Boundary Layer Development on a Concave Surface： Flow Visualization and Hot Wire Velocity Measurements

Gortler vortices are key issues in the design of gas turbine blades. The present study deals with flow visualization over concave surface for gas turbine applications. The aim is to comprehend qualitatively the flow trends, particularly the Gortler vortices formation and development. Gortler vortices have the shape of mushroom-like vortices regularly spaced at 25 mm. These vortices grow and increase in strength more rapidly along the surface in the case of the same grid of turbulence applied to the measuring section. The curvature radius of the studied blade is 0.5 m and the stream turbulence intensity level is 2.6%. The velocity field is measured by hot wire anemometer in the streamwise direction. The velocity profile is found to be highly distorted by the momentum transfer associated with Gortler vortices. The results are compared to Blasius flow and to literature data for a blade with curvature radius equal to 2 m.

Experimental study of curvature effects on jet impingement heat transfer on concave surfaces

Experimental study of the local and average heat transfer characteristics of a single round jet impinging on the concave surfaces was conducted in this work to gain in-depth knowledge of the curvature effects.The experiments were conducted by employing a piccolo tube with one single jet hole over a wide range of parameters：jet Reynolds number from 27000 to 130000,relative nozzle to surface distance from 3.3 to 30,and relative surface curvature from 0.005 to 0.030.Experimental results indicate that the surface curvature has opposite effects on heat transfer characteristics.On one hand,an increase of relative nozzle to surface distance（increasing jet diameter in fact）enhances the average heat transfer around the surface for the same curved surface.On the other hand,the average Nusselt number decreases as relative nozzle to surface distance increases for a fixed jet diameter.Finally,experimental data-based correlations of the average Nusselt number over the curved surface were obtained with consideration of surface curvature effect.This work contributes to a better understanding of the curvature effects on heat transfer of a round jet impingement on concave surfaces,which is of high importance to the design of the aircraft anti-icing system.

CONCAVE BIOLOGICAL SURFACES FOR STRONG WET ADHESION

Plant leaves, insects and geckos are masters of adhesion or anti-adhesion by smartly designed refined surface structures with micro- and nano- ＇technologies＇. Understanding the basic principles in the design of the unique surface structures is of great importance in the manufacture or synthesis of micro- and nano- devices in MEMS or NEMS. This study is right inspired by this effort, focusing on the mechanics of wet adhesion between fibers having concave tips and a flat substrate via capillary forces. We show that the concave surface can effectively enhance the wet adhesion by reducing the effective contact angle of the fiber, firmly pinning the liquid bridge at its circumferential edge. A critical contact angle is identified below which the adhesion strength can achieve its maximum, being insensitive to the contact angle between the fiber and liquid. The analytical expression for the critical angle is derived. Then a tentative design for the profile of concave surfaces is proposed, considering the effects of chamfering size, deformation and buckling, etc. The effect of liquid volume on the wet adhesion of multiple-fiber system is also discussed.

Convective heat transfer on flat and concave surfaces subjected to an impinging jet form lobed nozzle

A tri-dimensional lobed nozzle is concerned in the jet impingement on a flat target and a concave target in the current study. The jet impingement heat transfer experiments are conducted under two jet Reynolds numbers(Re=10000 and 20000) and four nozzle-to-surface distances(H/d=2, 4, 6 and 8). Simultaneously, to characterize the flow dynamics of lobed jet impingement onto different target surfaces, some computations are conducted under a specific jet Reynolds number. The results show that the lobed jet is capable of achieving an increase of stagnation Nusselt number about 25% in relative to the round jet at small nozzle-tosurface distances. However, at large nozzle-to-surface distances, the lobed jet otherwise weakens the convective heat transfer in the vicinity of jet stagnation, especially under high jet Reynolds number. When compared to the flat target, approximately a20%–30% reduction of stagnation Nusselt number is produced on a concave target, which is attributed to the combined effect of destabilization and confinement due to the concave curvature.

NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF REYNOLDS AVERAGED NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS FOR 3-D TURBULENT FLOW OVER CONCAVE SURFACES OF DISCHARGING STRUCTURES

This paper is conserned with a numerical method for the solution of complete Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes equations for three dimensional flows over the concave surfaces of discharging structures. A non orthogonal body fitted coordinate system was used to deal with the complex physical geometry, and finite volume method (FVM) was employed to solve the convective transport equations for mean velocities and turbulence parameters (k, ε). It is indicated through the numerical example that the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental ones, and it is also proved that this numerical method used to predict the characteristics of turbulent flow over the concave surfaces of discharging structures is feasible.

Influence of depth-thickness ratio of mining on the stability of a bedding slope with its sliding surface in concave deformation

In order to study the influence of depth-thickness ratio on bedding slope stability, whose sliding surface is flexural concave in shape under mining conditions, this paper aims to study the characteristics ofdeformarion and damage of bedding sliding with depth-thickness ratios of 200：1,150：1,120：1,100：1 and 50：1 by adopting numerical simulation analysis software combined with laboratory-made ＂under the influence of mining variable sliding surface slope similar simulation test bed＂, and to propose identification methods for slope stability under the infuence of mining. The results show that mining activities under the slope reduce slope stability. With a decrease in the mining depth ratio, the influence of mining on the slope increases gradually, and the damage to the slope gradually expands, the stability of the slope grad- ually reduces, fracture occurs on the slope toe and the central fissure gradually develops to the surface, and reaches slide threshold when the depth-thickness ratio is 50：1.

Theoretical Study of the Movement of Cotton Seed Flow along the Contour of the Rib

Improving the efficiency of the process of separating fiber from cotton seeds by improving the working chamber of the gin is one of the important issues. The main way to increase the efficiency of sawn gin is to increase the fiber content in the mass of seeds in the working chamber with a uniform decrease in its density. This can be achieved by using grates with a concave working surface, which serves to move the seeds away from the rotating saws and accelerate the release of bare seeds from the working chamber. The article discusses the movement of seeds on the concave surface of the grate and determines the rational parameters of their working part. The article explores the proposed grate model, consisting of four geometric shapes, provides an analytical analysis of the geometric types. The dependence of the location of the last rectilinear part of the general contour on the shape of its convexity and concavity is determined. Cotton seeds move along the contour in the form of a stream. We assume that the thickness of the flow along the contour is constant and equal. We compose a unique equation of the flow in each section of the circuit. To determine the state of the flow, we denote its velocity, density and pressure in each section, respectively. Let us determine the flow motion along the contour with respect to the arc.

The effect of G?rtler instability on hypersonic boundary layer transition

The evolution of Gortler vortices and its interaction with other instabilities are investigated in this paper. Both the Mack mode and the Gortler mode exist in hypersonic boundary-layer flows over concave surfaces, and their interactions are crucially important in boundary layer transition. We carry out a direct numerical simulation to explore the interaction between the GOrtler and the oblique Mack mode. The results indicate that the interaction between the forced Gortler mode and the oblique Mack mode promotes the onset of the transition. The forced oblique Mack mode is susceptible to nonlinear interaction. Because of the development of the GOrtler mode, the forced Mack mode and other harmonic modes are excited.

Improvement of the Process of Separation of Cotton Fiber from Seeds

The differential equation, obtained as a result of the theoretical study of the movement of the bare seed on the surface of the grate of the saw gin, made it possible to determine the trajectory of the movement of the seed. The rib is one of the main working bodies of the saw gin. It serves for the free passage of the saw blades through it into the working chamber, for the withdrawal of the fiber caught on the saw teeth after separating it from the seed. A number of studies have been carried out to improve the working elements of the saw gin. The purpose of the research is to create the possibility of timely withdrawal of bare seeds from the working chamber of the saw gin by creating a concavity on the working surface of the grate. The use of the Euler equation for the movement of bare cotton seed along the grate contour, taking into account its speed V, density ρ, pressure P, made it possible to obtain a graph of seed distribution along the grate contour. An experimental 30-saw gin was developed and manufactured, the research carried out on it allowed to determine the rational parameters of new grates, which are recommended for introduction into production. The dependence of the location of the rectilinear part of the general contour on the shape of its convexity and concavity is determined. Based on the above equations, using separate functions, we present the view of the grate profile in the coordinate system modeled on the MAPLE-17 program.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND NUMERICAL CALCULATION ON TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER OF WATER FLOW ALONG CURVED SURFACE

This paper will introduce experimental studies and numerical calculation on turbulent boundary layer of water flow along curved surface in our country in recent years.On the basis of the experimental studies,the effects of curvature and roughness on velocity distribution and pressure distribution and the change of turbulent flow boundary layer on overflow bucket concave surface is discussed.We proposed the empirical formula of velocity, pressure and the change of turbulent flow boundary layer on outlet bucket concave.According to the momentum principle,we have deduced the momentum integral equation full water depth boundary layer and using the element as control unit inside the boundary layer on concave surface of bucket.Combining with continuity equation,we have computed the boundary layer development on the bucket of a spillway.Compared with the field experimental data,the calculation results are available.Under polar coordinates,a mathematical model for simulating time-averaged flow characteristics in concave surface of bucket is established.The turbulent flow field on concave surface of bucket is calculated by SIMPLE method and this mathematical model.The flow velocity field,pressure field,distribution of turbulent kinetic energy, distribution of turbulent energy dissipating rate and distribution of shear stress are available.The calculation value is consistent with measured test data.

Transient Free Convection and Thermal Stratification in Uniformly-Heated Partially-Filled Horizontal Cylindrical and Spherical Vessels

An integral approach has been used to analyze the development of the free convection boundary layer on heated concave surfaces,such as those in horizontal cylinders or a sphere.Based on the non-dimensional laminar and turbulent velocity and temperature profiles closed form expressions for the boundary layer thickness,velocity scale as well as the boundary layer commencement after the point of instability are obtained.In addition,the mass flowrate to the thermal stratified region is given.

HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTTOM UNDERLAY-TYPE PIER FOR WATER-WING CONTROL

The pier, placed at the outlet of the pressure flow section, is an effective design to deal with the problems of the manufacture and operation of the gates fbr a discharge tunnel with high water head. It is crucial to control the water-wing, induced by this type of the pier. Through observing the phenomena of the water-wing, the reason of the water-wing inception, i.e., the concave of the flow surface, was presented, and a type of the new pier with bottom underlay was designed. The hydraulic characteristics of the pier, including the variations of the water-wing features, both length and height, with the water head, as well as with the concave depth, and with the height of the bottom underlay, and the variations of the concave depth with the height of the bottom underlay, were investigated by physical model experiments. The results show that the approach of the modification of the concave through the structures with the bottom underlay-type pier is remarkably effective in the water-wing control.