Modeling Tracer Flow Characteristics in Different Types of Pores: Visualization and Mathematical Modeling

Structure of porous media and fluid distribution in rocks can significantly affect the transport characteristics during the process of microscale tracer flow.To clarify the effect of micro heterogeneity on aqueous tracer transport,this paper demonstrates microscopic experiments at pore level and proposes an improved mathematical model for tracer transport.The visualization results show a faster tracer movement into movable water than it into bound water,and quicker occupancy in flowing pores than in storage pores caused by the difference of tracer velocity.Moreover,the proposed mathematical model includes the effects of bound water and flowing porosity by applying interstitial flow velocity expression.The new model also distinguishes flowing and storage pores,accounting for different tracer transport mechanisms(dispersion,diffusion and adsorption)in different types of pores.The resulting analytical solution better matches with tracer production data than the standard model.The residual sum of squares(RSS)from the new model is 0.0005,which is 100 times smaller than the RSS from the standard model.The sensitivity analysis indicates that the dispersion coefficient and flowing porosity shows a negative correlation with the tracer breakthrough time and the increasing slope,whereas the superficial velocity and bound water saturation show a positive correlation.

The forward and inverse problem of cardiac magnetic fields based on concentric ellipsoid torso-heart model

This paper constructs a concentric ellipsoid torso-heart model by boundary element method and investigates the impacts of model structures on the cardiac magnetic fields generated by both equivalent primary source--a current dipole and volume currents. Then by using the simulated magnetic fields based on torso-heart model as input, the cardiac current sources--an array of current dipoles by optimal constrained linear inverse method are constructed. Next, the current dipole array reconstruction considering boundaries is compared with that in an unbounded homogeneous medium. Furthermore, the influence of random noise on reconstruction is also considered and the reconstructing effect is judged by several reconstructing parameters.

Modeling the influence of forced ventilation on the dispersion of droplets ejected from roadheader-mounted external sprayer

In order to reveal the influence of forced ventilation on the dispersion of droplets ejected from roadheader-mounted external sprayer,the paper studies the air-flowing field and the droplet distribution under the condition of gentle breeze and normal forced ventilation in heading face using the particle tracking technology of computational fluid dynamics(CFD).The results show that air-flowing tendency in the same section presents great comparability in the period of gentle breeze and forced ventilation,and the difference mainly embodies in the different wind velocity.The influence of ventilation on the dispersion of droplets is faint under the gentle breeze condition.The droplet can be evenly distributed around the cutting head.However,under the normal forced ventilation,a large number of droplets will drift to the return air side.At the same time,droplet clusters are predominantly presented in the lower part of windward side and the middle of the leeward side around the cutting head.In contrast,the droplet concentration in other parts around cutting head decreases a lot and the droplets are unable to form close-grained mist curtain.So the dust escape channel is formed.In addition,the simulation results also reveal that the disturbance of air flow on the droplet distribution can be effectively relieved when using ventilation duct with Coanda effect(VDCE).Field experiment results show that the dust suppression efficiency of total dust and respirable dust increases respectively by 10.5%and 9.3%when using VDCE,which proves that it can weaken the influence of airflow on droplet dispersion.

Quantitative characterization of lamellarαprecipitation behavior of IMI834 Ti-alloy in isothermal and non-isothermal heat treatments

To reveal the affecting mechanism of cooling rate on lamellarαprecipitation,the precipitation behaviors of lamellarαphase in IMI834 titanium alloy during isothermal and non-isothermal heat treatments were quantitatively characterized using experimental analysis.Critical precipitation temperatures at various cooling rates were obtained using thermal dilatation testing.Using metallographic microscopy,electron microprobe analysis,and data fitting methods,the quantitative evolution models of average width,volume fraction,and solute concentration in theαandβphases were built for different temperatures or cooling rates.A comparison between the two precipitation behaviors showed that the average width and volume fraction of lamellarαphase under non-isothermal conditions were smaller than those under isothermal conditions.With increasing cooling rate,the average width and volume fraction were decreased significantly,and the critical precipitation temperatures were reduced.This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the decreased diffusion velocity of solutes Al,Mo,and Nb with increasing cooling rate.

A model for aerosol mass concentration using an optical particle counter

A model for measuring aerosol mass concentration by an optical particle counter is presented using the conception of the average mass. In this model, to understand the meaning of the pulse height distribution of particles which is used to inverse mass concentration, the relationship among intensity distribution in the optical sensing volume, particle shape, and the pulse height distribution is discussed. To solve the instability of the equivalent factor, a novel two-step calibration method is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate that mass concentrations calculated by the model are in good agreement with those measured by a norm-referenced instrument. For samples of soot and air, the slopes of fitting lines of data points are 0.9582 and 0.9220, and the correlation coefficients are 0.9991 and 0.9965, respectively.

Assessment of composite failure and ultimate strength without experiment on composite

This paper attempts to estimate the ultimate strength of a laminated composite only based on its con- stituent properties measured independently. Three important issues involved have been systematically addressed, i.e., stress calculation for the constituent fiber and matrix materials, failure detection for the lamina and laminate upon the internal stresses in their constituents, and input data determination of the constituents from monolithic measurements. There are three important factors to influence the accuracy of the strength prediction. One is the stress concentration factor （SCF） in the matrix. Another is matrix plasticity. The third is thermal residual stresses in the constituents. It is these three factors, however, that have not been sufficiently well realized in the composite community. One can easily find out the elastic and strength parameters of a great many laminae and laminates in the current literature. Unfortunately, necessary information to determine the SCF, the matrix plasticity, and the thermal residual stresses of the composites is rare or incomplete. A useful design methodology is demonstrated in the paper.

Spectral gap, isoperimetry and concentration on trees

We consider the nearest-neighbor model on the finite tree T with generator L. We obtain a twosided estimate of the spectral gap by factor 2. We also identify explicitly the Lipschitzian norm of the operator(-L)^(-1) in propriate functional space. This leads to the identification of the best constant in the generalized Cheeger isoperimetric inequality on the tree, and to transportation-information inequalities.