A deep reinforcement learning(DRL)based approach for well-testing interpretation to evaluate reservoir parameters

Parameter inversions in oil/gas reservoirs based on well test interpretations are of great significance in oil/gas industry.Automatic well test interpretations based on artificial intelligence are the most promising to solve the problem of non-unique solution.In this work,a new deep reinforcement learning(DRL)based approach is proposed for automatic curve matching for well test interpretation,by using the double deep Q-network(DDQN).The DDQN algorithms are applied to train agents for automatic parameter tuning in three conventional well-testing models.In addition,to alleviate the dimensional disaster problem of parameter space,an asynchronous parameter adjustment strategy is used to train the agent.Finally,field applications are carried out by using the new DRL approaches.Results show that step number required for the DDQN to complete the curve matching is the least among,when comparing the naive deep Q-network(naive DQN)and deep Q-network(DQN).We also show that DDQN can improve the robustness of curve matching in comparison with supervised machine learning algorithms.Using DDQN algorithm to perform 100 curve matching tests on three traditional well test models,the results show that the mean relative error of the parameters is 7.58%for the homogeneous model,10.66%for the radial composite model,and 12.79%for the dual porosity model.In the actual field application,it is found that a good curve fitting can be obtained with only 30 steps of parameter adjustment.

Expert Consensus on Polymyxin Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Clinical Interpretation

The polymyxins are important antimicrobial agents against antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli.In 2020,the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute modified the clinical breakpoints for polymyxin susceptibility test by eliminating the"susceptible"interpretive category,only reporting intermediate(≤2 mg/L)and resistant(≥4 mg/L).However,the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing recommended the use of clinical breakpoints of W2 mg/L as susceptible and>2 mg/L as resistant.The first-line laboratorians and clinicians in China have been perplexed by the inconsistence of international polymyxin clinical breakpoints and discouraged by the difficulty of conducting polymyxin susceptibility testing.Therefore,it is urgently needed to make it clear for the laboratorians in China to know how to accurately carry out polymyxin susceptibility testing and standardize the interpretation of susceptibility testing results.To this end,the experts from relevant fields were convened to formulate this consensus statement on the testing and clinical interpretation of polymyxin susceptibility.Relevant recommendations are proposed accordingly for laboratorians and clinicians to streamline their daily work.

Quantitative Interpretation for the Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Data Based on Neural Network

In order to interpret the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing data quantitatively and size the defects accurately, some defect profiles inversion methods from the MFL signals are studied on the basis of the neural network.Because the wavelet ba- sis function neural network (WBFNN) has good accuracy in the forward calculation and the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) has reliable precision in the inversion modeling respectively,a new neural network scheme combining WBFNN and RBFNN is presented to solve the nonlinear inversion problem for the MFL data and reconstruct the defect shapes.And such details as the choice of wavelet basis function,the initialization of the weight value and the input normalization are analyzed,the train- ing and testing algorithm for the network are also studied.The inversion results demonstrate that the proposed network scheme has good reliability to interpret the MFL data for some defects.

Research on Well Testing Interpretation of Low Permeability Deformed Dual Medium Reservoir

Considering the influence of quadratic gradient term and medium deformation on the seepage equation, a well testing interpretation model for low permeability and deformation dual medium reservoirs was derived and established. The difference method was used to solve the problem, and pressure and pressure derivative double logarithmic curves were drawn to analyze the seepage law. The research results indicate that the influence of starting pressure gradient and medium deformation on the pressure characteristic curve is mainly manifested in the middle and late stages. The larger the value, the more obvious the upward warping of the pressure and pressure derivative curve;the parameter characterizing the dual medium is the crossflow coefficient. The channeling coefficient determines the time and location of the appearance of the “concave”. The smaller the value, the later the appearance of the “concave”, and the more to the right of the “concave”.

Automatic well test interpretation based on convolutional neural network for a radial composite reservoir

An automatic well test interpretation method for radial composite reservoirs based on convolutional neural network(CNN) is proposed, and its effectiveness and accuracy are verified by actual field data. In this paper, based on the data transformed by logarithm function and the loss function of mean square error(MSE), the optimal CNN is obtained by reducing the loss function to optimize the network with "dropout" method to avoid over fitting. The trained optimal network can be directly used to interpret the buildup or drawdown pressure data of the well in the radial composite reservoir, that is, the log-log plot of the given measured pressure variation and its derivative data are input into the network, the outputs are corresponding reservoir parameters(mobility ratio, storativity ratio, dimensionless composite radius, and dimensionless group characterizing well storage and skin effects), which realizes the automatic initial fitting of well test interpretation parameters. The method is verified with field measured data of Daqing Oilfield. The research shows that the method has high interpretation accuracy, and it is superior to the analytical method and the least square method.

A new interpretation and quantitative method for diplopia test： 304 cases of ocular motor nerve palsy for clinical test and verify

We introduce a new interpretation and quantitative method for computerized diplopia test. By comparing this new method to the Hess screen test, we validate its applicability among 304 patients with ocular motor nerve palsy. This new method shows great assistant value as the Hess screen test in making accurate diagnosis and quantitative evaluation the severity of diplopia. Furthermore, it is more convenient and suitable for daily clinical use.

Some Analyses Concerning Interpretation Quality Assessment Criteria——A Case Study of TEM8 Interpretation Test

his paper,through analyzing the current TEM8 interpretation test,concludes that the present TEM 8 interpretation test has various unsatisfactory points in its interpretation quality assessment criteria.Therefore,in light of the interpretation quality assessment criteria proposed by Butler,this paper put forwards some constructive suggestions in this aspect,which will be helpful to get better and fair assessment results.

Current scenario of the genetic testing for rare neurological disorders exploiting next generation sequencing

Next generation sequencing is currently a cornerstone of genetic testing in routine diagnostics,allowing for the detection of sequence variants with so far unprecedented large scale,mainly in genetically heterogenous diseases,such as neurological disorders.It is a fast-moving field,where new wet enrichment protocols and bioinformatics tools are constantly being developed to overcome initial limitations.Despite the as yet undiscussed advantages,however,there are still some challenges in data analysis and the interpretation of variants.In this review,we address the current state of next generation sequencing diagnostic testing for inherited human disorders,particularly giving an overview of the available high-throughput sequencing approaches;including targeted,whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing;and discussing the main critical aspects of the bioinformatic process,from raw data analysis to molecular diagnosis.

Computer-Aided Design of X-Ray Microtomographic Scanners

The article is to study the development of computer-aided design of X-ray microtomography—the device for investigating the structure and construction of three-dimensional images of organic and inorganic objects on the basis of shadow projections. This article provides basic information regarding CAD of X-ray microtomography and a scheme consisting of three levels. The article also shows basic relations of X-ray computed tomography, the generalized scheme of an X-ray microtomographic scanner. The methods of X-ray imaging of the spatial microstructure and morphometry of materials are described. The main characteristics of an X-ray microtomographic scanner, the X-ray source, X-ray optical elements and mechanical components of the positioning system are shown. The block scheme and software functional scheme for intelligent neural network system of analysis of the internal microstructure of objects are presented. The method of choice of design parameters of CAD of X-ray microtomography aims at improving the quality of design and reducing costs of it. It is supposed to reduce the design time and eliminate the growing number of engineers involved in development and construction of X-ray microtomographic scanners.

X-Ray Image Interpretation Guide for Aviation Aluminum Alloy Castings

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the basic steps of X-ray image interpretation of aviation castings,so as to provide a learning guidance for beginners and reduce the exploration time.Among them,the introduction of specifications,the requirements for image quality,and the application of reference radiographs are just a sorting out the key points.If there is a need for practical application,we should conduct a deeper exploration and understanding of each specification,not just cite this article.

Interpretation of Groundwater Flow into Fractured Aquifer

The region of investigation is part of the western desert of Iraq covering an area of about 12,400 km2, this region includes several large wadis discharging to the Euphrates River. Since the Tectonic features in particular fault zones play a significant role with respect to groundwater flow in hard rock terrains. The present research is focus on investigate lineaments that have been classified as suspected faults by means of remote sensing techniques and digital terrain evaluation in combination with interpolating groundwater heads and MLU pumping tests model in a fractured rock aquifer, Lineaments extraction approach is illustrated a fare matching with suspected faults, moreover these lineaments conducted an elevated permeability zone.

Fracture network types revealed by well test curves for shale reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin,China

Pressure buildup testing can be used to analyze fracture network characteristics and conduct quantitative interpretation of relevant parameters for shale gas wells,thus providing bases for assessing the well productivity and formulating proper development strategies.This study establishes a new well test interpretation model for fractured horizontal wells based on seepage mechanisms of shale reservoirs and proposes a method for identifying fracturing patterns based on the characteristic slopes of pressure buildup curves and curve combination patterns.The pressure buildup curve patterns are identified to represent three types of shale reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin,namely the moderately deep shale reservoirs with high pressure,deep shale reservoirs with ultra-high pressure,and moderately deep shale reservoirs with normal pressure.Based on this,the relationship between the typical pressure buildup curve patterns and the fracture network types are put forward.Fracturing effects of three types of shale gas reservoir are compared and analyzed.The results show that typical flow patterns of shale reservoirs include bilinear flow in primary and secondary fractures,linear flow in secondary fractures,bilinear flow in secondary fractures and matrix,and linear flow in matrix.The fracture network characteristics can be determined using the characteristic slopes of pressure buildup curves and curve combinations.The linear flow in early secondary fractures is increasingly distinct with an increase in primary fracture conductivity.Moreover,the bilinear flow in secondary fractures and matrix and the subsequent linear flow in the matrix occur as the propping and density of secondary fractures increase.The increase in the burial depth,in-situ stress,and stress difference corresponds to a decrease in the propping of primary fractures that expand along different directions in the shale gas wells in the Sichuan Basin.Four pressure buildup curve patterns exist in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery.The pattern of pressure buildup curves of shale reservoirs in the Yongchuan area can be described as 1/2/→1/4,indicating limited stimulated reservoir volume,poorly propped secondary fractures,and the forming of primary fractures that extend only to certain directions.The pressure buildup curves of shale reservoirs in the main block of the Fuling area show a pattern of 1/4/→1/2 or 1/2,indicating greater stimulated reservoir volume,well propped secondary fractures,and the forming of complex fracture networks.The pattern of pressure buildup curves of shale reservoirs in the Pingqiao area is 1/2/→1/4→/1/2,indicating a fracturing effect somewhere between that of the Fuling and Yongchuan areas.For reservoirs with normal pressure,it is difficult to determine fracture network characteristics from pressure buildup curves due to insufficient formation energy and limited liquid drainage.

Automatic Control of Automobile Transmission Performance Test Stand

To realize automatic control of automobile transmission performance test stand Methods The automatic control technique of the lubricant temperature,the program- controll- edautomaticshifting of the transmission,the continuous adjusting of revolution speed and load, data-acquisition and data real-time processing were adopted.Results The lubricant temperature was controlled at the set temperature ±2℃.The automatic shifting of the trans- mission is simple,reliable and accurate.The automatic adjusting of load and rotation speed is rapidandaccurate,the torque divergence is ±1N·m,the rotation speed divergence is ±5r/min Conclusion The four kinds of techniques are applied into the automobile transmission perfor- mance test stand successfully. mancetest stand successfully.

Generating test case specifications of web service composition using model checking

Model checking techniques have been widely used in verifying web service compositions to ensure the trustworthi- ness. However, little research has focused on testing web services. Based on the research of model checking techniques~ we propose a model checking based approach for testing web service composition which is described by using the web services choreography description language （WS-CDL）. According to worldwide web consortium （W3C） candidate recommendation, the WS-CDL specification provides a language for characterizing interactions between distinct web services using XML. Since the behaviors of web service composition are asynchronous, distributed, low-coupled and platform independent, we employ the guarded automata （GA） model for specifying the composition described in WS-CDL and using the simple promela interpreter （SPIN） model checker for detecting the collaborations of web services. Test cases can be transformed from counterexamples generated by SPIN using adequacy criteria. In this paper we apply the transition coverage criterion for generating counterex- amples. To illustrate our approach, we set ＂E-commerce service system＂ as an example for demonstrating how test cases can be generated using SPIN for compositions specified in WS-CDL.

Design and Implementation of Test Flow Description Language

A test flow description language is designed for the description of test flow.The design concept,composition,program structure and syntax structure of statement are presented.The development and impletementation processes of the language are also described.This language is independent of hardware,which can be used for different platforms,and can be extended.The language is used to describe the test flow easily.It simplifies the development process of test software and reduces the difficulty of software maintenance greatly.

The Dynamic test of Novel Punch Driven by Linear Motor

The key character of punch is its impulsion. For the novel punch driven by linear motor, the computer-aided test system is used. Its frequency performance is calculated by the identification method according to the dynamic demarcation. This dynamic test system presented here can be applied in the sample machines under development and performance test of finished products.

用INTERPRET软件进行井间干扰试验设计

干扰试验设计，选择反映油（握）藏地质特征的试井解释模型，来模拟观测井的压力响应过程，用最大干扰压力确定激动井的生产时间。开发INTERPRET软件用于设计过程的模拟计算，并以一断块油藏的干扰试验设计为实验。

2023年版《检验检测机构资质认定评审准则》变化解析

为了尽快掌握2023年版《检验检测机构资质认定评审准则》(以下简称“新版《准则》”)的新变化和新要求,对其变化内容进行了解析。新版《准则》共含4个章节和4个附件,在框架结构、章节内容等方面有了新的变化。调整后的框架结构更加严谨、完整;新增章节对资质认定的评审方式与程序进行了详细规定;调整章节对9个条款内容进行了删除、调整和补充,在组织机构、设备设施及管理体系等方面提出了更加严格的要求;新增了4个附件,包括现场评审、书面审查和远程评审3个工作程序和1套审查表,评审和审查更规范。这些变化表明新版《准则》要求更严格、程序更规范、记录更具体。本文为有关检验检测机构尽快完善管理体系文件,确保资质认定工作的顺利实施提供了参考。

大庆油田开发试井解释技术新进展及展望

全面介绍了大庆油田自“十四五”以来在开发试井解释技术方面所取得的新进展。解析试井技术领域,率先在国内完成了试井资料的智能化解释方法研究,成功实现了10种常规试井模型的自动化解释,并已开始大规模推广应用;数值试井技术领域,在水驱单相流的基础上进一步发展了化学驱多相流多组分模型和针对致密油气藏的多段压裂水平井的数值试井解释技术;试井解释资料应用领域,研发了测试资料综合应用云平台,深化了试井资料解释成果的应用;试井解释软件的开发方面,研发了拥有自主知识产权的Sunflower试井解释平台软件系列。未来将集中在解析试井智能解释技术的完善和提升、数值试井解释技术的解释速度提升、页岩油试井解释评价技术以及高频压力计试井解释评价技术,同时,还将发展基于“微服务”架构的试井解释平台软件。

双封隔取样压力数据深入解释方法研究

双封隔器是一种地层测试测压取样工具,取样过程通常需要泵抽几小时甚至十几小时,取得地层流体样品,获得压力和流量数据,但无法真实反映地层渗透率的探测范围。利用油藏模拟软件模拟双封隔器泵抽取样过程,引入Schroeter算法和Levitan算法这两种压力/流量数据反褶积算法,反演渗透率参数波及半径从几厘米到上百米,并使用数值模拟案例验证了只利用取样完成后的压力恢复数据进行反褶积方法的准确性和合理性。该研究应用于双封隔现场测井数据,采用反褶积方法得到渗透率探测半径31m,反褶积处理后的数据可用于产能预测,对正确认识油气藏具有重要意义。