given. The computational accuracy of the dynamic mathematical model like this can be improved by use of the dynamic factor.

The Conjugate Gradient Method in Random Variables

We study the conjugate gradient method for solving a system of linear equations with coefficients which are measurable functions and establish the rate of convergence of this method.

A new correction method for quasi-Keplerian orbits

A pure two-body problem has seven integrals including the Kepler energy,the Laplace vector and the angular momentum vector.However,only five of them are independent.When the five independent integrals are preserved,the two other dependent integrals are naturally preserved from a theoretical viewpoint;but they may not necessarily be from a numerical computational viewpoint.Because of this,we use seven scale factors to adjust the integrated positions and velocities so that the adjusted solutions strictly satisfy the seven constraints.Noticing the existence of the two dependent integrals,we adopt the Newton iterative method combined with singular value decomposition to calculate these factors.This correction scheme can be applied to perturbed two-body and N-body problems in the solar system.In this case,the seven quantities associated with each planet slowly vary with time.More accurate values can be given to the seven slowly-varying quantities by integrating the integral invariant relations of these quantities and the equations of motion.They should be satisfied with the adjusted solutions.Numerical tests show that the new method can significantly reduce the rapid growth of numerical errors for all orbital elements.