Effects of leaf N concentration and leaf area index on determining rice tillering

Relative tillering rate(RTR)increased linear-ly with the increasing of leaf N concentration(NLV)has been already reported.To testwhether this relationship could be used toquantitatively explain the difference in tilleringamong a wide range of N application,field ex- periments were conducted at the IRRI farm,Los Banos,Laguna,the Philippines.Two in- dica cultivars,IR 72 and IR68284H wereused.For each cultivar,12 treatments includ- ing 4 N levels(0,60,120,and 180kgN·ha)and 3 transplanting spacing(30×20,20×20,and 10×20cm)were arranged in a ran-domized split-plot design with 4 replications.The N treatments were designated as mainplots and spacings as subplots.Fourteen-day-old seedlings were transplanted with 3seedlings per hill.The subplot area was 20m~2.Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as basal,atmidtillering,and at panicle initiation in threeequal splits.P,K,and Zn were applied asbasal at normal dosage.The field was flooded.Plant samples were taken every 7-14 d from 14d after transplanting to flower

Concentration Analysis of the Hungarian Mangalica Pig Stock

In the animal raising sector of Hungary, the indigenious and special Hungarian product called Mangalica pig has a special significance. Some descriptions were made about the species but the concentration of this segment has not been examined, that is why the aim of the researchers is to analyse the concentration of the Mangalica population on the basis of various statistical methods in the last 10 years. The certain concentration indexes were the following the concentration ratio, the Lorenz-curve, the Gini-coefficient, the Herfindahl-index and the redundancy index. Through the analysis we realised that from 2000 a kind of concentration started, which in case of the concentration ratio, the Lorenz-curve and the Gini-coefficient were in 2001 and 2003 of the highest ratio. The Herfindal-index and redundancy index showed that the years of 2000 and 2002 were the most significant, because of a number of large-scale producers started their activities or developed their stocks in these years. On the basis of the results, it can be stated that in the years before the application and after the recession the concentration of the stock was instable, while at the beginning of the supporting period until the crisis the appearance of large-scale firms became equal but basically according to every index the concentration in the examined years was approximately average.

Characterizing Rainfall of the Great Kei River Catchment, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

This study seeks to understand long-term changes of rainfall for the Great Kei River catchment (GKRc) in South Africa for water resources management and planning. Monthly and annual rainfall time series data from 1950 to 2017 for 11 rainfall gauging stations are analyzed using various statistical methods. Data obtained from South African Weather Services (SAWS) was quality controlled to enable the use of Mann-Kendall (MK), Theil Sen’s method, Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI), among others to characterise rainfall. Rainfall in the catchment is seasonal (particularly wet in spring and summer) and highly variable with a PCI of 17.2. Years which received rain above and below the mean inter-annually were 46% and 54%, respectively. Seasonality trends also confirm that the GKRc has been progressively receiving less rainfall since 1950, especially in the autumn. The methods are novel in understanding historical and existing trends, variability and characteristics that control freshwater availability in this catchment.

贵州省疾病预防控制机构资源配置现状及公平性

目的了解贵州全省疾病预防控制机构(以下简称“疾控机构”)资源配置现状,分析基层疾控机构资源配置公平性,为推进贵州等中西部欠发达地区疾病预防控制能力建设提供基线数据和决策建议。方法通过对贵州省的省、市、县三级疾控机构2020年人力资源、财政保障、基础设施、实验室装备和检测能力4个维度调查,了解资源配置现状,采用集中指数和资源聚集度分析2020年基层疾控机构资源配置公平性。结果2020年末,贵州全省三级疾控机构在编人员5162人,专业技术人员占比及卫生专业技术人员占比分别为84.71%和79.70%,学历以大学本科为主(占55.13%)。全省疾控机构总收入为167486.89万元,其中,财政补助占比为91.11%;总支出为154917.69万元。省级疾控机构建筑面积达到标准要求,市级疾控机构7家(占77.78%)达标,县级疾控机构59家(占67.05%)达标。省级疾控机构可开展的实验项目数为1325项,市级疾控机构中位数为360项,县级疾控机构中位数为73项,基础设施建设和实验室能力是市、县两级机构的主要短板。县级疾控机构资源配置相对基本公平,实验室装备(50万元以上检测设备台套数)资源配置存在不公平。各市、州间县级疾控资源配置公平性存在差异。结论建议继续加大全省疾控机构能力建设,尤其是提升基层疾控机构服务能力。结合服务人口数、区域面积、辖区经济水平三大因素,制定省、市、县分级配置标准,继续加大对疾控人员招录,补足人员缺口。经济欠发达地区在加大对疾控工作的重视和政策宏观调控的同时,还应提供相对充足的财政保障,加大基础设施建设力度,强化实验室能力提升,尤其是加大大型实验室设备的投入。

Farmer Income Differential in Regions

China＇s success in reform and opening up policy for twenty years is regarded as China＇s miracles in the world, whereas the income differential widening phenomenon has been the focus of the policymakers and researchers. This article researches 1994-2003 China＇s rural regions income differential and its decomposition. The method this paper used to measure the disparity is Gini Index. There are many ways to compute it, so the easiest way to decompose Gini Index-Matrix method is adopted. And based on it, farmer＇s income could be divided into wage income, fanning income, transfer income and property income according to its composition. The conclusion is that all of the indexes are between 0.2 and 0.3, at the comparatively average level. From the fluctuation trend, it increased from 1994 to 1995, while reduced from 1995 to 1996, fluctuated in 1997, and then diminished again. In general, farmer＇s regions income differential stays at comparatively average level, but it has the widening trend with time. Through decomposing Gini Index, wage income is the most important increasing factor, while fanning income is the reducing factor.

Railway wheel profile fine-tuning system for profile recommendation

This paper develops a wheel profile fine-tuning system(WPFTS)that comprehensively considers the influence of wheel profile on wheel damage,vehicle stability,vehicle safety,and passenger comfort.WPFTS can recommend one or more optimized wheel profiles according to train operators’needs,e.g.,reducing wheel wear,mitigating the development of wheel out-of-roundness(OOR),improving the shape stability of the wheel profile.Specifically,WPFTS includes four modules:(I)a wheel profile generation module based on the rotary-scaling finetuning(RSFT)method;(II)a multi-objective generation module consisting of a rigid multi-body dynamics simulation(MBS)model,an analytical model,and a rigid–flexible MBS model,for generating 11 objectives related to wheel damage,vehicle stability,vehicle safety,and passenger comfort;(III)a weight assignment module consisting of an adaptive weight assignment strategy and a manual weight assignment strategy;and(IV)an optimization module based on radial basis function(RBF)and particle swarm optimization(PSO).Finally,three cases are introduced to show how WPTFS recommends a wheel profile according to train operators’needs.Among them,a wheel profile with high shape stability,a wheel profile for mitigating the development of wheel OOR,and a wheel profile considering hunting stability and derailment safety are developed,respectively.

Research on Tourism Agglomeration: A Case Study of Hainan Province, China

On the basis of analyzing yearly data and spatial relationships between tourism spots, star hotels and travel agencies of Hainan Province, and comparing all the methods of measuring industrial spatial agglomeration, this paper chose Hefindahl index, Location Quotient, nearest neighbor index, spatial connection index and geographic concentration index to measure Hainan tourism agglomeration. By applying these methods, total tourism agglomeration, agglomeration of tourism factors and regional agglomeration differences were studied. The results showed that the overall agglomeration increases as time flows, and the eastern part is the most agglomerated, the west takes the second, with the middle ranking the least. The large-scale agglomeration regions are Sanya and Haikou. The influencing factors of Hainan tourism spatial agglomeration were concluded as tourism resource endowment, industrial attributes, geographic conditions, governmental policies and the overall economic development level, etc. In addition, the paper proposed tourism spatial agglomeration modes of Hainan Province at various spatial scales.

Changes in Temporal Concentration Property of Summer Precipitation in China during 1961–2010 Based on a New Index

Based on the property of entropy,a new index Q was defined to measure the temporal concentration property of summertime daily rainfall in China,based on daily precipitation data collected at 553 observation stations in China during 1961–2010.Furthermore,changes in the temporal concentration property of summer precipitation in China were investigated.The results indicate that the regions with larger Q values were located in most parts of Northwest China and the north of the Yellow River,where daily precipitation tended to become temporally concentrated during the study period.On the contrary,smaller Q values were found in eastern Tibetan Plateau,southeastern Northwest China,and most parts of Southwest and South China.The most obvious increasing trend of Q index was found in South China and most parts of Southwest China,where precipitation showed a temporal concentration trend.However,a decreasing trend of Q index was found in Northwest China,the Tibetan Plateau,and the north of the Huaihe River.Variations of the Q index and the summer rainfall total during 1961–2010 in China both exhibited an increasing trend,implying larger temporal variability in rainfall attributes.It is illustrated that the summer precipitation in general became more temporally concentrated with more intense rainfall events and wetter days.

Spatial-temporal Pattern Evolution of Manufacturing Geographical Agglomeration and Influencing Factors of Old Industrial Base:A Case of Jilin Province,China

The primary object of this paper is to examine the spatial-temporal pattern evolution of manufacturing geographical agglomeration of the old industrial base.Industrial spatial agglomeration index and concentration ratio are used in this paper.Multiple linear regression models are also applied to try to explore the internal driving mechanisms on manufacturing geographical agglomeration.The results show that:1) the manufacturing agglomeration degree of Jilin Province is increasing gradually.The spatial polarization structure is visible;and the central region is the agglomeration area,in addition,the manufacturing industries of Changchun Proper present a trend of dispersion;2) the structure of manufacturing industries has changed,and the concentration ratio of labor-intensive manufacturing industry is declining,while the proportions of technology-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing industry are relatively rising;3) marketing level,location accessibility,labor resources,capital,science and technology innovation capability,scale economy and the level of globalization affect manufacturing agglomeration with different degree.There are significant differences of the effects about employment,technology,the quality of residents and the export-oriented market on the industrial concentration ratio;4) in the future,the impact of policy and institution,export-oriented market and quality of resident on manufacturing geographical agglomeration pattern will be more profound.

The evolution of socioeconomic statusrelated inequalities in maternal health care utilization:evidence from Zimbabwe,1994–2011

Background:Inequalities in maternal health care are pervasive in the developing world,a fact that has led to questions about the extent of these disparities across socioeconomic groups.Despite a growing literature on maternal health across Sub-Saharan African countries,relatively little is known about the evolution of these inequalities over time for specific countries.This study sought to quantify and explain the observed differences in prenatal care use and professional delivery assistance in Zimbabwe.Methods:The empirical analysis uses four rounds of the nationwide Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey administered in 1994,1999,2005/06 and 2010/11.Two binary indicators were used as measures of maternal health care utilization;(1)the receipt of four or more antenatal care visits and(2)receiving professional delivery assistance for the most recent pregnancy.We measure inequalities in maternal health care use using the Erreygers corrected concentration index.A decomposition analysis was conducted to determine the underlying drivers of the measured disparities.Results:The computed concentration indices for professional delivery assistance and prenatal care reveal a mostly pro-rich distribution of inequalities between 1994 and 2011.Particularly,the concentration index[95%confidence interval]for the receipt of prenatal care was 0.111[0.056,0.171]in 2005/06 and 0.094[0.057,0.138]in 2010/11.For professional delivery assistance,the concentration index stood at 0.286[0.244,0.329]in 2005/06 and 0.324[0.283,0.366]in 2010/11.The pro-rich inequality was also increasing in both rural and urban areas over time.The decomposition exercise revealed that wealth,education,religion and information access were the underlying drivers of the observed inequalities in maternal health care.Conclusions:In Zimbabwe,socioeconomic disparities in maternal health care use are mostly pro-rich and have widened over time regardless of the location of residence.Overall,we established that inequalities in wealth and education are amongst the top drivers of the observed disparities in maternal health care.These findings suggest that addressing inequalities in maternal health care utilization requires coordinated public policies targeting the more poor and vulnerable segments of the population in Zimbabwe.

Understanding the pattern and mechanism of spatial concentration of urban land use, population and economic activities: a case study in Wuhan, China

Quantifying the aggregation patterns of urban population, economic activities, and land use are essential for understanding compact development, but little is known about the difference among the distribution characteristics and how the built environment influences urban aggre-gation. In this study, five elements are collected in Wuhan, China, namely population density, floor area ratio, business POIs, road network and built-up area as the representative of urban population, economic activities and land use. An inverse S-shape function is employed to fit the elements’ macro distribution. An aggregation degree index is proposed to measure the aggregation level of urban elements. The kernel density estimation is used to identify the aggregation patterns. The spatial regression model is used to identify the built environment factors influencing the spatial distribution of urban elements. Results indicates that all urban elements decay outward from the city center in an inverse S-shape manner. The business Pointof- Interest (POI) density and population density are highly aggregated;floor area ratio and road density are moderately aggregated, whereas the built-up density is poorly aggregated. Three types of spatial aggregation patterns are identified: a point-shaped pattern, an axial pattern and a planar pattern. The spatial regression modeling shows that the built environment is associated with the distribution of the urban population, economic activities and land use. Destination accessibility factors, transit accessibility factors and land use diversity factors shape the distribution of the business POI density, floor area ratio and road density. Design factors are positively associated with population density, floor area ratio and built-up density. Future planning should consider the varying spatial concentration of urban population, economic activities and land use as well as their relationships with built environment attributes. Results of this study will provide a systematic understanding of aggregation of urban land use, popula-tion, and economic activities in megacities as well as some suggestions for planning and compact development.

Equity of health service utilization of urban residents： data from a western Chinese city

Background Getting medical treatment is still difficult and expensive in western China. Improving the equity of basic health services is one of the tasks of the new healthcare reform in China. This study aimed to analyze the parallel and vertical equity of health service utilization of urban residents and then find its influencing factors. Methods In August 2011, a household survey was conducted at 18 communities of Baoji City by multi-stage stratified random sampling. Based on the survey data, we calculated a concentration index of health service utilization for different income residents and a difference index of different ages. We then investigated the influencing factors of health service utilization by employing the Logistic regression model and log-linear regression model. Results The two-week morbidity rate of sampled residents was 19.43%, the morbidity rate of chronic diseases was 21.68%, and the required hospitalization rate after medical diagnosis was 11.36%. Among out-patient service utilization, the two-week out-patient rate, number of two-week out-patients, and out-patient expense had good parallel and vertical equity, while out-patient compensation expense had poor parallel and vertical equity. The inpatient service utilization, hospitalization rate, number of inpatients, days stayed in the hospital, and inpatient expense had good parallel equity, while inpatient compensation expense had poor parallel equity. While the hospitalization rate and number of inpatients had vertical equity, the days stayed in hospital, inpatient expense, and inpatient compensation expense had vertical inequity. Conclusions Urban residents＇ health was at a low level and there was not good health service utilization. There existed rather poor equity of out-patient compensation expense. The equity of inpatient service utilization was quite poor. Income difference and the type of medical insurance had great effects on the equity of health service utilization.

Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity of Berberine Hydrochloride, Baicalein and Borneol against Candida albicans

Objective To determine the synergistic effects of berberine hydrochloride, baicalein,and borneol in different combinations on Candida albicans. Methods The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration（MIC） and minimal bactericidal concentration（MBC） of the three agents, and the checkerboard method was simultaneously used to determine the MIC and fractional inhibitory concentration index（FICI） of the combination of three antimicrobial agents to study their extracorporeal effects. Results Berberine hydrochloride was the most potent inhibitor of C. albicans（MIC and MBC of 0.160 and 0.640 mg/mL）, followed by borneol（MIC and MBC of 0.320 and 0.640 mg/mL） and baicalein（MIC and MBC of 1.28 and 20.48 mg/mL）. Moreover, the antifungal effect of the combination was significantly stronger than that tested alone. Further in vivo study showed that the mortality rate of tainted mice reduced over 50% compared with the control group. Conclusion The results of experiments in vitro and in vivo indicate the synergistic effect of the combination of three antimicrobial agents on C. albicans, which can make reference for the future clinical treatment.

Precipitation variability in Portugal from 1960 to 2011

This study analyses spatial variab （amount and concentration） based on data lity and trends in annual and monthly precipitation from 42 stations in mainland Portugal during the period 1960-2011. Relationships between certain geographic variables （elevation, latitude and longitude） and precipitation variability were also determined in order to check for specific dependencies and spatial patterns in precipitation distribution, concentration and changing trends. Trends and relationships have been analysed using both parametric and non-parametric tests. The results showed that annual precipitation had decreased in all stations and that this trend is statistically significant for most of the time series （70% of the stations showed nega- tive trends with at least a 0.1 significance level）. The Annual Precipitation Concentration In- dex revealed an opposite behaviour pattern, suggesting that even though the annual trend for precipitation amount was negative overall, more than half of the udometric stations registered a more marked seasonality for precipitation during the period 1960-2011. However, only one station showed statistical significant time trend. Regarding the influence of geographical features, latitude is the most important variable, governing spatial distribution and variations in annual precipitation as well as its intra-annual changeability. These important changes in precipitation, involving both amount and concentration, may have severe consequences for ecosystems and societies.