Dietary fat intake of Japanese male children and its associated factors: Results of the 1995 National Nutrition Survey in Japan

Aim: To clarify the factors associated with reported dietary fat intake by Japanese male children. Methods: This study is based on the data of a nationally representative cross-sectional study in Japan. Three hundred and seventy-seven male children (age, 6 - 11 years) whose households were sampled in the 1995 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions of the People on Health and Welfare, and the 1995 National Nutrition Survey and whose parents were identified through record linkage between the 2 survey data sets were enrolled. Results: The final dataset in this study consisted of 377 boys with 329 of their parents. Fifty-two boys were found to be overweight (13.8%). The reported dietary fat intake was higher among the overweight boys than among the non-overweight boys. Maternal obesity was significantly associated with obesity in male children. Boys who frequently consumed foods from the “fats and lipids” group and the “meat” groups, and children from nuclear families rather than 3- generation families reported high dietary fat intake. In addition, parental fat intake was also significantly associated with fat intake of male children. Conclusions: Child and parental dietary habits along with the household status should be considered when implementing nutritional education programmes to control dietary fat intake and reduce the obesity risks of male children.

Comparison of nutritional intake in US adolescent swimmers and non-athletes

Swimming is a very popular sport among adolescents in the US. Little is known about the diet of competitive adolescent swimmers in the US but data from other countries indicate several inadequacies, including excessive intake of fat and lower than recommended intake of carbohydrate and several micronutrients that may affect athletic performance and bone accrual. We assessed usual diet, using a food frequency questionnaire and calcium checklist, among 191 adolescent males and females [91 swimmers (mean 13.7, s = 2.5 years) and 100 non-athletes (mean 14.4, s = 2.8 years)]. For both males and females, swimmers and non-athletes generally had similar average intakes of macro- and micro-nutrients, including higher than recommended amounts of total fat (36%) and saturated fat (12%), and inadequate amounts of calcium, vitamin D, and daily servings of fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy products. This first study of nutritional intake among adolescent swimmers in the US suggests that dietary habits of adolescents who swim competitively may jeopardize optimal athletic performance and place them at risk for future chronic diseases, including osteoporosis.

Nutrient Intakes from Food of Lactating Women Do Not Meet Many Dietary Recommendations Important for Infant Development and Maternal Health

Literature describing dietary intakes of lactating mothers in the United States (US) is limited and none of the existing studies attempts to identify whether dietary shortcomings of lactating mothers are distinct from those of women of childbearing age in the US. The first objective of this observational study was to comprehensively analyze the dietary intakes of lactating mothers in the US to determine whether nutrient intakes from food were sufficient to meet recommendations. The second objective was to compare these intakes to those of women of childbearing age in the US. Weekly 3-day food records were collected from subjects for six weeks in 2012-2013. Subject mean daily intakes of food groups, macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, and specific fats including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were determined and compared to daily recommendations. Intakes were compared to US women using the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Fruit, vegetable, and dairy intakes of mothers were ≤50% of recommendations, resulting in 12 of 26 analyzed vitamins or minerals including potassium, iodine, chromium, choline, and vitamins A, D, and E having mean daily intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement. Vitamin D intake of subjects was 18% lower than US women, while most other nutrients showed intakes within 10% of each other between populations. Lactating women are not meeting the increased dietary needs associated with breastfeeding, supporting education initiatives and interventions specifically tailored to breastfeeding populations to increase intakes of vitamin D, vitamin E, iodine, biotin, carotenoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids from food.

Gastrointestinal discomforts and dietary intake in Chinese urban elders:A cross-sectional study in eight cities of China

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal(GI)discomforts are common in the elderly population;however,whether such discomforts are associated with dietary intake has not been studied.AIM To evaluate GI discomforts in Chinese urban elders and the associated factors.METHODS The gastrointestinal symptom rating scale(GSRS)was used to identify GI discomforts in 688 elders from eight cities of China.The semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and one time of 24 h dietary recall were used to access the food intake,identify dietary pattern,and calculate the nutrients intake.RESULTS About 83%of studied elders experienced at least one of GI discomforts in the past 6 mo;dyspepsia was the most commonly reported(66.7%),followed by reflux(44.8%),abdominal pain(35.9%),constipation(35.8%),and diarrhea(34.7%).Female gender,lower education level,and lower family income were associated with a higher GSRS score.Participants who were diagnosed with a GI-related disease had a higher score of constipation,but a lower score of reflux.Chronic diseases were positively associated with certain GI discomforts.Three dietary patterns were identified by the method of principal component analysis,which were characterized as high intake of salt and tea;more frequent intake of tubers,fruits,aquatic products,and soybeans;and high intake of cereal,vegetables,and meat,respectively.However,no associations between dietary patterns and GSRS score were found.The elders with a higher GSRS score had significantly lower intake of bean products.The elders whose GSRS score was≥21 and 18-20 decreased their bean production intake by 7.2(0.3,14.3)g/d and 14.3(1.2,27.3)g/d,respectively,compared with those who had a GSRS score≤17.There were no differences in other food categories,calories,or nutrients intake among elders with different GSRS scores.CONCLUSION GI discomforts are common in Chinese urban elders.GI discomforts might be associated with the choice of food.

Nutritional Status of Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis from a Tropical Area of Bolivia, and Implications for Zinc Bioavailability

Macro and micronutrient deficiencies are a significant problem among people in rural areas in developing countries. Deficiencies may lead to an impaired immune system making the organism vulnerable to infections and diseases. In this paper, the dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, zinc and copper levels in serum, of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are compared with a group of healthy controls and reference values. Results showed no significant differences in most nutrient intake or anthropometrics between patients and controls. However, serum zinc level of patients (80 μg/dl) was significantly lower (P 0.001) than in controls (85 μg/dl), likely explained by the presence of leishmaniasis. The median serum zinc level in both groups was below the reference values, even though their median zinc intake met the zinc recommendations from WHO. Consequently, besides the presence of leishmaniasis, serum zinc levels may be compromised by inhibitory components in their diet, such as phytates, as it is shown by the molar ratio phytate:zinc (Phy:Zn) that was between 11 and 19, while 15 is the level said to compromise zinc status. There were significant (P 0.05) negative correlations between serum zinc and Phy:Zn, for patients (r = - 0.413) and controls (r = - 0.410). In conclusion this study shows that patients with CL in Chapare, Bolivia had low serum zinc levels due to the leishmaniasis per se and the decreased zinc bioavailability in their diet. CL infection was not in direct association with the nutritional status indicated by the anthropometric or dietary assessments. However, dietary intake showed 5 essential nutrients below the nutrient recommendation in both groups.

Nutrient Intake of Rural Households That Participated in a Farming System for Nutrition Study in India

Food based approach can prove effective in improving access and availability of nutrients from foods required for daily life where most of the people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. A study on feasibility of Farming Systems for Nutrition (FSN) approach was undertaken from 2013 to 2018 in a few villages of Koraput district, Odisha state and Wardha district, Maharashtra state in India. Interventions were done to increase crop diversity, intercropping of pulses and cereals, promotion of seasonal vegetables and fruits along with nutrition awareness. The endline survey showed increase in production diversity leading to improved household dietary diversity. This paper demonstrates the impact of FSN interventions on household nutrient intake. The results show that the intake of nutrients like protein, vitamin C, iron and calcium increased significantly in Koraput and all the nutrients including energy and vitamin A increased significantly in Wardha. The evidence shows that Farming System for Nutrition approach improves individual nutrient intake which in the long run can address the problem of undernutrition.

Nutritional Status and Virological Outcomes of Children HIV Positive Attending Anti-Retroviral Clinic at University College Hospital, Ibadan

Malnutrition has been reported as a major factor contributing to the poor outcome of effective ART in HIV infection. This study aimed to describe the relationship between the nutritional status and virological outcome of the children attending the antiretroviral clinic at University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria. Among the 159 (55.3% males and 44.7% females) children studied, almost half (42.8%) were orphans and the majority 56.6% were aged 120 - 180 months old. More than half (74.2%) had achieved viral suppression and significant associations were observed between viral load and stunting as well as between CD4 count and the age of the children (P < 0.05). The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 27.7%, 9.4%, and 13.6% respectively. These indices reinforce the need for nutrition education and the provision of food supplements to improve the nutritional status of children infected with HIV.

Nutritional Status of Children with Intestinal Parasites from a Tropical Area of Bolivia,Emphasis on Zinc and Iron Status

Malnutrition and parasitic diseases are within the major issues in rural areas in developing countries. In this study, the nutritional status, dietary intake including mineral absorption inhibitor (phytate), hematological indicators and trace element status (zinc, iron) were evaluated and associated to the presence of intestinal parasites in a group of children from a rural area of Bolivia. The results showed that 96% of the children had intestinal parasites;7 types of parasites (Ascaris lumbricoides, Giardia lamblia, Ancylostoma duodenale, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercolaris) were identified. Anthropometric measurements indicated that 37% of the children were stunted and 17% were underweight. Iron and zinc intake showed that 34% and 30% of children had inadequate intake of these nutrients respectively. Phytate: zinc molar ratios were between 6.5 and 21, and from 6.2 to 15 for phytate: iron, indicating that the absorption of zinc and iron might be compromised by the level of phytate in the diet. The serum zinc was below the lower cut-off in 87% of the children, indicating zinc deficiency. Moreover, a multiple regression model showed the significant effect of the presence of the parasite Giardia lamblia and phytate intake on the serum zinc levels. Regarding the iron status, 30% of the children presented with anemia and about 66% had iron deficiency;a simple linear regression model showed the significant negative effect of the presence of the parasite Ancylostoma duodenale on iron status. In conclusion, the levels of zinc and iron, which were low in this child population, were greatly affected by the presence of intestinal parasites;in addition, the consumption of plant-based diets with high levels of phytate also impaired the zinc absorption.

Relationship between Overweight and Dietary Patterns in Brazilian Preschoolers

Background/Objectives: The prevalence of overweight in children is a growing health problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between overweight and dietary patterns in preschoolers. Methods: In total, 232 preschoolers (age 5) residing in the city of Diamantina, Brazil, were evaluated. Dietary intake from a food frequency questionnaire, anthropometric parameters and socioeconomic/behavioral information from a questionnaire were evaluated using a cross-sectional design. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis, and the relationship between overweight and dietary patterns was examined by logistic regression analysis. Results: “Mixed diet”, “snack” and “unhealthy” dietary patterns were identified. Children daughters of obese mothers, and those who had higher average weight gain in the first four months of life had a significantly higher chance of being overweight (respective values: OR = 3.81;p = 0.002;and OR = 2.97;p = 0.009). Higher levels of maternal education were associated with higher “mixed diet” scores (p < 0.001), whereas lower levels of maternal education (p < 0.001), higher per capita income (p < 0.001) and higher average weight gain from 0 to 4 months (p = 0.002) were associated with higher “snack” scores. Higher per capita income was also associated with lower “unhealthy” scores (p Conclusions: In the present study, overweight was not associated with dietary pattern. However, unhealthy eating habits are known to be risk factors for overweight, and considering that eating habits are formed in childhood, it is very important that healthy eating be encouraged in the family environment and in other spaces like childcare and school.

The Effects of Food Neophobia and Food Neophilia on Diet and Metabolic Processing

Past research shows that food neophobics (those individuals reluctant to try novel foods) and food neophilics (those individuals overtly willing to try novel foods) differ in terms of sensory evaluations, psychophysical ratings, stimulus sampling, physiological responses, and genetic predispositions. The present study assessed whether such factors had an effect on participants’ dietary consumption and subsequent nutritional adequacy. One hundred and sixteen participants, aged 18 - 76 years, completed a food diary for three days as well as several eating-related questionnaires. Nutritional summaries and questionnaire scores were subjected to a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) with participants being sorted into three groups depending on their Food Neophobia Score. These three groups consisted of food neophobics, average individuals, and food neophilics. Groups were found to differ significantly on dietary intake of 20 specific nutritional and caloric items, with food-neophobics typically having the lowest intake. Implications support the initial hypothesis of food neophobics having less nutritionally plentiful diets than food neophilics, thus leading food neophobics to have a nutritionally deficient diet. This finding is important since decrease in nutritional intake can result in health related deficiencies.

消化系统恶性肿瘤术后患者居家期间膳食摄入量与其家庭主要照顾者膳食营养知识的相关性分析

目的了解消化系统恶性肿瘤患者术后居家期间膳食摄入量现状,探讨其与家庭主要照顾者的膳食营养知信行水平之间的相关性。方法于2022年10月—2023年3月,在广州市两家三级甲等医院选取108例消化系统恶性肿瘤术后患者的家庭主要照顾者为调查对象,使用自制的一般资料调查表、消化系统肿瘤患者营养知识-态度-行为问卷和简明膳食自评工具进行横断面调查。结果患者居家期间膳食摄入量情况均分为(4.16±1.22)分,不同肿瘤类型和术后至今时间的患者居家期间膳食摄入量有差异。家庭主要照顾者营养知识-态度-行为总分为(47.64±6.97)分。主要照顾者对膳食指南的知晓度与患者居家期间膳食摄入量呈正相关(r=0.285,P<0.05)。多元线性回归结果显示照顾者对膳食指南的知晓度是患者膳食摄入量的影响因素。结论有必要定期监测患者居家期间的膳食摄入量。医护人员可将干预的重点转向照顾者,鼓励照顾者共同参与营养管理,从而提高家庭照护质量,改善患者营养状况。

山东省高水平运动员膳食营养调查及干预研究

目的:选取山东省体育训练中心68名高水平运动员为调查对象,采用3天24小时膳食调查法结合营养KAP问卷进行调查,通过4周的营养干预改进运动员的饮食习惯。结果:(1)运动员的总能量摄入量等于64.8%推荐量,蛋白质、脂肪摄入量达到推荐量的80%~100%,碳水化合物摄入量是推荐量的53%。体能类运动员维生素B_(1)的摄入量/推荐量的比高于技能类运动员(P<0.05),钙的摄入量/推荐量的比低于技能类运动员(P<0.05);(2)运动员的早餐摄入供能比达到推荐值,女性运动员的早餐摄入供能比显著高于男性运动员(P<0.05),午餐摄入供能比小于最低推荐比(35%),晚餐摄入供能比超过最大推荐值(30%);(3)运动员的营养态度和行为之间具有显著的相关(r=0.434),女性运动员的营养知识(P<0.01)和行为(P<0.05)均显著优于男性运动员;(4)营养干预后,运动员的碳水化合物和午餐摄入量显著提高(P<0.05)。结论:高水平运动员应加大碳水化合物、维生素A和B_(1)的摄入量,适当提高午餐能量摄入,减少晚餐能量摄入。4周的营养干预研究能够积极改善运动员的膳食状况。

老年肺动脉高压患者的营养状况调查及影响因素分析

目的 调查老年肺动脉高压(PH)患者的营养状况并分析其影响因素。方法 采用便利抽样法,于2020年1月—2022年8月采用一般资料调查表、营养风险筛查2002量表(NRS-2002)、半定量食物频率问卷(SQFFQ)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS),对上海市肺科医院肺循环科住院的190例老年PH患者进行调查。结果 回收有效问卷179份,有效回收率为94.2%。179例老年PH患者的膳食结构基本不合理,营养素摄入量基本不达标,有106(59.2%)例患者存在营养风险,73(40.8%)例无营养风险。回归分析显示,年龄、 PH类型、平均肺动脉压(mPAP)、肺血管阻力(PVR)及心输出量(CO)是老年PH患者营养风险的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 老年PH患者的营养风险发生率较高,且存在多种营养素摄入不足、膳食结构不合理等问题。医务人员应重视老年PH患者的疾病类型、 mPAP、 PVR及CO等指标,积极开展营养风险管理,改善患者营养。

母亲膳食对母乳营养素影响的研究进展

母乳中营养素受母亲膳食影响,但可归因于饮食变化的营养素种类尚不清楚。大多数研究没有直接评估饮食或量化饮食与母乳成分的关系。本文通过PubMed和Web of Science数据库,检索2022年5月前的文献,将检索词设定为“human milk/breast milk”“nutrient”“macronutrient”“micronutrient”“maternal nutrition”和“maternal diet”,共得到24项观察性研究、5项交叉实验研究和11项平行对照实验研究,经过分析发现,乳母膳食中脂肪酸,尤其是多不饱和脂肪酸、反式脂肪酸和某些微量营养素,包括脂溶维生素(VA、VD)、水溶性维生素(VC)以及微量矿物质(铁、锌和硒)的摄入量,与其在母乳中的含量密切相关。

漏斗胸病儿营养状况及膳食摄入情况调查研究

目的:明确漏斗胸病儿营养状况和膳食摄入情况与漏斗胸严重程度之间的关系,为漏斗胸围术期营养支持和出院后营养指导提供科学依据。方法:收集2022年1月至2023年3月在南京医科大学附属儿童医院心胸外科就诊并在临床营养科进行营养管理的62例漏斗胸病儿的基本资料、实验室检查、影像学检查以及膳食分析情况。结果:62例漏斗胸病儿中存在营养不良39人(62.9%),存在心肺功能受损的病儿有43例(69.4%),心肺功能受损组BMI和BAZ明显低于正常组(P<0.05),两组间身高无明显差异。心肺功能受损组每日能量摄入百分比明显低于正常组(P<0.05),Haller指数明显高于正常组(P<0.05)。相关性分析发现能量摄入百分比与Haller指数负相关(r=-0.314,P=0.032),BAZ值与Haller指数负相关(r=-0.3,P=0.032),BAZ值与能量摄入百分比正相关(r=0.29,P=0.04),差异有统计学意义。结论:大部分就诊的漏斗胸病儿存在能量摄入不足和营养不良,畸形程度越严重对膳食摄入和营养状况的影响越大。

运动员膳食摄入与运动伤害的关系研究

运动员的膳食营养是影响运动表现和运动伤害的重要因素,合理的膳食摄入可以提高运动员的身体机能,增强抗疲劳能力,预防和恢复运动伤害。本文从运动员膳食能量摄入、饮食习惯、膳食营养素等方面分析了它们与运动伤害的关系,并提出了运动员膳食摄入的优化策略,旨在为运动员的膳食营养管理提供参考。

2002年上海市居民营养与健康状况调查

[目的]了解上海市居民的膳食结构、营养现况和营养相关疾病,为国家制定相关政策、指导居民合理饮食提供依据。[方法]本次调查是家庭抽样调查,采用分层多阶段整群随机的方法,调查包括询问调查、医学体检、实验室检测和膳食调查等。[结果]上海市居民动物性食物消费量增加,达人均408.9g/d;奶类、水果消费量基本达到推荐量,分别为人均100.3、108.1g/d;但畜禽肉类、油脂和盐消费过多,分别为人均136.8、49.6、9.9g/d;谷类食物偏低,为人均339.0g/d;蔬菜消费不足,为人均309.9g/d。居民能量、蛋白质、脂肪及大多数营养素的摄入量基本充足,但钙、维生素B1仍不足。营养不良、贫血患病率较低,分别为6.4%、7.6%;但超重、肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常患病率较高,分别为29.2%、3.8%、31.3%、8.1%、25.3%。[结论]上海市居民膳食状况有较大提高,但膳食结构不尽合理;基本营养素摄入得到满足,但某些营养素依然缺乏;营养相关性慢性病患病率将是上海市面临的重要公共卫生问题。

中国居民膳食维生素A的摄入状况调查

目的分析中国居民膳食维生素A的摄入状况及1982～2002年摄入量的变化趋势。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据进行分析。膳食调查包括23470户，共68965人。结果全国平均每标准人日视黄醇当量摄入量为469．2μg，摄入量达到RNI的居民占14．5％，达到60％RNI的占33．1％，不足20％RNI的居民占23．2％。6类地区中3类农村仅有9．7％的居民摄入量达到RNI。随着收入水平从低到高，视黄醇当量的摄入量总体呈上升趋势。从1982～2002年，居民视黄醇当量的平均摄入水平没有太大改善。结论中国居民膳食维生素A的总体摄入水平仍较低。

盘龙区9岁及以上社区居民膳食营养素摄入状况分析

目的了解2010年昆明市盘龙区9岁及以上社区居民膳食营养素摄入状况。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法抽取180户共334人进行膳食调查。膳食调查采用连续3天24小时回顾询问法调查居民所有摄入食物。结果 2010年,盘龙区社区居民膳食营养素摄入状况较2002年全国平均水平有较大变化,居民膳食组成每标准人日能量摄入量、维生素E总量、镁和钠等的摄入量较2002年有所减少,蛋白质、脂肪、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、钙、钾、磷等的摄入量较2002年有所增加。蛋类、鱼虾贝壳类、豆类及其制品、乳及其制品摄入不足,均低于《中国居民膳食指南》(2007)推荐摄入量要求,油脂类食物和食盐的摄入量均高于《中国居民膳食指南》推荐摄入量要求。结论盘龙区社区居民膳食结构有所改善但仍不尽合理,应广泛开展营养宣教和干预工作,促进居民形成健康的食物消费行为,提高其营养与健康状况。

头颈部恶性肿瘤患者放射治疗期间骨骼肌量变化及其影响因素分析

目的:观察头颈部恶性肿瘤患者放射治疗期间骨骼肌量的变化,并分析其影响因素。方法:采用便利取样方法,选取2017年3月至2019年9月在北京市某专科肿瘤医院放射治疗科接受放射治疗的头颈部恶性肿瘤患者为研究对象,应用患者参与主观全面评定(Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment,PGSGA)的症状部分评估患者在放疗开始前(T1)、放疗中期(T2)、放疗结束时(T3)的营养相关症状(NutritionImpactSymptoms,NIS),用24h膳食回顾法记录膳食摄入情况并采用生物电阻抗分析法测定骨骼肌量变化情况,采用广义估计方程(GeneralizedEstimatingEquations,GEE)分析患者骨骼肌量变化的影响因素。结果:共459例患者完成3次测评。在3个测评时间点,骨骼肌量分别为(26.31±5.08)kg、(25.60±4.83)kg、(24.62±4.68)kg;NIS发生率分别为38.1%(175/459)、93.2%(428/459)、95.4%(438/459);标准化每日能量摄入量(standardDailyEnergyIntake,stDEI)分别为(24.94±8.51)kcal/(kg·day)、(20.47±9.14)kcal/(kg·day)、(18.23±9.75)kcal/(kg·day),标准化每日蛋白摄入量(standard Daily Protein Intake,stDPI)分别为(0.98±0.39)g/(kg·day)(、0.86±0.39)g/(kg·day)、(0.84±0.51)g/(kg·day);随放射治疗的进行,患者骨骼肌量逐渐下降、NIS得分逐渐增加、能量及蛋白质摄入逐渐减少。骨骼肌量变化与放疗前是否手术、膳食能量摄入量及NIS得分密切相关。结论:头颈部恶性肿瘤放射治疗患者治疗后骨骼肌量减少,放疗前未手术、膳食能量摄入不足及NIS重的患者骨骼肌量减少多。提示应重视未手术患者,加强营养相关症状管理和膳食干预,以减轻患者骨骼肌量的丢失。